摘要
日常生活中改變行走的方向是為了要達到目的地而做的改變，所以走路時轉彎的次數極為頻繁，而其相關生物力學的肌肉骨骼系統相當複雜。本研究目的旨在探討不同步行速度在兩種轉彎策略下對於人體在步行時右轉90度時的踝關節角度、足底壓力分佈與下肢肌群活化情形所造成的影響。本研究選取九名國小學童在受試前六個月皆無視覺、前庭損傷、下肢髖關節置換等問題。方法：以高速攝影機拍攝踝部距下關節跟骨及脛骨內外翻角度；足底壓力測量儀(medilogic)測量轉彎前後的足底壓力；以及使用Delsys肌電訊號量測下肢拮抗肌群來取得實驗數據。利用成對樣本t檢定(paired T-test)統計各項變數，研究結果顯示一、慢速步行下，兩種策略在踝關節角度之間達顯著差異，而在快速步行則未達顯著差異。二、在兩種轉彎策略下，不同的速度之間踝關節角度達顯著差異。三、轉彎過程三步支撐腳的足底壓力皆未達顯著差異。四、轉彎過程三步支撐腳的下肢肌群積分肌電皆未達顯著差異，而步行速度對轉彎過程的影響則達到顯著差異。結論：一、Spin turn相較於Step turn在轉彎後之前動腳(lead foot)會有較大的踝部距下關節內翻情形產生。二、高速行走下，因需維持身體平衡與轉彎後穩定性而在足底壓力表現中，足中區壓力向前、足跟轉移，增加足內側的作用力，使得前掌蹠骨壓力減小。三、下肢肌群積分肌電以比目魚肌與脛骨前肌為使以踝關節維持身體平衡而有較大的肌群活化情形；惟應注意感覺輸入的訊息減少導致身體姿態穩定性降低，進而影響轉彎過程策略選用的困難度增加而提高轉彎的難度；期前述能夠提供參考，並提供行走過程能依據之步態參數與動作表現以達成全人福祉的健康生活

Abstract
Change direction is most important behavior for suddenly decision-making of walking in diary livings which related the complicated to musculo-skeletal system to human body. Present study is tries to exam the effects of turning strategies to the parameters of biomechanics measurement. We selected 9 subjects at elementary level without any disorder of musculo-skeletal system. Instruments selection of high speed camera was utilizing to measure the inversion/eversion angular to subtalar joint which locating in ankle part. Plantar pressure measurement of Medilogic Company was use to exam 7 areas to investigate the distribution during direction changing. Electromyography to measure the four parts of both lower extremities to exam the muscle activities. We hypothesis it have significant difference in different measurement of turning strategies after statistical examination. Results revealed significant difference of turning strategy but speed limitation when we check the parameters of plantar pressure and muscle activities. But others show significant difference when we combine all the variables over all.
We concluded it’s a)lead foot plays an important role during the spin turn than step turn; b)maintaining the human equilibrium and stabilization results the pressure shift iin plantar pressure; 3) Soleus and tibialis anterior have more muscle activation during the turning occurs.

參考文獻
中文部分
朱育秀、湯佩芳。健康年輕人執行多方向自主性跨步動作之動作表現與足底壓力中心研究。 [Movement and Center-of-Pressure Characteristics of Multi-directional Volitional Stepping in Healthy Young Adults]。物理治療， 198-205。
吳文華、林曉聰（2010）。手臂摆动对行走时躯干运动协调的影响。 [Influence of Arm Swing on Coordinative Movement of Trunk during Walking]。福建醫科大學學報，44（5），315-319。
李永强（2009）。60~69岁妇女自然行走时的足底压力特征。 [Plantar Pressure Features of 60-69 Years Old Women in Natural Walking]。中國組織工程研究與臨床康復，13（41），8044-8047。
梁芸欣、吳昭容（2007）。轉彎數與注意力對兒童及成人之空間距離感與時間感的影響。中華心理學刊，49（1），19-33。
霍洪峰、吳艷霞、高峰、李艷霞、趙煥彬（2009）。男性老年人健步走足底壓力分佈與步態特徵。中國康復醫學雜誌，24（12），1119-1121。

英文部分
Andrews, J. R., McLeod, W. D., Ward, T., & Howard, K. (1977). The cutting mechanism. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(3), 111.
Bigel, M. G., & Ellard, C. G. (2000). The contribution of nonvisual information to simple place navigation and distance estimation: an examination of path integration. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 54(3), 172.
Birren, J. E., & Botwinick, J. (1955). Age differences in finger, jaw, and foot reaction time to auditory stimuli. Journal of Gerontology, 10(4), 429-432.
Cappozzo, A. (1983). The forces and couples in the human trunk during level walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 16(4), 265-277.
Carl, T., Molly, T., Katie, L., Jane, A., & Stephen, F. (2003). Foot and Ankle Fractures in Elderly White Women Incidence and Risk Factors. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), 85(5), 820-824.
Chantelau, E., & Gede, A. (2002). Foot dimensions of elderly people with and without diabetes mellitus? data basis for shoe design. Gerontology, 48(4), 241-244.
Chapman, G., & Hollands, M. (2007). Evidence that older adult fallers prioritise the planning of future stepping actions over the accurate execution of ongoing steps during complex locomotor tasks. Gait & posture, 26(1), 59-67.
Courtine, G., & Schieppati, M. (2003a). Human walking along a curved path. I. Body trajectory, segment orientation and the effect of vision. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 177-190.
Courtine, G., & Schieppati, M. (2003b). Human walking along a curved path. II. Gait features and EMG patterns. European Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 191-205.
Cross, M. J., Gibbs, N. J., & Bryant, G. J. (1989). An analysis of the sidestep cutting manoeuvre. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(3), 363.
Cumming, R. G., & Klineberg, R. J. (1994). Fall frequency and characteristics and the risk of hip fractures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42(7), 774.
Dite, W., & Temple, V. A. (2002). A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 83(11), 1566-1571.
Eng, J., & Winter, D. (1993). Estimations of the horizontal displacement of the total body centre of mass: considerations during standing activities. Gait & posture, 1(3), 141-144.
Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, J. (1998). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults: Mcgraw-hill New York.
Glaister, B. C., Bernatz, G. C., Klute, G. K., & Orendurff, M. S. (2007). Video task analysis of turning during activities of daily living. Gait & posture, 25(2), 289-294.
Hasan, S. S., Robin, D. W., Szurkus, D. C., Ashmead, D. H., Peterson, S. W., & Shiavi, R. G. (1996). Simultaneous measurement of body center of pressure and center of gravity during upright stance. Part I: Methods. Gait & posture, 4(1), 1-10.
Hase, K., & Stein, R. (1999). Turning strategies during human walking. Journal of neurophysiology, 81(6), 2914.
Jansen-Osmann, P., & Wiedenbauer, G. (2004). The influence of turns on distance cognition. Environment and behavior, 36(6), 790-813.
Lehnung, M., Leplow, B., Ekroll, V., Herzog, A., Mehdorn, M., & Ferstl, R. (2003). The role of locomotion in the acquisition and transfer of spatial knowledge in children. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 44(2), 79-86.
Massion, J. (1992). Movement, posture and equilibrium: interaction and coordination. Prog Neurobiol, 38(1), 35-56.
Pai, Y. C., & Patton, J. (1997). Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control. Journal of Biomechanics, 30(4), 347-354.
Patla, A. E., Adkin, A., & Ballard, T. (1999). Online steering: coordination and control of body center of mass, head and body reorientation. Experimental brain research, 129(4), 629-634.
Patla, A. E., Prentice, S. D., Robinson, C., & Neufeld, J. (1991). Visual control of locomotion: Strategies for changing direction and for going over obstacles. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17(3), 603.
Patla, A. E., Robinson, C., Samways, M., & Armstrong, C. J. (1989). Visual control of step length during overground locomotion: Task-specific modulation of the locomotor synergy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(3), 603.
Popp, M. M., Platzer, E., Eichner, M., & Schade, M. (2004). Walking with and without walking: Perception of distance in large-scale urban areas in reality and in virtual reality. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 13(1), 61-76.
Redlick, F. P., Jenkin, M., & Harris, L. R. (2001). Humans can use optic flow to estimate distance of travel. Vision Research, 41(2), 213-219.
Sadalla, E. K., & Staplin, L. J. (1980). The perception of traversed distance: Intersections. Environment and behavior.
Shaffer, M. A., Okereke, E., Esterhai Jr, J. L., Elliott, M. A., Walter, G. A., Yim, S. H., & Vandenborne, K. (2000). Effects of immobilization on plantar-flexion torque, fatigue resistance, and functional ability following an ankle fracture. Physical Therapy, 80(8), 769-780.
Speksnijder, C. M., Moonen, S. A., & Walenkamp, G. H. I. M. (2005). The higher the heel the higher the forefoot-pressure in ten healthy women. The foot, 15(1), 17-21.
Taylor, M., Dabnichki, P., & Strike, S. (2005). A three-dimensional biomechanical comparison between turning strategies during the stance phase of walking. Human movement science, 24(4), 558-573.
Wagenaar, R., & Beek, W. (1992). Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(9), 1007-1015.
Winter, D. A. (1991). Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological.