提示系統（Notification system）是一種在使用者工作進行中提供額外資訊的系統。以往的研究多強調在客觀層面上（例如：介面的呈現方式）能夠提升績效，但很少有研究去探討提示系統設計的主觀層面（例如：使用者情緒、偏好）。本研究目的在探究提示系統中，使用者的情緒狀態與工作績效、間歇時間和中斷效果之間的關係。間歇時間包含中斷間歇（interruption lag）與恢復間歇（resumption lag）。中斷間歇是指在中斷發生之時提供使用者預想（rehearsal）的時間；恢復間歇是使用者用來準備回復主要任務任務情境的一段時間。中斷間歇非必然會發生，但使用者要回復主要工作一定需要恢復間歇（Rogers & Monsell, 1995; Allport & Wylie, 2000）。故本研究進行實驗以探究導入情緒因素之提示系統是否可有效縮短工作時間與恢復間歇的時間，並藉由問卷來探討在提示系統中有導入情緒因素是否影響使用者的使用經驗。
本研究以不同的情緒操弄與有無提供中斷間歇時間作為研究自變項，因變相為情緒與焦慮狀態之變化、工作績效、恢復間歇時間與使用者經驗調查。研究結果顯示，雖然正向情緒對主要任務的獲勝率、完成速度並無產生影響，但在恢復間歇的時間上卻有明顯的差異：情緒狀態越正面，受測者所需花費的恢復間歇時間就越短。另外恢復間歇的時間長短與有無提供中斷間歇時間有反向關係，即提供中斷間歇會明顯縮短受測者花費在恢復間歇上的時間。此結果表示正面情緒可有效幫助使用者回復到主要任務當中，並且間接證實在提示系統環境下，正面情緒可提升工作績效。研究者根據結果提出一些後續研究方向與研究設計建議，以供未來研究者參考。

Notification system （NS） is a system which provides extra information when users are performing their tasks. In the past, the researches of notification systems mainly emphasize the objective factors （e.g., display types of interface） but rarely the subjective factors （e.g., human emotions, user’s preference）. This study investigates the effects of emotional factors in notification systems on user’s performance （including interrupting effects, lag time and working performance）. The lag time means the interruption lag and the resumption lag. The interruption lag is the duration of preparation that the user resumes a task after interruption. The resumption lag is the time between leaving the interrupting events and beginning the primary task. It does not necessarily have the interruption lag when the interruption occurs, but the resumption lag will always exist in switching among tasks （Rogers & Monsell, 1995; Allport & Wylie, 2000）. This study explores if the emotional factors in notification systems can effectively shorten the time of working and resumption lag. This study also investigates if there will be a difference about the user’s experience in notification systems with or without the emotional manipulation.
The independent variables of this study were the different emotional manipulation and the designs with or without the interruption lag. The dependent variables of this study were the change of the emotional state, the anxious state, the working performance, the resumption lag, and the user’s experience. Significant effects were not found on subject’s score of primary tasks and the speed performing the primary tasks under the positive affect condition, but there was a significant difference in the time of the resumption lag. When the emotional state was more positive, the subjects could resume to the primary tasks faster. In other words, the positive emotions could effectively speed up the recovery to the primary tasks. Besides, there was a reverse relation between the resumption lag and the designs with or without interruption lag. That is, under the situation of offering interruption lag, the subjects would spend less time on the resumption lag. These results indicated that emotions had good effects on switching among tasks, and indirectly confirmed that emotions could improve the working performance in notification systems. According to the results of this study, we provided some directions and design suggestions for future researches.

中文部分：
李賢輝（無日期）。認知心理學與圖像設計。國立台灣大學網路教學課程。民94年7月23日，取自：http://vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/fineart/database/chap16/chap16-03.htm

汪向東（1993）。心理衛生評定量表手册，中國心理衛生雜誌增刊，205－209。

唐大崙（民86）。知覺心理學各單元補充資料：聽覺。民94年3月27日，取自： http://staff.pccu.edu.tw/~tdl/percept9.htm

張春興（民80）。現代心理學。台北市：正大印書館。

張珮甄（民92）。國小五年級學童性別、出生序、家庭結構、情緒、創意個人特質與其科技創造力之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。

黃茂在與陳文典（無日期）。「問題解決」的能力。民94年4月23日，取自：http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/nstsc/pdf/book5/02.pdf

廖榮啟（民94）。管理自我的潛能∼掌握三大智商：IQ、EQ、AQ∼。T&D飛訊第33期。民94年5月17日，取自：http://w3.ncsi.gov.tw/06_books/award/92/9212.pdf

劉海燕與郭德俊（2004）。近十年來情緒研究的回顧與展望。心理科學，27(3)，684-686。

謝文傑（無日期）。情緒與疾病。民94年5月10日，取自：http://www.psychpark.org/psy/emotion.asp

謝明憲（民93）。即時傳訊系統之聲音提示對使用者工作績效的影響。國立清華大學資訊系統與應用研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。

Strongman, K. T. （民82）。情緒心理學。（游恆山譯）。台北市：五南。(原著出版年﹕1987年)

英文部分：
Allport, A. & Wylie, G. (2000). Task-switching, stimulus–response binding, and negative priming. In: Monsell, S., Driver, J.S. (Eds.), Attention and Performance XVIII: Control of Cognitive Processes. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 35-70.

Arroyo E., Selker T. & Stouffs A. (2002). Interruptions as multimodal outputs: Which are the less disruptive? In: Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI'02). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 479-483.

Aula, A. & Surakka, V. (2002). Auditory Emotional Feedback Facilitates Human–Computer Interaction. In: Proceedings of HCI 2002, Springer, Berlin, 337–349.

Averiall, J. R. (1999). In the eyes of the beholder. In: Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J. (Eds.), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 765-781.

Bailey B. P., Konstan J. A. & Carlis J. V. (2000). Measuring the effects of interruptions on task performance in the user interface. In: IEEE Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 2000 (SMC 2000), IEEE, 757-762.

Bailey B. P., Konstan J. A. & Carlis J. V. (2001). The effects of interruptions on task performance, annoyance, and anxiety in the user interface. In: M. Hirose (Ed.), Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2001 Conference Proceedings. IOS Press, IFIP, 593-601.

Baldwin, C. L., & Struckman-Johnson, D. (2002). Impact of speech presentation level on cognitive task performance: Implications for auditory display design. Ergonomics, 45(1), 61-74.

Bartram, L., Ware, C. & Calvert, T. (2003). Moticons: detection, distraction and task. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 515-545.

Bless, H., Schwarz, N., Clore, G. L., Golisano, V., Rabe, C. & Wolk, M. (1996). Mood and the use of scripts: Dose a happy mood really lead to mindlessness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 665-679.

Booker, J.E., Chewar, C.M. & McCrickard, D.S. (2004). Usability testing of notification interfaces: Are we focused on the best metrics? In: Proceedings of the 42nd annual Southeast regional conference. ACM Press, NY. 128-133.

Brave, S. & Nass, C. (2003). Emotion in human-computer interaction. The HCI handbook. 81-96.

Cacioppo, J. T. & Gardner, W. L. (1999). Emotion. Annual review of psychology, 50, 191-214.

Carroll, J. M., Neale, D. C., Isenhour, P. L., Rosson, M. B. & McCrickard, D. S. (2003). Notification and awareness: synchronizing task-oriented collaborative activity. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 605-632.

Chartier, G. M. & Ranieri, D. J. (1989). Comparison of two mood induction procedures. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 275-282.

Cheverst, K., Mitchell, K., & Davies, N. (2002). Exploring context-aware information push. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6, 276-281.

Czerwinski, M. P., Chrisman, S. E. & Rudisill, M. (1991). Interruptions in multitasking situations: the effects of similarity and warning (JSC-24757). Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX.

Dabbish, L. & Kraut, R. (2003). Coordinating Communication: Awareness Displays and Interruption. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI’03). ACM Press, NY, 768-787.

Duncker, K. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(Whole No. 5).

Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish, & M. Power (Ed.). Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, John Wiley & Sons Press, New York.

Fogg, B. & Nass, C. (1997). Silicon sycophant: the effects of computers that flatter. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 46(5), 551-562.

Franke, J., Daniels, J. & McFarlane, D. (2002). Recovering context after interruption. In: 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.

Gillie, T., & Broadbent, D.E. (1989). What makes interruptions disruptive? A study of length, similarity, and complexity. Psychological Research, 50, 243–250.

Gross, T., Wirsam, W. & Graether, W. (2003). AwarenessMaps: visualizing awareness in shared workspaces. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human factors in computing systems (CHI’03). ACM Press, NY, 784-785.

Horvitz, E., Kadie, C. M., Paek, T., & Hovel, D. (2003). Models of Attention in Computing and Communications: From Principles to Applications. Communications of the ACM, 46(3), 52-59.

Isen, A. M. (1985). The asymmetry of happiness and sadness in effects on memory in normal college students. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 388-391.

Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive Affect. In T. Dalgleish, & M. J. Power (Ed.). Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (pp. 522-539), John Wiley & Sons Press, New York.

Isen, A. M. (2000). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis, & I. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 417–435), Guilford Press, New York.

Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A. & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.

Isenhour, P. L., Carroll, J. M., Neale, D. C., Rosson, M. B. & Dunlap, D. R. (2000). The Virtual School: an integrated collaborative environment for the classroom (special issue on “On-Line Collaborative Learning Environments”). Educational Technology and Society 3(3), http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/

Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 232-251.

Klein, J., Moon, Y. & Picard, R. W. (2002). This computer responds to user frustration: theory, design, and results. Interacting with Computers, 14, 119–140.

Kraiger, K., Billings, R. S. & Isen, A. M. (1989). The influence of positive affective states on task perceptions and satisfaction. Organizational Beheavior and Human Decision Processes, 44, 12-25.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Cognition and motivation in emotion. American Psychologist, 46(4), 352-367.

Light, A. (2004). Designing to persuade: the use of emotion in networked media. Interacting with Computers, 16(4), 729-738.

Mayer, J. D., Allen, J. P., & Beauregard, K. (1995). Mood inductions for four specific moods: a procedure employing guided imagery vignettes with music. Journal of mental imagery, 19, 133-150.

McCrickard, D. S., Catrambone, R., Chewar, C. M. & Stasko, J. T. (2003). Establishing tradeoffs that leverage attention for utility: empirically evaluating information display in notification systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 547-582.

McCrickard, D. S., Chewar, C. M., Somervell, J. P. & Ndiwalana, A. (2003). A model for notification systems evaluation-capturing user goals for multitasking activity. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 10, 312-338. ACM Press, NY.

McCrickard, D. S., Czerwinski, M. & Bartram, L. (2003). Introduction: design and evaluation of notification user interfaces. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 509-514.

McFarlane, D. C. (2002). Comparison of four primary methods for coordinating the interruption of people in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 17 (1), 63-139.

McNeese, M. D. (2003). New visions of human-computer interaction: making affect compute. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 59, 33-53.

Mednick, M. T., Mednick, S. A., & Mednick, E. V. (1964). Incubation of creative performance and specific associative priming. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69(1), 84–88.

Murphy, S. T. & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: affective priming with suboptimal and optimal stimulus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723–739.

Nass, C. I., Steuer, J. S., Tauber, E. & Reeder, H. (1993). Anthropomorphism, agency, and ethopoeia: computers as social actors. Proceedings of the International CHI Conference. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Norman, D. A. (2004). Emotional Design: Why We Love (Or Hate) Everyday Things. New York :Basic Books.

Novel Games (2004). Connect Four. [On line]. Http://www.novelgames.com/flashgames/?l=c#category8

Parkinson, B. & Manstesd, A. S. R. (1993). Making sense of emotion in stories and social life. Cognitive and Emotion, 7, 295-323.

Parrott, W. G. & Hertel, P. (1999). Research Methods in Cognition and Emotion. In T. Dalgleish and M. J. Power (Ed.). Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (pp.61-81). John Wiley & Sons Press, New York.

Partala, T. & Surakka, V. (2004). The effects of affective interventions in human-computer interaction. Interacting with computers, 16, 295-309.

Picard, R.W. (1997). Affective Computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Roeber, U., Widmann, A. & Schroger, E. (2003). Auditory distraction by duration and location deviants: a behavioral and event-related potential study. Cognitive brain research, 17, 347-357

Rogers, R.D. & Monsell, S. (1995). Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 124 (2), 207-231.

Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the Bipolarity of Positive and Negative Affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 3-30.

Sawhney, N. & Schmandt, C. (1999). Nomadic Radio: Scaleable and contextual notification for wearable audio messaging. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit, 96-103. ACM Press, NY.

Speilberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1969). The State Trait Anxiety Inventory Manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Trafton, J. G., Altmann, E. M., Brock, D. P. & Mintz, F. E. (2003). Preparing to resume an interrupted task: effects of prospective goal encoding and retrospective rehearsal. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58, 583-603.

Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473-482.

Ware, C. (2000). Information Visualization: Perception for Design. Morgan Kaufmann, New York.

Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and Interindividual Analyses of Positive and Negative Affect: Their Relation to Health Complaints, Perceived Stress, and Daily Activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1020-1030.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.

Wu, J. H. & Yuan, Y. (2003). Improving searching and reading performance: the effect of highlighting and text color coding. Information & Management, 40, 617-637.

Zijlstra, F. R. H., Roe, R. A., Leonora, A. B. & Krediet, I. (1999). Temporal factors in mental work: Effects of interrupted activities, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72 (2), 163-185.