探討氣味商標是否予以法律保護時，勢必要重新探究商標的本質，商標保護的對象應不在何種類型商標是否受到保護，而在於其是否具有識別性。從我國92年新修正商標法增加聲音為商標法定類型之一可知，聽覺商標亦非以視覺可感知為本質，因此氣味商標在特定的條件下是有可能符合識別性要件。
在認定氣味商標本身是否有可能受到商標保護的同時，因氣味本身難以用視覺可感知的圖文呈現，因此勢必要探討商標申請實務上，相關消費者如何區別不同氣味商標之間的不同，故依目前技術發展如何佐以科技設備以輔助文字描述氣味商標及氣味樣本的存放成為商標申請的關鍵問題。
本論文認為商標圖樣表示之法律要件存有商標權定義功能、行政管理功能、第三人接觸資訊功能之意義，然不同商標類型依其本質應有彈性的適用標準，不應完全拘泥於「視覺可感知」之要件。雖然以文字描述氣味固有其限制，然結合氣味樣本及其他科技工具，或在特定條件，仍有開放氣味商標註冊空間。
此外，於商標審查的過程，需要釐清氣味本身是否為發揮特定功能所必要，功能性的考量目的在防止商標註冊的結果造成市場上不公平競爭，故氣味之使用在特定市場中若為發揮產品或服務功能所需，應不允許其註冊。然科技發展亦影響消費者對氣味功能性之認知有所改變，使得氣味的描述性特質成為其識別的來源，例如：香水是也。故氣味商標如何影響市場競爭亦是探討的重點。
簡言之，承認氣味可作為表彰商品或服務的來源並受到商標法的保護，目的在於使市場的競爭者可以發揮創意，創造不同商品或服務之行銷手法，以促進工商業發展並使其投資在商品或服務的經營受到法律保護。故於文末提出相關修法建議及審查基準之草擬以供未來實務運作之參考。

When inquiring into if scent mark is protected under Trademark Act, it is necessary to review the theory of trademark by its nature. Instead of focusing on what types of marks could be protected, the point is whether a particular mark has distinctive character. Since the protection of non-visual perceptible sound marks was added to Trademark Act amended in 2003, non-visible scent marks, therefore, could be conform to the condition of distinctiveness.
Scent itself is difficult to be represented graphically at the present, so how relevant consumers to differentiate one scent mark from another, and how to represent scent mark in written description and to deposit scent specimen have become important issues in trademark application practices.
Undoubtedly, the requirement of graphical representation plays an important role in defining the scope of trademark right, provides information about marks for consumers or potential traders, and facilitates administrative management for the authorities. However, representation requirement should not be closely tailored to traditional visible marks. In other words, the combination of words description, scent specimen, or other technological instruments could be sufficient representation for scent marks.
If the scent of a product is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article, it cannot serve as a trademark. However, the progressing of technology has changed consumers’ attitudes about functions of scent under particular environment, such as perfume. In that case, whether the registration of the scent of perfume is to be approved, competitive need in a relevant market should be taken into account.
To sum up, extending the protected matters under Trademark Act to scent marks is to encourage enterprises to develop creative ideas which would be used to promote new products or services. By this way, the investment of efforts, money, time, or other resources in those ideas could be safeguarded by Trademark Act. In the end, I have brought up some ideas about “draft revised Trademark Act” and “Scent Mark Examination Manual” for public comment.

一、中文部分
(一)、專書
1.馬汀．林斯壯（Martin Lindstrom）著，李振昌譯，《收買感官，信仰品牌》（Build Powerful Brands through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound），台北，商智文化，2005年3月（第一版）。
2.陳文吟，《商標法論》，台北，三民書局，2005年2月（修訂三版）。
3.陳智超，《專利法理論與實務》，台北，五南出版，2004年4月（二版一刷）。
4.張桂芳、張澤平，《商標法》，台北，書泉出版社，2004年3月（第四版）。
5.曾陳明汝，《商標法原理》，台北，蔡明誠發行，2004年1月（修訂再版）。
6.霍華蕭茲、朵莉瓊斯楊（Howard Schultz & Dori Jones Yang）著，韓懷宗譯，《STARBUCKS咖啡王國傳奇》（Pour Your Heart into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time），台北，聯經出版社，2006年2月（初版第三十四刷）。
7.謝銘洋，《智慧財產權基本問題研究》，台北，翰蘆圖書出版，1999年7月（初版）。
(二)、期刊論文
1.王敏銓，〈美國商標法上識別性之研究〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第67期，2004年7月，頁87-106。
2.王德博等摘譯，〈澳洲商標審查及程序手冊第二十一章－形狀、聲音、顏色、氣味及包裝整體外觀〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第65期，2004年5月，頁93-118。
3.林洲富，〈顏色、立體及聲音商標於法律上保護－兼論我國商標法相關修正規定〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，第120期，2005年5月，頁101-126。
4.洪淑敏，〈美國專利商標局商標審查實務〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第91期，2006年7月，頁5-32。
5.唐豫民，〈商標法歷史探源〉，《政大法學評論》，第30期，1988年12月，頁67-113。
6.黃堅真，〈氣味商標之研究－以美國法探討我國氣味商標識別性問題〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第89期，2006年5月，頁71-105。
7.鄭中人，〈商標法的歷史〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，第25期，2001年1月。
8.蔡文芳，〈跨國娛樂資本的空間生產─以台北星巴克為例〉，國立師範大學地理學研究所碩士論文，2001年。
9.謝銘洋，〈歐洲商標制度的新里程碑－共同體商標的實現〉，收錄於謝銘洋《智慧財產權基本問題研究》，頁335-386，台北，翰蘆圖書出版，1999年7月（初版）。
(三)、網站及網路資料
1.〈芳劑行業助力 “嗅覺電腦”〉，東方新聞，2000年12月9日，http://news.eastday.com/epublish/big5/paper10/20001209/class001000020/hwz261746.htm (last visited on 2006/12/4)。
2.〈我們為什麼聞得到各種氣味?〉，科學人雜誌，科學馬戲團， http://www.sciam.com.tw/circus/circusshow.asp?FDocNo=244&CL=8 (last visited on 2006/12/4)。
3.《東巴文字》介紹，http://www.dididoo.com/knowledge/knowledge020429a.asp (last visited on 2007/2/8)。
4.EASY SHOP官方網站，http://www.easyshoptw.com/es/index.asp。
5.Smartcar汽車官方網站，http://www.smartcar.com.tw/。
6.太子汽車官方網站，http://www.auto21.com.tw/index.jsp。
7.方琇怡，〈可口可樂vs.百事可樂 網上賣可樂－比品牌、拚明星魅力〉，e天下雜誌，2002年5月，http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/1/2/7/n44348p.htm (last visited on 2006/11/14)。
8.台北高等行政法院91訴字第1364號，收錄在〈93年度商標行政爭訟案例彙編摘要〉，經濟部智慧財產局，頁199-202，http://www.tipo.gov.tw/trademark/trademark_example/trademark_example_1.asp (last visited on 2006/12/18)。
9.台灣高鐵公司官方網站，http://www.thsrc.com.tw/tw/index.htm。
10.台灣佳格公司官方網站，http://www.quaker.com.tw/。
11.台灣寶橋官方網站，http://www.pgtaiwan.com.tw/pg/site/index.php?sid=。
12.百事可樂官方網站，http://www.pepsi.com/home.php。
13.屈臣氏官方網站，http://www.watsons.com.tw/Index.aspx。
14.法源資料庫，http://www.lawbank.com.tw/。
15.香港特別行政區知識產權署，http://www.ipd.gov.hk/chi/home.htm。
16.南豐，（飛翔的本領：讀《新加坡航空經營之道》有感），中國質量報，2006年6月27日，http://news.carnoc.com/list/71/71042.html (last visited on 2006/11/20)。
17.馬汀．羅爾（Martin Roll）著，〈新加坡航空－一個優秀的亞洲品牌），佳訊品牌顧問佳訊品牌之道，http://www.21ci.com.cn/01/050518060.htm (last visited on 2006/11/20)。
18.統聯汽車客運官方網站，http://www.ubus.com.tw/index.asp。
19.彩通香港官方網站，http://hk.pantone.com/pantone_v1.asp。
20.商品與服務國際（尼斯）分類第8版（中譯版），http://www.tipo.gov.tw/trademark/trademark_law/trademark_law_8_5.asp (last visited on 2006/11/28)。
21.經濟部智慧財產局，http://www.tipo.gov.tw/。
22.經濟部智慧財產局商標檢索系統，http://tipo.hinet.net/TIPO_DR/index.jsp。
23.鄭明松、王世澤，〈體驗行銷創造消費價值〉，貿易雜誌，第150期，2004年6月16日，http://www.ieatpe.org.tw/magazine/150g.htm (last visited on 2006/12/12)。
24.維基百科，http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5。
(四)、法規
1.公平交易法（民國91年02月06日修正）。
2.商標法（民國92年05月28日修正）。
3.商標法施行細則（民國92年05月28日修正）。
4.立體、顏色及聲音商標審查基準（民國93年06月10日經濟部經授智字第09320030610號令訂定發布）。
5.商標識別性審查要點（民國93年04月28日經濟部經授智字第09320030360號令修正發布）。
6.專利法（民國92年02月06日）。
(五)、其他資料
1.〈商標法修正草案審查報告〉，《立法院第五屆第三會期第九次會議議案關係文書》，民國92年4月23日。
2.〈商標法逐條釋義〉，經濟部智慧財產局編印，2005年5月。
3.馮震宇等，〈商標發展趨勢及因應之道期末報告〉，經濟部智慧財產局委託台灣資訊智財權網路協會執行研究報告，2000年11月。
4.趙晉枚等，〈商標法整體法制暨具體修法建議之研究期末報告〉，經濟部智慧財產局委託開元法律專利事務所執行研究報告，2005年11月30日。
5.最高行政法院73年判字第461號判例。
6.最高行政法院74年判字第347號。

二、英文部分
(一)、專書
1.1 J. THOMAS MCCARTHY, MCCARTHY ON TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION (4th ed. 2004).
2.CHARLES GOODRUM & HELEN DALRYMPLE, ADVERTISING IN AMERICA: THE FIRST 200 YEARS (Harry N. Abrams 1990).
3.FRANK I. SCHECHTER, THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE LAW RELATING TO TRADE-MARKS (Columbia Univ. Press 1925).
4.GEORGES RENARD, GUILDS IN THE MIDDLE AGES (Augustus M. Kelley 1968).
5.JAMES E. HAWES, TRADEMARK REGISTRATION PRACTICE (Clark Boardman Callaghan 1996).
6.JANE C. GINSBURG ET AL., TRADEMARK AND UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW CASES AND MATERIALS (Foundation Press 3rd ed. 2001).
7.RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF UNFAIR COMPETITION (1995).
8.RICHARD STIM, TRADEMARK LAW (West Legal Studies 2000).
9.TRYGG ENGEN, ODOR SENSATION AND MEMORY (Praeger Publishers Nov. 30, 1991).
(二)、期刊論文
1.Carol M. Mc Entegart, Detection and Discrimination of Enteric Bacteria Using Gas Sensor Arrays, the degree of PhD in Biology in the Graduate College of the Illinois Institute of Technology (2003).
2.Catherine Seville, Trade Mark Law: The Community’s Thinking Widens and Deepens, 53 INT’L & COMP. L.Q. 1013 (2004).
3.Crewe L. & Beaverstock J., Fashioning the City: Cultures of Consumption in Contemporary Urban Spaces, Geoforum, vol. 29, No. 3, 287-308 (Aug., 1998).
4.David I. Bainbridge, Smell, Sound, Colour and Shape Trademarks: An Unhappy Flirtation, J. BUS. L. 2004, MAR, 219-246.
5.David Vaver, Recent Trends in European Trademark Law: of Shape, Senses and Sensation, 95 TRADEMARK REP. 895 (2005).
6.Debrett Lyons, Sounds, Smells and Signs, 16 EUR.INTELL.PROP.REV. 540, 1994, 13(12), 540-543.
7.Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success: Trade Dress Protection for Scent Marks, 2 MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV. 105 (1998).
8.Frank I. Schechter, The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection, 40 HARV. L. REV. 813 (1927).
9.James E. Hawes, Fragrances as Trademarks, 79 TRADEMARK REP 134 (1989).
10.Jani McCutcheon, The Registration of Sounds and Scents as Trade Marks Under Australian Law, INTELL. PROP. Q. 2004, 2, 138-172.
11.Jerome Gilson & Anne Gilson LaLonde, Cinnamon Buns, Marching Ducks and Cherry-Scented Racecar Exhaust: Protection Nontraditional Trademarks, 95 TRADEMARK REP. 773 (2005).
12.Joseph Cockman, Running From the Runway: Trade Dress Protection in Age of Lifestyle Marketing, 89 IOWA L. REV. 671 (2004).
13.Melissa E. Roth, Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue: A New Tradition in Nontraditional Trademark Registrations, 27 CARDOZO L. REV. 457 (2005).
14.Moon-Ki Chai, Protection of Fragrances under the Post-Sale Confusion Doctrine, 80 TRADEMARK REP 368 (1990).
15.Peter M. Turner-Kerr, European Community: Trade Marks – Application to the European Trade Marks Office OHIM for Registration of an Olfactory Mark, E.I.P.R. 2001, 23(2), N19-20.
16.Robert Burrell & Michael Handler, Making Sense of Trade Mark Law, INTELL. PROP. Q. 2003, 4, 388-410.
17.Robert N. Klieger, Trademark Dilution: The Whittling Away of the Rational Basis for Trademark, 58 U. PITT. L. REV. 789 (1997).
18.Seiko Hidaka et al., A Sign of the Times?, A Review of Key Trade Mark Decisions of the European Court of Justice and Their Impact upon National Trade Mark Jurisprudence in the EU, 94 TRADEMARK REP. 1105 (2004).
19.Sidney A. Diamond, The Historical Development of Trademarks, 65 TRADEMARK REP. 265 (1975), reprinted in 73 TRADEMARK REP. 222 (1983).
20.Thomas D. Drescher, The Transformation and Evolution of Trademarks－From Signals to Symbols to Myth, 82 TRADEMARK REP. 301 (1992).
21.Unikel, Better by Design: The Availability of Trade Dress Protection for Product Design and the Demise of Aesthetic Functionality, 85 TRADEMARK REP. 312 (1995).
22.Vanessa Mackie, Scent Marks the Future of Canadian Trade-mark Law, 18 INTELL. PROP. J. 417 (2005).
(三)、網站及網路資料
1.Benelux Office for Intellectual Property (BOIP，荷比盧智慧財產局), http://www.boip.int/en/homepage.htm.
2.BOIP Merkenregister (荷比盧商標註冊資料庫), http://register.boip.int/bmbonline/intro/show.do.
3.Charles Platt, You've Got Smell!, Wired Mag. Issue 7.11 (Nov. 1999), http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.11/digiscent.html (last visited on 2006/12/4).
4.Coarsen Schaal, The Registration of Smell Trademarks in European: another EU Harmonisation Challenge, LEX E-SCRIPTA ONLINE LEGAL J. (2003), http://www.inter-lawyer.com/lex-e-scripta/articles/trademarks-registration-smell-EU.htm#_ftn9 (lasted visited on 2006/11/2).
5.Condé Nast Traveler, http://www.concierge.com/.
6.Dale Air Ltd., homepage, http://www.daleair.com/index.html.
7.Digital Scent Technology Blog, http://www.digiscents.com/blog/.
8.Diplomatic Conference for the Adoption of a Revised Trademark Law Treaty (TLT), Meeting Documents, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=6982 (last visited on 2006/11/22).
9.En artikkel av Debbie Rønning, Taste, smell and sound – Future Trademarks?, Patentstyret (Mar. 17, 2004), http://www.patentstyret.no/no/Varemerke/Artikler_om_varemerker/Taste,_smell_and_sound_%e2%80%93_Futu/ (lasted visited on 2006/11/2).
10.Eric Nagourney, Sensations: A Hint of Lavender and Scent of Money, N.Y. Times (July 5, 2005), http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sens.html?ex=1278216000&en=46a7b121bb86f5e5&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss (last visited on 2006/12/19).
11.Frederic Douglas, GC/MS Analysis, Scientific Testimony: an Online Journal (Oct. 6, 1999), at http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/gcms.html (last visited on 2006/12/4).
12.Instituto Ecuatoriano De La Propiedad Intelectual (IEPI，厄瓜多爾智慧財產局), http://www.iepi.ec/iepi/default.aspx.
13.IFPI Consulta de Gaceta (厄瓜多爾商標公告檢索系統), http://200.105.236.210/Iepi/Servicios/ConsultaGaceta.asp?cmdEnviar=2.
14.Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS，新加坡智慧財產局), http://www.ipos.gov.sg/main/index.html.
15.International Classification of Goods and Services under the Nice Agreement Ninth Edition (NICE CLASSIFICATION, 9th ed.，尼斯分類第9版), http://www.wipo.int/classifications/nivilo/nice/index.htm (last visited on 2006/11/28).
16.IP AND BUSINESS, Beyonds Tradition: New Ways of Making a Mark, WIPO Magazine/July-August 2004 (Oct. 25, 2004), http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/wipo_magazine/7_2004.pdf (last visited on 2007/2/6).
17.IP Australia (澳洲智慧財產署), http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/.
18.IP Australia, Australia Trade Mark On-line Search System (ATMOSS，澳洲商標線上檢索系統), http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/atmoss/falcon.application_start.
19.JOURNAL STORAGE (JSTOR資料庫), http://www.jstor.org/.
20.Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd., homepage，http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/.
21.Monica Ruiz-Astudillo et al., Law and Practice, INTA BULLETIN－THE VOICE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK ASSOCIATION, vol. 59, No. 23, Dec. 15, 2004, http://www.inta.org/membersonly/bulletin/pdf/vol59iss23.pdf (last visited on 2007/2/7).
22.Norwegian Patent Office (NPO，挪威專利局), http://www.patentstyret.no/en/english/.
23.Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM，內部市場調和局), http://oami.europa.eu/en/.
24.OHIM CTM-Online (OHIM共同體商標線上資料庫), http://oami.europa.eu/CTMOnline/RequestManager/de_SearchBasic?transition=start&source=Log-in.html&language=en&application=CTMOnline.
25.ScentAir, Inc., homepage, http://scentair.com/index_flash.html.
26.Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks and Resolution by the Diplomatic Conference Supplementary to the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks and the Regulations thereunder, http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/singapore/ (last visited on 2006/11/22).
27.Società Italiana Brevetti News, Smell of Ripe Strawberries: CTM Registration for Olfactory Marks? (Nov. 3, 2005), http://www.sib.it/engsib/novita/tm/031105.htm (last visited on 2007/1/16).
28.Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT): Thirteenth Sesssion, Meeting Documents, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=6187 (last visited on 2006/11/22).
29.Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT): Fourteenth Sesssion, Meeting Documents, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=7131 (last visited on 2006/11/22).
30.Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT): Fifteenth Sesssion, Meeting Documents, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=9259 (last visited on 2006/11/22).
31.Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications (SCT): Sixteenth Sesssion, Meeting Documents, http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=10983 (last visited on 2006/11/22).
32.Suzanne Hoppough, What’s That Smell?, Forbes.com (Oct. 06, 2006), at http://www.forbes.com/free_forbes/2006/1002/076.html?partner=yahoomag (last visited on 2006/12/4).
33.Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Swissreg (瑞士聯邦智慧財產署商標、專利、工業設計及設計圖註冊資料庫), https://www.swissreg.ch/srclient/faces/jsp/start.jsp.
34.The UK Patent Office (英國專利局), http://www.patent.gov.uk/home.htm.
35.The UK Patent Office, Trademark, Find trade marks (英國專利局商標檢索系統), http://www.patent.gov.uk/tm.htm.
36.TriSenx Holdings Inc., homepage, http://www.trisenx.com/intro.html.
37.United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO，美國專利商標局), http://www.uspto.gov/index.html.
38.USPTO Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS，美國商標電子檢索系統), http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/gate.exe?f=tess&state=it4roa.1.1.
39.USPTO Trademark Document Retrieval (TDR，美國商標文件調閱資料庫), http://portal.uspto.gov/external/portal/tow.
40.Westlaw, http://www.westlaw.com.
41.World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO，世界智慧財產權組織), http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en.
(四)、案例
1.Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., 537 F.2d 4 (2d Cir. 1976).
2.Echo Travel, Inc. v. Travel Associates, Inc., 870 F.2d 1264 (7th Cir. 1989).
3.Eli Lilly and Co. v INPI, Court of Appeal of Paris, 4th Chamber, October 3, 2003, Recueil Dalloz, vol. 184, No. 33 (2004).
4.In re Clarke, 17 U.S.P.Q.2d 1238 (T.T.A.B.1990).
5.In re General Elec. Broad. Co., 199 U.S.P.Q. 560 (T.T.A.B. 1978).
6.In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc., 671 F.2d 1332 (C.C.P.A. 1982).
7.In re Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp., 227 U.S.P.Q 417 (C.A.F.C. 1985).
8.Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U.S. 844 (1982).
9.John H. Harland Co. v. Clarke Checks, Inc., 711 F.2d 966 (11th Cir. 1983).
10.Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co., 305 U.S. 111 (1938).
11.Pagliero v. Wallace China Co., 198 F.2d 339 (9th Cir. 1952).
12.Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co., Inc., 514 U.S. 159 (1995).
13.Samara Bros., Inc v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 165 F.3d 120 (2d Cir. 1998).
14.Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Bar–Well Foods, Ltd., 568 F.2d 1342 (C.C.P.A. 1977)
15.Taco Cabana Intern., Inc. v. Two Pesos, Inc., 932 F.2d 1113 (5th Cir. 1991).
16.Taj Mahal Enterprises, Ltd. v. Trump, 745 F. Supp. 240 (D.N.J. 1990).
17.Tone Bros., v. Sysco. Corp., 28 F.3d 1192 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
18.TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., 532 U.S. 23 (2001).
19.Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763 (1992).
20.Vornado Air Circulation Systems, Inc. v. Duracraft Corp., 58 F.3d 1498 (10th Cir. 1995).
21.Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc., 529 U.S. 205 (2000).
22.Case C-291/00, LTJ Diffusion SA v. Sadas Vertbaudet, Opinion of A-G Jacobs [2003] ECR I-2799.
23.Case C-299/99, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v. Remington Consumer Products Ltd. [2002] ECR I-5475.
24.Case R 120/2001-2, Eli Lilly and Company’s Application [2004] E.T.M.R. 4 (OHIM).
25.Case R 122/98-3, Wm Wrigley Jr. Co.’s Application [1999] E.T.M.R. 214, (OHIM).
26.Case T-193/99, Wm Wrigley Jr. Company v. OHIM [2001] ECR II-417.
27.Case C-191/01 P, OHIM v. Wm Wrigley Jr. [2003] ECR I-12447.
28.Case C-517/99, Merz & Krell GmBH & Co. v. Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt [2001] ECR I-6959.
29.Case R156/1998-2, Vennootschap Onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing’s Application [1999] E.T.M.R. 429 (OHIM).
30.Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, [2002] ECR I-11737.
31.Case R 711/1999-3, Myles Limited’s Application [2003] E.T.M.R. 56 (OHIM).
32.Case T-305/04, Eden SARL v. OHIM [2005] ECR II-4705 (CFI).
33.Case C-104/01, Libertel Groep BV v. Benelus Merkenbureau [2003] ECR I-3793.
34.Case C-283/01, Shield Mark BV v. Kist (t/a Memex) [2003] ECR I-14313.
(五)、法規
1.37 C.F.R. PART 2-RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES (37 C.F.R.，美國商標法商標案件處理細則).
2.Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, Legal Instruments－Results of the Uruguay Round vol. 31, 33 I.L.M. 81 (1994) (TRIPS Agreement).
3.Commission Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 of 13 December 1995 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the Community trade mark (CTMIR).
4.Council Regulation (EC) No. 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (CTMR).
5.First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to Approximate the Laws of the Member States Relating to Trade Marks (TM Direction).
6.Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks, June 15, 1957 (amended on Sep. 28, 1979).
7.Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. §§ 1-376.
8.Regulations under the Trademark Law Treaty, Oct. 27, 1994 (entry into force on Aug. 1, 1996).
9.Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, Mar. 27, 2006 (not yet in force).
10.Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, Mar. 27, 2006 (not yet in force).
11.Trademark Law Treaty, Oct. 27, 1994 (entry into force on Aug. 1, 1996).
12.Trademark (Lanham) Act of 1946, as amended, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051-1127 (§§ 1-46).
13.Trade Marks Act 1995, as amened (No. 119, Oct. 17, 1995), §§ 1-261.
14.Trade Marks Regulations 1995, as amended (SR 1995 No. 341)
15.TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, Dec. 24, 2002 (EC TREATY).
(六)、其他資料
1.Guidelines concerning proceedings before the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (entry into force Nov. 1, 1996), Part B: Examination (OHIM Examination Guidelines，內部市場調和局審查指導要點).
2.The United States Trademark Association Trademark Review Commission Report and Recommendation to USTA President and Board of Directors, 77 TRADEMARK REP. 375 (Sept.-Oct. 1978).
3.TRADEMARK LAW REVISION ACT OF 1988, S. REP. NO. 100-515 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5577.
4.Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure, 4th ed. (rev. Apr. 2005) (TMEP，美國商標審查程序手冊).
5.Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice & Procedure (Aug. 2003) (澳洲商標局審查程序手冊).
6.WIPO Secretariat, New Types of Mark, SCT 16th Sess., WIPO Doc. SCT/16/2 (Sep. 1, 2006).