新式高精準度互補式金氧半積體電路之溫度感測計的設計

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研究生：	羅允中 Yung-Chung Lo
論文名稱：	新式高精準度互補式金氧半積體電路之溫度感測計的設計 A Novel High-accuracy CMOS Temperature Sensor Design
指導教授：	金雅琴 Ya-Chin King
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電子工程研究所 Institute of Electronics Engineering
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	98
中文關鍵詞：	溫度感測計、帶隙參考電壓、正比絕對溫度、互補式金氧半
外文關鍵詞：	Temperature Sensor, Bandgap Reference Voltage, PTAT, CMOS, Chopper OP, sigma-delta ADC
相關次數：	點閱：4 下載：0
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現今，以互補式金氧半電晶體製程所製作的溫度感測計已大量地使用在電腦相關的應用上。一般來說，此種溫度感測計的準確度大多受限於溫度感測元件特性、溫度感測計的電路架構以及在溫度感測計中非理想效應。這些非理想效應包括了電路中元件的不匹配效應、因製程參數的絕對值等效偏移之影響與運算放大器的偏移電壓。這些因素對溫度感測計的精準度都有顯著的影響。所以，本論文探討了兩種典型溫度感測器的設計原理並提出如何利用電路設計以減少非理想效應的影響。本論文提出一利用電路設計技巧能達到高準確度之溫度感測計。此種溫度感測計利用二次曲線修正和線性片段修正技巧可有效的提升溫度感測計的精準度，並且利用動態偏移消除電路改善非理想效應的影響。在假設1% 的元件不匹配效應、10％的元件絕對值偏移和1mV的運算放大器偏移電壓，此溫度感測計在-55□C到125□C的範圍內，其準確度預期能達到0.2□C。這樣的精準度將使溫度感測計的應用更為廣泛。

CMOS temperature sensors have been used extensively in the computer-based applications. The accuracy level of a CMOS temperature sensor is limited by the temperature sensing device, circuit schemes and non-idealities such as mismatches in components, absolute variations and offset voltage in Op-amplifier. These factors usually affect the accuracy of sensors most. Accordingly, the accuracy level and non-idealities of typical voltage-base and current-base temperature sensors are analyzed in detail. This study provides guidelines for designing a high-accuracy temperature sensor. Based on these guidelines, a high-accuracy temperature sensor design is proposed. This design adopts second-order correction and piece-wise-linear techniques to reduce the error caused by the non-linear characteristics of a BJT device. Furthermore, dynamic offset-cancellation techniques are used to reduce the error caused by non-ideal factors in the sensor. By injecting 1% mismatch and 10% absolute variation in various components and 1mV Op-Amp offset voltage in the sensor, this temperature sensor has the best expected accuracy of 0.3°C from -55°C to 125°C. This result is sufficient to expand the applications of CMOS temperature sensors to high precision applications.

LIST OF CONTENTS
English Abstract                                           i
Chinese Abstract                                          ii
Acknowledgement                                          iii
List of Contents                                          iv
List of Figures                                          vii
List of Tables                                               ix
Chapter 1   Introduction                                   1
1  Background and Motivation                             1
2  Organization                                          2
Chapter 2 Review                                           3
1  Fundamentals                                          3
2  Accuracy of Temperature Sensors                       4
3  Device Characteristic                                 6
3.1  Temperature Sensing Devices                         6
3.2  Temperature Characteristics of Bipolar Transistors  7
3.3  Ultimate Accuracy Limitation of Bipolar Transistors 9
4  Offset Cancellation Techniques in Temperature Sensors10
4.1  Chopper Stabilization                              10
4.2  Dynamic Element Matching Technique                 12
5  Summary                                              13
Chapter 3   Temperature Sensor Circuits                   25
1  Voltage-base Temperature Sensor                      25
1.1  Bandgap Reference Voltage Generator                25
1.2  PTAT Voltage Generator                             27
1.3  Ideal Simulation Results                           28
2  Non-idealities of Voltage-base Temperature Sensors   28
2.1  Mismatch between BJTs                              29
2.2  Absolute Variation in BJT                          31
2.3  Mismatch in R1                                     32
2.4  Mismatch in R2A                                    33
2.5  Mismatch in R2B                                    34
2.6  Absolute Variation in Resistances                  34
2.7  Offset Voltage in Smplifier                        35
2.8  Non-idealities in Instrumental Amplifier           36
2.9  Summary                                            37
3  Current-base Temperature Sensor                      38
3.1  PTAT Current and Bandgap Reference Current
       Generators                                         39
3.2  Analog-to-Digital Converter                        41
4  Non-idealities of Current-base Temperature Sensors   44
4.1  Mismatch in IBIAS1 and IBIAS2                      44
4.2  Variation in the Absolute Level of the Bias
         Currents                                         44
4.3  Effects of Mismatch and absolute variation in BJTs 46
4.4  Mismatch in resistances                            47
4.5  Absolute Variation in Resistances                  48
4.6  Mismatch in Current-Mirrors                        49
4.7  Offset Voltage                                     49
4.8  Summary                                            50
5   Comparison                                          52
Chapter 4   High-Accuracy Temperature Sensor Design       73
1  Motivation                                           73
2  Design Idea                                          74
2.1  Second-order Correction                            74
2.2  Piece-wise-linear Correction                       75
3  Implementation                                       76
4  Ideal Simulation                                     77
5  Circuits Architecture                                77
5.1  PTAT Current Generator                             78
5.2  IEB Generator                                      78
6  Summary                                              79
Chapter 5   Conclusion and Future Work                    93
1  Conclusions                                          94
2  Future Work                                          94
REFERENCE                                                 96

                                

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