本研究旨在從氣流研究的角度探討臺灣閩南語(1)單音節詞的鼻化與鼻音協同構音現象，以及(2)輕讀音節(如小稱詞綴-a及所有格標記-e)的鼻化現象。本文的最主要的發現是，輕讀音節(CVN-VWeak elements)中的元音，比起其對應結構的實詞 (CVN.NV和CV.NV)中的第二音節元音，鼻化程度要來得較高。此外，本研究也發現，輕讀音節中的中介輔音(interlude consonant)的時長(duration)比起複合詞裡的中介輔音要來得短，因此比較CVN.NV和CVN-VWeak elements 和CV.NV三種結構的中介輔音，三者之間形成了一個非音位(non-phonemic)的對比。一般認為輕讀音節的特色在於其較低的音高(pitch)，較低的響度(loudness)，及較短的時長，而本文的貢獻在於發現輕讀音節在鼻音環境時會有較高程度的鼻化。

This study aims at investigating the patterns of coarticulatory nasalization in (1) monosyllables and, more importantly, (2) weak elements (affixes, clitics, etc.) in Taiwanese Southern Min. As a baseline, we firstly conducted a more comprehensive airflow study of nasalization in monosyllables (cf. Hsieh 2011, Hsieh et al. 2011) and the principal findings are that nasalization of weak elements (i.e., the so-called “diminutive suffix” –a, or the “genitive marker” –e) is implemented differently. Precisely, the weak elements under investigation (CVN-VWeak elements) are more nasalized if compared with their counterparts in compounds or phrases (in the CVN.NV and CV.NV formats). It is also found that these weak elements are shorter in the duration of the consonant interludes, yielding a non-phonemic three-way contrast between geminates (CVN.NV; compounds), “derived” geminates (CVN-VWeak elements) and “singletons” (CV.NV). Taken together, the major contribution of the present study is that weak elements, or, better known as “non-prominent,” “unstressed” elements, may be phonetically realized distinctively by means of a higher degree of nasalization, in addition to the well-established characteristics such as lower pitch, lower loudness and shorter segmental duration.

References
Amano, S., and Y. Hirata. 2010. Perception and production boundaries between single and geminate stops in Japanese. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128.4: 2049-2058.
Baer, T., Gore, J. C., Boyce, S., & Nye, P. W. 1987. Application of MRI to the analysis of speech production. Magnetic resonance imaging, 5(1), 1-7.
Baer, T., Gore, J. C., Gracco, L. C., & Nye, P. W. 1991. Analysis of vocal tract shape and dimensions using magnetic resonance imaging: Vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90(2), 799-828.
Basset, P., Amelot, A., Vaissière, J., & Roubeau, B. 2001. Nasal airflow in French spontaneous speech. Journal of the international phonetic association, 31(1), 87-99.
Bell-Berti, F., & Krakow, R. A. 1991a. Anticipatory velar lowering: A coproduction account. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90(1), 112-123.
Breckenridge, J. 1977. Declination as a phonological process. Murray Hill, NJ: Bell System Technical Memorandum.
Byrd, D. 1992. Perception of assimilation in consonants clusters: A gestural model. Phonetica, 49(1), 1-24.
Chappell, H. 2000. Dialect Grammar in Two Early Modern Southern Min Texts: A Comparative Study of Dative kît 乞, Comitative câng 共 And Diminutive-guìa 仔. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 247-302.
Chen, S. W., & Tsay, J. 2010. Phonetic Realization of Suffix vs. Non-suffix Morphemes in Taiwanese. In Speech Prosody 2010-Fifth International Conference.
Chen, Y., & Xu, Y. 2006. Production of Weak Elements in Speech–Evidence from F₀ Patterns of Neutral Tone in Standard Chinese. Phonetica, 63(1), 47-75.
Cheng, Robert L. 1997. Taiyu de Yuyin yu Cifa [The Phonetics and Morphology of
Taiwanese]. Taipei: Yuanliu.
Chiang, W. Y. 1992. The prosodic morphology and phonology of affixation in Taiwanese and other Chinese languages. University of Delaware dissertation.
Chung, R. F. 1996. The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Crane Publishing.
Cooper, W. E., & Sorenson, J. M. 1981. Fundamental Frequency in Sentence Production. New York: Springer –Verlag.
Davis, S. 2011. Geminates. In M. van Oostendorp, C. Ewen, E. Hume; & K. Rice (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to phonology Vol.2: 873-897. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Delattre, P. 1971. Consonant Gemination in Four Languages: An Acoustic, Perceptual, And Radiographic Study Part I. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 9(1), 31-52.
Delvaux, Veronique, Didier Demolin, Bernard Harmegnies, and Alain Soquet. 2008. The aerodynamics of nasalization in French. Journal of Phonetics 36:578-606.
Duanmu, San. 2007. The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford University Press.
Fujimura, O. 1962. Analysis of nasal consonants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 34(12), 1865-1875.
Flemming, Edward. 2005. Targetless schwa revisited. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(4), 2572-2572.
Gafos, A. I. 2002. A grammar of gestural coordination. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 20(2), 269-337.
Gu, C. 2002. Smoothing spline ANOVA models: Springer.
Henderson, J. B. 1984. Velopharyngeal Function in Oral and Nasal Vowels: A Cross-Language Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Hirata, Y., & Whiton, J. 2005. Effects of speaking rate on the single/geminate stop distinction in Japanese a. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(3), 1647-1660.
Horiguchi, S., & Bell-Berti, F. 1987. The Velotrace: A device for monitoring velar position. Cleft Palate Journal, 24(2), 104-111.
Hothorn, T., Bretz, F., Westfall, P., Heiberger, R. M., Schuetzenmeister, A., & Scheibe, S. 2013. multcomp: simultaneous inference in general parametric models. R package version 1.2-18. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
House, A. S., & Stevens, K. N. 1956. Analog studies of the nasalization of vowels. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 21(2), 218-232.
Hsieh, Feng-fan & Chang, Yueh-chin. 2011. Gemination in Taiwanese diminutives: A typological anomaly? Talk given at NINJAL international conference on phonetics and phonology, Kyoto, Japan.
Hsieh, Y. L. & Chang, Y. C., Hsieh, F. F. 2011. Phonetic Implementation of Nasality in Taiwanese (and French): Aerodynamic Case Studies. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, 436-439.
Idemaru, K., & Guion-Anderson, S. 2010. Relational timing in the production and perception of Japanese singleton and geminate stops. Phonetica, 67(1-2), 25-46.
Kent, R. D., & Minifie, F. D. 1977. Coarticulation in recent speech production models. Journal of Phonetics, 5, 115-133.
Krakow, R. A., & Huffman, M. K. 1993. Instruments and techniques for investigating nasalization and velopharyngeal function in the laboratory: An introduction. Phonetics and phonology, 5, 3-59.
Krakow, R. A. 1994. Nonsegmental influences on velum movement patterns: Syllables, sentences, stress, and speaking rate. Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 5, 87-116.
Kühnert, B., & Nolan, F. 1999. The origin of coarticulation. Coarticulation: Theory, data and techniques, 7-30.
Ladefoged, P. 1982. A course in phonetics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Li, Y. H. A. 2012. de in Mandarin↔ e in Taiwanese. Studies in Chinese Linguistics, 33(1), 17-40.
Li, Y.-S. 2015. Cues of anticipatory nasalization in Southern Min. The 23rd Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-23) & The first conference of the International Symposium on Sino-Korean Linguistics (ISSKL-1), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korean.
Lien, C. F. 2008. Taiwan minnanyu de de yanjiu [‘E’in Taiwanese]. Step by Step. Papers in Honor of Professor Robert Liang-wei Cheng on the Occasion of his Retirement, 143-170.
Lin, M., & Yan, J. 1980. Beijinghua qingsheng de shengxue xingzhi. Dialect 3: 166–178.
Maddieson, I. 2007. Areal distribution of nasalized vowels. Proceedings of ICPhS ID, 1676, 1381-1384.
Maddieson, I., & Ladefoged, P. 1993. Phonetics of partially nasal consonants. Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 5, 251-301.
Maddieson, I., Hardcastle, W. J., & Laver, J. 1996. Phonetic universals. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 160-178.
Maeda, Shinji. 1993. Acoustics of vowel nasalization and articulatory shifts in French nasal vowels. Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 5, 147-167.
Montagu, J. 2007. Analyse acoustique et perceptive des voyelles nasales et nasalisées du français parisien. Doctoral dissertation, Paris 3.
Norman, J. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge University Press.
Norman, J. 1991. The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, (3), 323-358.
Obrecht, D. H. 1965. Three experiments in the perception of geminate consonants in Arabic. Language and Speech, 8(1), 31-41.
Ohala, J. J. 1975. Phonetic explanations for nasal sound patterns. In Nasalfest: Papers from a symposium on nasals and nasalization, 289-316.
Ohala, J. J. 1971. Monitoring soft palate movements in speech. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 50(1A), 140-140.
Ohala, M., & Ohala, J. J. 1991. Epenthetic nasals in the historical phonology of Hindi. In Proceedings of the 12th international congress of phonetic sciences, 126-129.
Ohala, J. J., & Ohala, M. 1993. The phonetics of nasal phonology: Theorems and data. Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum, 5, 225-249.
Pan, H.-H. 1996. The Phonological Relationship Between Taiwanese Initial Voiced Stops and Nasals. The Journal of the Acoustic Society of America. 99, 2590.
Pan, H.-H. 2004. Nasality in Taiwanese. Language and Speech 47:267-296.
Pan, H.-H. 2007. The effects of prosodic boundaries on nasality in Taiwanese Min. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 121(6), 3755-3769.
Passavant, G. 1863. Ueber die Verschliessung des Schlundes beim Sprechen. Frankfurt a.M.: J. D. Sauerländer.
Perkell, J., Cohen, M. H., Svirsky, M. A., Matthies, M. L., Garabieta, L., & Jackson, M. T. T. 1992. Electromanetic midsaggital articulometer (EMMA) systems for transducing speech articulatory movements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 3078-3096.
Pierrehumbert, J. 1979. The perception of fundamental frequency declination. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 66(2), 363-369.
Rojczyk, Arkadiusz., & Porzuczek, Andrzej. 2014 Acoustic properties of nasal geminates in Polish. Crossing phonetics- phonology lines, 347-364. Cambridge Scholar Press.
Schönle, P. W., Gräbe, K., Wenig, P., Höhne, J., Schrader, J., & Conrad, B. 1987. Electromagnetic articulography: Use of alternating magnetic fields for tracking movements of multiple points inside and outside the vocal tract. Brain and Language, 31(1), 26-35.
Schourup, L. C. 1972. A cross-language study of vowel nasalization. Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.
Shosted, R. K. 2006. Vocalic context as a condition for nasal coda emergence: aerodynamic evidence. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36(1), 39-58.
Shosted, R. K. 2007. Investigating the aerodynamics of nasalized fricatives. proc. XV1th ICPhS, 255-258.
Solé, M. J. 2007. Compatibility of features and phonetic content. The case of nasalization. In Proceedings of ICPhS, 261-266.
Solé, M. J. 2007. The stability of phonological features within and across segments: The effect of nasalization on frication. Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science Series 4, 282, 41.
Swadesh, M. 1937. The phonemic interpretation of long consonants. Language, 13(1), 1-10.
Thurgood, Graham. 1993. Geminates: A cross-linguistic examination. In Joel Ashmore
Nevis, Gerald McMenamin & Graham Thurgood (eds.) Papers in honor of Frederick H. Brengelman on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Department of Linguistics, CSU Fresno, 129–139. Fresno: Department of Linguistics, California State University, Fresno.
Wang, H. S. 1996. A concept formation experiment for Taiwan Min voiced stop consonants. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 320-329. Taipei: National Cheng Chi University.
Wang, H. S. 1998. A concept formation experiment on the nasality of vowels in Taiwan Min. Presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Chinese Language and Linguistics, Academia Sinica, July 14-16, 1998
Wang, H. S. 1999. The phonological Status of Nasal Vowels in Taiwan Min. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-8). Melbourne, Australia, July 5-7, 1999.
Wang, H. S. 2003. The Nasality of Voiced Stops and Vowels in Taiwan Min Revisited. Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature, 1, 213-225.
Wang, H. S., & Liu, H. C. J. 2010. The morphologization of liaison consonants in Taiwan Min and Taiwan Hakka. Language and Linguistics, 11(1), 1-20.
Woo, N. H. 1969. Prosody and phonology. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Xu, Y. 2008. _TimeNormalizeF0.praat
Yip, M. 1980. The tonal phonology of Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Yip, M. 2002. Tone. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
王旭(Wang, Hsu). 1998. 台閩語鼻母音以及濁塞音中 [l]與[n]的音韻地位問題研究. 國科會專題研究計劃報告
洪惟仁(Ang, Uijin). 1999,4. 閩南語濁音的互補分佈. 載王建設編《第五屆國際閩方言研討會論文集》4, 60-73. 暨南大學出版社
洪惟仁(Ang, Uijin), 許世融. 2015. 新竹地區的語言分佈與民族遷徙. 新竹文獻, 63, 7-38.
高詩婷(Kao, Shih-ting). 2004. 台灣閩南語中詞幹與詞綴之間雙同子音的真實性. 國立清華大學碩士論文
時秀娟(Shi, Xiu-Juan). 2011. 漢語語音的鼻化度分析. 《當代外語研究》第五期
張月琴(Chang, Yueh-chin), 謝豐帆(Hsieh, Feng-fan), 歐愷云(Ou, Kai-yun), 謝育倫(Hsieh, Yu-lun). 2016. 臺灣華語鼻音及元音鼻化的氣流研究. 清華學報, 46(4), 631-653.
陳淑娟(Chen, Shu-Juan). 2010. 台灣閩南語新興的語音變異—台北市、彰化市及台南市元音系統與陽入原調的調查分析. 語言暨語言學, 11(2)，425-468.
曹逢甫(Tsao, Feng-fu). 2006. 語法化輪迴的研究—以漢語鼻音尾/鼻化小稱詞為例. 漢語學報, 2, 2-15.
曹逢甫(Tsao, Feng-fu), & 劉秀雪(Liu, Hsiu-hsueh). 2001. 閩南語小稱詞的由來-兼談歷史演變與地理分布的關係. 聲韻論叢, (11), 295-310.
曹逢甫(Tsao, Feng-fu), & 劉秀雪(Liu, Hsiu-hsueh). 2008. 閩語小稱詞語法化研究-語意與語音形式的對應性. Language and Lingusitc, 9.
連金發(Lien, Chin-fa), & 黃宣範(Huang, Shuan-fan). 1998. 台灣閩南語詞綴 “仔” 的研究. 第二屆台灣語言國際研討會論文選集》, 台北: 文鶴出版社. 頁, 465-483.
董忠司(Tung, Zhong-si). 1991. 台北市、台南市、鹿港、宜蘭等四個方言音系的整理和比較. 新竹師院學報, 5: 31-64.
楊秀芳(Yang, Hsiu-fang). 1991. 台灣閩南語語法稿. 大安出版社.
歐愷云(Ou, Kai-yun). 2015. 台灣華語的鼻音及元音鼻化的氣流研究. 國立清華大學碩士論文
盧廣誠(Lu, Guang-cheng). 2003. 台灣閩南語概要. 台北: 南天書局有限公司.
謝育倫(Hsieh, Yu-lun). 2011. 臺灣閩南語的鼻元音和鼻化元音的氣流及聲學研究. 國立清華大學碩士論文