近年來，無金屬奈米材料，如石墨氮化碳、氧化石墨烯及硼碳氮化物，由於其可調的能隙結構、優異的化學穩定性及眾多活性點，已成為克服金屬材料缺陷的新一代光觸媒材料。硼碳氮氧複合物(BCNO)最初被開發為無稀土金屬摻雜的奈米熒光材料，由於其可調的光致發光特性、高量子產率和長載子壽命，BCNO展現出作為高性能無金屬光觸媒的潛力。本碩士論文對兩個系列BCNO的製備、表徵與光催化活性進行了初步研究。通過改變前驅物成分、比例及加熱溫度，合成了兩種具有不同形貌和結構的BCNO，即：（1）BGH（胍系列）以及（2）BMH（三聚氰胺系列）。X光繞射圖譜(XRD)、傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜(FTIR)以及核磁共振圖譜(NMR)的分析都指出BGH如文獻所述，是由碳、氧摻雜的氮化硼組成，較高的退火溫度會導致BN骨架中有較多三配位點BNx(OH)3-x形成，此三配位點也在後續被證實為BGH主要的光催化活性點。相較之下，BMH則確定為硼、氮摻雜的氧化石墨結構，其在本論文所研究的BCNO中表現出最佳的光催化活性。BMH的光催化活性是由帶路易斯酸性的BNx(OH)3-x三配位點結合sp2混成C=C石墨結構所產生的協同作用造成的，較高退火溫度下，BN鍵的形成以及導電sp2混成C=C結構的消失會使BMH失去活性。此外，也發現了BN2(OH)2以及BN3鍵結的形成與本論文中無光催化活性的BCNO有極大的關聯。結構與特性之間更詳盡的研究發現將在本論文中深入討論。

Recently, metal-free nanomaterials, such as graphitic carbon nitride, graphene oxide, and boron carbon nitride, have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalysis to overcome limitations imposed by their metal-based counterparts due to their tunable bandgap, excellent chemical stability, and numerous active sites. Boron carbon oxynitride (BCNO) was initially developed as a non-rare-earth metal-doped nano phosphor. BCNO exhibits potential as a promising metal-free photocatalyst due to its tunable photoluminescent behavior, high quantum yield, and long charge carrier lifetime. In this Master Thesis, preliminary investigation on the preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of two series of BCNO were investigated. By varying precursor sources, ratios, and annealing temperature, two series of BCNO with different morphologies and structures were synthesized, namely: (1) BGH (guanidine series) and (2) BMH (melamine series). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analyses suggested that BGH consisted of carbon, oxygen-doped boron nitride, as reported in the literature. In this Thesis work, BCNO prepared at higher annealing temperature possessed higher composition of tricoordinate boron sites, BNx(OH)3-x, in the BN framework, which was later found to serve as one of the major catalytic sites in BGH. In contrast, the structure of BMH was determined to be boron, nitrogen-doped graphite oxide, which exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity among all the BCNO investigated in this Thesis. The high photocatalytic activity of BMH was induced by the synergistic effect of the Lewis acidic tricoordinate BNx(OH)3-x sites incorporated within the sp2 C=C graphitic domain. Higher temperature annealing of BMH leads to the formation of BN bonding and the disappearance of the conductive sp2 C=C network, which renders their inactivity. Furthermore, it was found that the formation of BN2(OH)2 and the formation of the tricoordinate BN3 bonding are shared among all inactive BCNO investigated in this Thesis. More detailed investigations of the structure-property relationship will be discussed throughout this Master Thesis.

[1] Shafiee S and Topal E 2009 When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished? Energy Policy 37 181–9
[2] Höök M and Tang X 2013 Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review Energy Policy 52 797–809
[3] Kopel J and Brower G L 2019 Impact of fossil fuel emissions and particulate matter on pulmonary health Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 32 636–8
[4] Losacco C and Perillo A 2018 Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals Environ Sci Pollut Res 25 33901–10
[5] Perera F P 2017 Multiple Threats to Child Health from Fossil Fuel Combustion: Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change Environmental Health Perspectives 125 141–8
[6] Fujishima A and Honda K 1972 Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode Nature 238 37–8
[7] Jiang C, Moniz S J A, Wang A, Zhang T and Tang J 2017 Photoelectrochemical devices for solar water splitting – materials and challenges Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 4645–60
[8] Kim J H, Hansora D, Sharma P, Jang J-W and Lee J S 2019 Toward practical solar hydrogen production – an artificial photosynthetic leaf-to-farm challenge Chem. Soc. Rev. 48 1908–71
[9] Lewis N S and Nocera D G 2006 Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 15729–35
[10] Yang W, Prabhakar R R, Tan J, Tilley S D and Moon J 2019 Strategies for enhancing the photocurrent, photovoltage, and stability of photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting Chem. Soc. Rev. 48 4979–5015
[11] You B and Sun Y 2018 Innovative Strategies for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Acc. Chem. Res. 51 1571–80
[12] Chen S, Takata T and Domen K 2017 Particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting Nat Rev Mater 2 17050
[13] Zhu J, Xiao P, Li H and Carabineiro S A C 2014 Graphitic Carbon Nitride: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Catalysis ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 16449–65
[14] Li C, Xu Y, Tu W, Chen G and Xu R 2017 Metal-free photocatalysts for various applications in energy conversion and environmental purification Green Chem. 19 882–99
[15] Rahman M Z, Kibria M G and Mullins C B 2020 Metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 1887–931
[16] Xu H-Y, Wu L-C, Zhao H, Jin L-G and Qi S-Y 2015 Synergic Effect between Adsorption and Photocatalysis of Metal-Free g-C3N4 Derived from Different Precursors ed Y Dedkov PLoS ONE 10 e0142616
[17] Hsu H-C, Shown I, Wei H-Y, Chang Y-C, Du H-Y, Lin Y-G, Tseng C-A, Wang C-H, Chen L-C, Lin Y-C and Chen K-H 2013 Graphene oxide as a promising photocatalyst for CO 2 to methanol conversion Nanoscale 5 262–8
[18] Naseri A, Samadi M, Pourjavadi A, Moshfegh A Z and Ramakrishna S 2017 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 )-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: recent advances and future development directions J. Mater. Chem. A 5 23406–33
[19] Sivaprakash K, Induja M and Gomathi Priya P 2018 Facile synthesis of metal free non-toxic Boron Carbon Nitride nanosheets with strong photocatalytic behavior for degradation of industrial dyes Materials Research Bulletin 100 313–21
[20] Ogi T, Kaihatsu Y, Iskandar F, Wang W-N and Okuyama K 2008 Facile Synthesis of New Full-Color-Emitting BCNO Phosphors with High Quantum Efficiency Adv. Mater. 20 3235–8
[21] Wang J, Ma F and Sun M 2017 Graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and their heterostructures: properties and applications RSC Adv. 7 16801–22
[22] Wang W-N, Ogi T, Kaihatsu Y, Iskandar F and Okuyama K 2011 Novel rare-earth-free tunable-color-emitting BCNO phosphors J. Mater. Chem. 21 5183
[23] Dwivedi J, Kumar P, Kedawat G and Gupta B K 2015 New emerging rare-earth free yellow emitting 2D BCNO nanophosphor for white light emitting diodes New J. Chem. 39 5161–70
[24] Qin L, Yu J, Kuang S, Xiao C and Bai X 2012 Few-atomic-layered boron carbonitride nanosheets prepared by chemical vapor deposition Nanoscale 4 120–3
[25] Sekar S, Gawas P, Bhat S V and Nutalapati V 2021 Highly fluorescent 2D-BCNO sheets based chemical sensor for selective detection of the explosive Dunnite and 4-nitrophenol in aqueous medium Environ. Sci.: Nano 10.1039.D1EN00391G
[26] Jia X, Li L, Yu J, Gao X, Yang X, Lu Z, Zhang X and Liu H 2018 Facile synthesis of BCNO quantum dots with applications for ion detection, chemosensor and fingerprint identification Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 203 214–21
[27] Lei W, Portehault D, Dimova R and Antonietti M 2011 Boron Carbon Nitride Nanostructures from Salt Melts: Tunable Water-Soluble Phosphors J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 7121–7
[28] Zhang X, Lu Z, Liu H, Lin J, Xu X, Meng F, Zhao J and Tang C 2015 Blue emitting BCNO phosphors with high quantum yields J. Mater. Chem. C 3 3311–7
[29] Zhu S and Wang D 2017 Photocatalysis: Basic Principles, Diverse Forms of Implementations and Emerging Scientific Opportunities Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1700841
[30] Melchionna M and Fornasiero P 2020 Updates on the Roadmap for Photocatalysis ACS Catal. 10 5493–501
[31] Kirubakaran A, Jain S and Nema R K 2009 A review on fuel cell technologies and power electronic interface Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 2430–40
[32] Sharaf O Z and Orhan M F 2014 An overview of fuel cell technology: Fundamentals and applications Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 810–53
[33] Franchi G, Capocelli M, De Falco M, Piemonte V and Barba D 2020 Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming: A Critical Analysis of MR and RMM Technologies Membranes 10 10
[34] Ibrahim A A 2018 Hydrogen Production from Light Hydrocarbons Advances In Hydrogen Generation Technologies ed M Eyvaz (InTech)
[35] Shaner M R, Atwater H A, Lewis N S and McFarland E W 2016 A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2354–71
[36] Ismail M, Akhtar K, Khan M I, Kamal T, Khan M A, M. Asiri A, Seo J and Khan S B 2019 Pollution, Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Organic Dyes and their Catalytic Bio-Remediation CPD 25 3645–63
[37] Nilsson R, Nordlinder R, Wass U, Meding B and Belin L 1993 Asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis in workers exposed to reactive dyes. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50 65–70
[38] Pereira L and Alves M 2012 Dyes—Environmental Impact and Remediation Environmental Protection Strategies for Sustainable Development ed A Malik and E Grohmann (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands) pp 111–62
[39] Do H H, Nguyen D L T, Nguyen X C, Le T-H, Nguyen T P, Trinh Q T, Ahn S H, Vo D-V N, Kim S Y and Le Q V 2020 Recent progress in TiO2-based photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction: A review Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13 3653–71
[40] Eidsvåg H, Bentouba S, Vajeeston P, Yohi S and Velauthapillai D 2021 TiO2 as a Photocatalyst for Water Splitting—An Experimental and Theoretical Review Molecules 26 1687
[41] Sun Q, Li K, Wu S, Han B, Sui L and Dong L 2020 Remarkable improvement of TiO 2 for dye photocatalytic degradation by a facile post-treatment New J. Chem. 44 1942–52
[42] Ahmed S, Rasul M G, Martens W N, Brown R and Hashib M A 2011 Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenols and Dyes in Wastewater: A Review Water Air Soil Pollut 215 3–29
[43] Mishra M and Chun D-M 2015 α-Fe 2 O 3 as a photocatalytic material: A review Applied Catalysis A: General 498 126–41
[44] Ong C B, Ng L Y and Mohammad A W 2018 A review of ZnO nanoparticles as solar photocatalysts: Synthesis, mechanisms and applications Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81 536–51
[45] Raizada P, Sudhaik A, Patial S, Hasija V, Parwaz Khan A A, Singh P, Gautam S, Kaur M and Nguyen V-H 2020 Engineering nanostructures of CuO-based photocatalysts for water treatment: Current progress and future challenges Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13 8424–57
[46] Wen J, Xie J, Chen X and Li X 2017 A review on g-C 3 N 4 -based photocatalysts Applied Surface Science 391 72–123
[47] Yuan Y-J, Chen D, Yu Z-T and Zou Z-G 2018 Cadmium sulfide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production J. Mater. Chem. A 6 11606–30
[48] Ng Y H 2019 Cocatalysts on Semiconductor Photocatalyst: A Mini Review J. Idn. Chem. Soc. 2 72
[49] Shao W, Wang H and Zhang X 2018 Elemental doping for optimizing photocatalysis in semiconductors Dalton Trans. 47 12642–6
[50] Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhan X, Wang F, Safdar M and He J 2013 Visible light driven type II heterostructures and their enhanced photocatalysis properties: a review Nanoscale 5 8326
[51] Ajmal A, Majeed I, Malik R N, Idriss H and Nadeem M A 2014 Principles and mechanisms of photocatalytic dye degradation on TiO 2 based photocatalysts: a comparative overview RSC Adv. 4 37003–26
[52] Abdullah A M, Garcia-Pinilla M Á, Pillai S C and O’Shea K 2019 UV and Visible Light-Driven Production of Hydroxyl Radicals by Reduced Forms of N, F, and P Codoped Titanium Dioxide Molecules 24 2147
[53] Romanias M N, Andrade-Eiroa A, Shahla R, Bedjanian Y, Zogka A G, Philippidis A and Dagaut P 2014 Photodegradation of Pyrene on Al 2 O 3 Surfaces: A Detailed Kinetic and Product Study J. Phys. Chem. A 118 7007–16
[54] Maeda K 2011 Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: History and recent developments Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 12 237–68
[55] Murphy A, Barnes P, Randeniya L, Plumb I, Grey I, Horne M and Glasscock J 2006 Efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 1999–2017
[56] Di L, Yang H, Xian T and Chen X 2018 Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of BiFeO3 Microspheres by Decoration with g-C3N4 Nanoparticles Mat. Res. 21
[57] Fujishima A, Zhang X and Tryk D 2008 TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena Surface Science Reports 63 515–82
[58] Qian R, Zong H, Schneider J, Zhou G, Zhao T, Li Y, Yang J, Bahnemann D W and Pan J H 2019 Charge carrier trapping, recombination and transfer during TiO2 photocatalysis: An overview Catalysis Today 335 78–90
[59] Xu Q, Zhang L, Yu J, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A and Jaroniec M 2018 Direct Z-scheme photocatalysts: Principles, synthesis, and applications Materials Today 21 1042–63
[60] Wang S, Zhu B, Liu M, Zhang L, Yu J and Zhou M 2019 Direct Z-scheme ZnO/CdS hierarchical photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 243 19–26
[61] Yu J, Wang S, Low J and Xiao W 2013 Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4–TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 16883
[62] Azeez F, Al-Hetlani E, Arafa M, Abdelmonem Y, Nazeer A A, Amin M O and Madkour M 2018 The effect of surface charge on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using chargeable titania nanoparticles Sci Rep 8 7104
[63] Takata T and Domen K 2019 Particulate Photocatalysts for Water Splitting: Recent Advances and Future Prospects ACS Energy Lett. 4 542–9
[64] Li X, Bi W, Zhang L, Tao S, Chu W, Zhang Q, Luo Y, Wu C and Xie Y 2016 Single-Atom Pt as Co-Catalyst for Enhanced Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution Adv. Mater. 28 2427–31
[65] Su R, Dimitratos N, Liu J, Carter E, Althahban S, Wang X, Shen Y, Wendt S, Wen X, (Hans) Niemantsverdriet J W, Iversen B B, Kiely C J, Hutchings G J and Besenbacher F 2016 Mechanistic Insight into the Interaction Between a Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst and Pd Cocatalyst for Improved Photocatalytic Performance ACS Catal. 6 4239–47
[66] Yoshida M, Takanabe K, Maeda K, Ishikawa A, Kubota J, Sakata Y, Ikezawa Y and Domen K 2009 Role and Function of Noble-Metal/Cr-Layer Core/Shell Structure Cocatalysts for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting Studied by Model Electrodes J. Phys. Chem. C 113 10151–7
[67] Chen S, Huang D, Xu P, Xue W, Lei L, Cheng M, Wang R, Liu X and Deng R 2020 Semiconductor-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting: will we stop with photocorrosion? J. Mater. Chem. A 8 2286–322
[68] Ran J, Zhang J, Yu J, Jaroniec M and Qiao S Z 2014 Earth-abundant cocatalysts for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 7787–812
[69] Wei L, Guo Z and Jia X 2021 Probing Photocorrosion Mechanism of CdS Films and Enhancing Photoelectrocatalytic Activity via Cocatalyst Catal Lett 151 56–66
[70] Carey J H, Lawrence J and Tosine H M 1976 Photodechlorination of PCB’s in the presence of titanium dioxide in aqueous suspensions Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16 697–701
[71] Dong P, Hou G, Xi X, Shao R and Dong F 2017 WO 3 -based photocatalysts: morphology control, activity enhancement and multifunctional applications Environ. Sci.: Nano 4 539–57
[72] Murillo-Sierra J C, Hernández-Ramírez A, Hinojosa-Reyes L and Guzmán-Mar J L 2021 A review on the development of visible light-responsive WO3-based photocatalysts for environmental applications Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 5 100070
[73] Wang X, Maeda K, Thomas A, Takanabe K, Xin G, Carlsson J M, Domen K and Antonietti M 2009 A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light Nature Mater 8 76–80
[74] Cao S, Low J, Yu J and Jaroniec M 2015 Polymeric Photocatalysts Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride Adv. Mater. 27 2150–76
[75] Zheng Y, Lin L, Wang B and Wang X 2015 Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 12868–84
[76] Fakhrul Ridhwan Samsudin M, Bacho N and Sufian S 2019 Recent Development of Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalyst for Environmental Pollution Remediation Nanocatalysts ed I Sinha and M Shukla (IntechOpen)
[77] Ong W-J, Tan L-L, Ng Y H, Yong S-T and Chai S-P 2016 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3 N 4 )-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability? Chem. Rev. 116 7159–329
[78] Wang L, Wang K, He T, Zhao Y, Song H and Wang H 2020 Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Photocatalytic Materials: Preparation Strategy and Application ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 8 16048–85
[79] Wang X, Blechert S and Antonietti M 2012 Polymeric Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ACS Catal. 2 1596–606
[80] Yan S C, Lv S B, Li Z S and Zou Z G 2010 Organic–inorganic composite photocatalyst of g-C 3 N 4 and TaON with improved visible light photocatalytic activities Dalton Trans. 39 1488–91
[81] Ye C, Li J-X, Li Z-J, Li X-B, Fan X-B, Zhang L-P, Chen B, Tung C-H and Wu L-Z 2015 Enhanced Driving Force and Charge Separation Efficiency of Protonated g-C 3 N 4 for Photocatalytic O 2 Evolution ACS Catal. 5 6973–9
[82] Zhou C, Lai C, Huang D, Zeng G, Zhang C, Cheng M, Hu L, Wan J, Xiong W, Wen M, Wen X and Qin L 2018 Highly porous carbon nitride by supramolecular preassembly of monomers for photocatalytic removal of sulfamethazine under visible light driven Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 220 202–10
[83] Ma T, Shen Q, Xue B Z Jinbo, Guan R, Liu X, Jia H and Xu B 2019 Facile synthesis of Fe-doped g-C3N4 for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity Inorganic Chemistry Communications 107 107451
[84] Wang J-C, Cui C-X, Li Y, Liu L, Zhang Y-P and Shi W 2017 Porous Mn doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts for enhanced synergetic degradation under visible-light illumination Journal of Hazardous Materials 339 43–53
[85] Wang Z-T, Xu J-L, Zhou H and Zhang X 2019 Facile synthesis of Zn(II)-doped g-C3N4 and their enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation Rare Met. 38 459–67
[86] Paul D R, Gautam S, Panchal P, Nehra S P, Choudhary P and Sharma A 2020 ZnO-Modified g-C 3 N 4 : A Potential Photocatalyst for Environmental Application ACS Omega 5 3828–38
[87] Zhang J, Wang Y, Jin J, Zhang J, Lin Z, Huang F and Yu J 2013 Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Enhanced Photostability of Core/Shell CdS/g-C 3 N 4 Nanowires ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 10317–24
[88] Cao S, Li Y, Zhu B, Jaroniec M and Yu J 2017 Facet effect of Pd cocatalyst on photocatalytic CO 2 reduction over g-C 3 N 4 Journal of Catalysis 349 208–17
[89] Samanta S, Martha S and Parida K 2014 Facile Synthesis of Au/g-C 3 N 4 Nanocomposites: An Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Plasmonic Photocatalyst with Enhanced Hydrogen Gas Evolution Under Visible-Light Irradiation ChemCatChem n/a-n/a
[90] Zhang G, Lan Z-A, Lin L, Lin S and Wang X 2016 Overall water splitting by Pt/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts without using sacrificial agents Chem. Sci. 7 3062–6
[91] Geim A K and Novoselov K S 2007 The rise of graphene Nature Mater 6 183–91
[92] Li X, Yu J, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A and Xie J 2016 Graphene in Photocatalysis: A Review Small 12 6640–96
[93] Zhang N, Zhang Y and Xu Y-J 2012 Recent progress on graphene-based photocatalysts: current status and future perspectives Nanoscale 4 5792
[94] Park S and Ruoff R S 2009 Chemical methods for the production of graphenes Nature Nanotech 4 217–24
[95] Eda G, Mattevi C, Yamaguchi H, Kim H and Chhowalla M 2009 Insulator to Semimetal Transition in Graphene Oxide J. Phys. Chem. C 113 15768–71
[96] Janczarek M, Endo-Kimura M, Wei Z, Bielan Z, Mogan T R, Khedr T M, Wang K, Markowska-Szczupak A and Kowalska E 2021 Novel Structures and Applications of Graphene-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts: Faceted Particles, Photonic Crystals, Antimicrobial and Magnetic Properties Applied Sciences 11 1982
[97] Khan F, Khan M S, Kamal S, Arshad M, Ahmad S I and Nami S A A 2020 Recent advances in graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide based nanocomposites for the photodegradation of dyes J. Mater. Chem. C 8 15940–55
[98] Mondal A, Prabhakaran A, Gupta S and Subramanian V R 2021 Boosting Photocatalytic Activity Using Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)/Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Issues and Future Scope ACS Omega 6 8734–43
[99] Al-Rawashdeh N A F, Allabadi O and Aljarrah M T 2020 Photocatalytic Activity of Graphene Oxide/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites with Embedded Metal Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Organic Dyes ACS Omega 5 28046–55
[100] Du J, Lai X, Yang N, Zhai J, Kisailus D, Su F, Wang D and Jiang L 2011 Hierarchically Ordered Macro−Mesoporous TiO 2 −Graphene Composite Films: Improved Mass Transfer, Reduced Charge Recombination, and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities ACS Nano 5 590–6
[101] Yu J, Jin J, Cheng B and Jaroniec M 2014 A noble metal-free reduced graphene oxide–CdS nanorod composite for the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to solar fuel J. Mater. Chem. A 2 3407
[102] Zhu M, Chen P and Liu M 2011 Graphene Oxide Enwrapped Ag/AgX (X = Br, Cl) Nanocomposite as a Highly Efficient Visible-Light Plasmonic Photocatalyst ACS Nano 5 4529–36
[103] Gupta B K, Kumar P, Kedawat G, Kanika K, Vithayathil S A, Gangwar A K, Singh S, Kashyap P K, Lahon R, Singh V N, Deshmukh A D, Narayanan T N, Singh N, Gupta S and Kaipparettu B A 2017 Tunable luminescence from two dimensional BCNO nanophosphor for high-contrast cellular imaging RSC Adv. 7 41486–94
[104] Liu X, Ye S, Qiao Y, Dong G, Zhang Q and Qiu J 2009 Facile synthetic strategy for efficient and multi-color fluorescent BCNO nanocrystals Chem. Commun. 4073
[105] Wang W-N, Widiyastuti W, Ogi T, Lenggoro I W and Okuyama K 2007 Correlations between Crystallite/Particle Size and Photoluminescence Properties of Submicrometer Phosphors Chem. Mater. 19 1723–30
[106] Bai X D, Wang E G, Yu J and Yang H 2000 Blue–violet photoluminescence from large-scale highly aligned boron carbonitride nanofibers Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 67–9
[107] Li H, Tay R Y, Tsang S H, Zhen X and Teo E H T 2015 Controllable Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Boron Nitride Quantum Dots Small 11 6491–9
[108] Watanabe M O, Itoh S, Sasaki T and Mizushima K 1996 Visible-Light-Emitting Layered B C 2 N Semiconductor Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 187–9
[109] Zhang X, Lu Z, Lin J, Li L, Fan Y, Hu L, Xu X, Meng F, Zhao J and Tang C 2013 Luminescence properties of BCNO phosphor prepared by a green and simple method Materials Letters 94 72–5
[110] Wang S, Zhang L, Xia Z, Roy A, Chang D W, Baek J-B and Dai L 2012 BCN Graphene as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51 4209–12
[111] Liao L, Liu K, Wang W, Bai X, Wang E, Liu Y, Li J and Liu C 2007 Multiwall Boron Carbonitride/Carbon Nanotube Junction and Its Rectification Behavior J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 9562–3
[112] Sekar S and Venkataprasad Bhat S 2021 BCNO silica gel-based green transparent and efficient luminescent downshifting layer for Si solar cells Sustainable Energy Fuels 5 2046–54
[113] Wei Y, Zhang M, Wu P, Luo J, Tao D, Peng C, Dai L, Wang L, Li H and Zhu W 2020 Deep eutectic solvent-induced high-entropy structures in boron nitride for boosted initiation of aerobic oxidative desulfurization of diesel Applied Surface Science 529 146980
[114] Liu F, Lei T, Zhang Y, Wang Y and He Y 2021 A BCNO QDs-MnO2 nanosheets based fluorescence “off-on-off” and colorimetric sensor with smartphone detector for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides Analytica Chimica Acta 1184 339026
[115] Ren M, Han W, Bai Y, Ge C, He L and Zhang X 2020 Melamine sponge-assisted synthesis of porous BCNO phosphor with yellow-green luminescence for Cr6+ detection Materials Chemistry and Physics 244 122673
[116] Sun M-F, Liu J-L, Zhou Y, Zhang J-Q, Chai Y-Q, Li Z-H and Yuan R 2020 High-Efficient Electrochemiluminescence of BCNO Quantum Dot-Equipped Boron Active Sites with Unexpected Catalysis for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNA Anal. Chem. 92 14723–9
[117] Wu Z, Zhou Y, Huang H, Su Z, Chen S and Rong M 2021 BCNO QDs and ROS synergistic oxidation effect on fluorescence enhancement sensing of tetracycline Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 332 129530
[118] Liu X, Ye S, Dong G, Qiao Y, Ruan J, Zhuang Y, Zhang Q, Lin G, Chen D and Qiu J 2009 Spectroscopic investigation on BCNO-based phosphor: photoluminescence and long persistent phosphorescence J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 215409
[119] Sun J, Zhang J, Zhang M, Antonietti M, Fu X and Wang X 2012 Bioinspired hollow semiconductor nanospheres as photosynthetic nanoparticles Nat Commun 3 1139
[120] Zheng D, zhang G and Wang X 2015 Integrating CdS quantum dots on hollow graphitic carbon nitride nanospheres for hydrogen evolution photocatalysis Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 179 479–88
[121] Zheng D, Cao X-N and Wang X 2016 Precise Formation of a Hollow Carbon Nitride Structure with a Janus Surface To Promote Water Splitting by Photoredox Catalysis Angew. Chem. 128 11684–8
[122] Wu J, Han W-Q, Walukiewicz W, Ager J W, Shan W, Haller E E and Zettl A 2004 Raman Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence of BN and B x C y N z Nanotubes Nano Lett. 4 647–50
[123] Strauss V, Margraf J T, Dolle C, Butz B, Nacken T J, Walter J, Bauer W, Peukert W, Spiecker E, Clark T and Guldi D M 2014 Carbon Nanodots: Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Their Photoluminescence J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 17308–16
[124] Weber E J and Stickney V C 1993 Hydrolysis kinetics of Reactive Blue 19-Vinyl Sulfone Water Research 27 63–7
[125] Atacag Erkurt H 2010 Biodegradation of Azo Dyes vol 9 (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg)
[126] Katheresan V, Kansedo J and Lau S Y 2018 Efficiency of various recent wastewater dye removal methods: A review Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6 4676–97
[127] Gupta V K and Suhas 2009 Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review Journal of Environmental Management 90 2313–42
[128] Haque E, Jun J W and Jhung S H 2011 Adsorptive removal of methyl orange and methylene blue from aqueous solution with a metal-organic framework material, iron terephthalate (MOF-235) Journal of Hazardous Materials 185 507–11
[129] Kumar P, Agnihotri R, Wasewar K L, Uslu H and Yoo C 2012 Status of adsorptive removal of dye from textile industry effluent Desalination and Water Treatment 50 226–44
[130] Forgacs E, Cserháti T and Oros G 2004 Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review Environment International 30 953–71
[131] Slokar Y M and Majcen Le Marechal A 1998 Methods of decoloration of textile wastewaters Dyes and Pigments 37 335–56
[132] Babuponnusami A and Muthukumar K 2014 A review on Fenton and improvements to the Fenton process for wastewater treatment Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2 557–72
[133] Joshi M, Bansal R and Purwar R 2004 Colour removal from textile effluents Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research 29 239–59
[134] Chiu Y-H, Chang T-F, Chen C-Y, Sone M and Hsu Y-J 2019 Mechanistic Insights into Photodegradation of Organic Dyes Using Heterostructure Photocatalysts Catalysts 9 430
[135] de Mello J C, Wittmann H F and Friend R H 1997 An improved experimental determination of external photoluminescence quantum efficiency Adv. Mater. 9 230–2
[136] Cui L, Liu Y, Fang X, Yin C, Li S, Sun D and Kang S 2018 Scalable and clean exfoliation of graphitic carbon nitride in NaClO solution: enriched surface active sites for enhanced photocatalytic H 2 evolution Green Chem. 20 1354–61
[137] Ho W, Zhang Z, Xu M, Zhang X, Wang X and Huang Y 2015 Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of NO: Effect on layer distortion on g-C3N4 by H2 heating Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 179 106–12
[138] Alkoy S, Toy C, Gönül T and Tekin A 1997 Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride Journal of the European Ceramic Society 17 1415–22
[139] Vieira M A, Gonçalves G R, Cipriano D F, Schettino M A, Silva Filho E A, Cunha A G, Emmerich F G and Freitas J C C 2016 Synthesis of graphite oxide from milled graphite studied by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance Carbon 98 496–503
[140] Li Z Q, Lu C J, Xia Z P, Zhou Y and Luo Z 2007 X-ray diffraction patterns of graphite and turbostratic carbon Carbon 45 1686–95
[141] Choi Y, Kang B, Lee J, Kim S, Kim G T, Kang H, Lee B R, Kim H, Shim S-H, Lee G, Kwon O-H and Kim B-S 2016 Integrative Approach toward Uncovering the Origin of Photoluminescence in Dual Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanodots Chem. Mater. 28 6840–7
[142] Ci L, Song L, Jin C, Jariwala D, Wu D, Li Y, Srivastava A, Wang Z F, Storr K, Balicas L, Liu F and Ajayan P M 2010 Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains Nature Mater 9 430–5
[143] Ebrahim A M, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Montenegro J M and Bandosz T J 2015 Effect of chemical heterogeneity on photoluminescence of graphite oxide treated with S-/N-containing modifiers Applied Surface Science 332 272–80
[144] Sadhanala H K and Nanda K K 2016 Boron-doped carbon nanoparticles: Size-independent color tunability from red to blue and bioimaging applications Carbon 96 166–73
[145] Singh M, Kaushal S, Singh P and Sharma J 2018 Boron doped graphene oxide with enhanced photocatalytic activity for organic pollutants Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 364 130–9
[146] Chen S, Li P, Xu S, Pan X, Fu Q and Bao X 2018 Carbon doping of hexagonal boron nitride porous materials toward CO 2 capture J. Mater. Chem. A 6 1832–9
[147] Weng Q, Kvashnin D G, Wang X, Cretu O, Yang Y, Zhou M, Zhang C, Tang D-M, Sorokin P B, Bando Y and Golberg D 2017 Tuning of the Optical, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Oxygen Doping and Functionalization Adv. Mater. 29 1700695
[148] Örnek M, Hwang C, Reddy K M, Domnich V, Miller S L, Akdoğan E K, Hemker K J and Haber R A 2018 Formation of BN from BCNO and the development of ordered BN structure: I. Synthesis of BCNO with various chemistries and degrees of crystallinity and reaction mechanism on BN formation Ceramics International 44 14980–9
[149] Krivanek O L, Chisholm M F, Nicolosi V, Pennycook T J, Corbin G J, Dellby N, Murfitt M F, Own C S, Szilagyi Z S, Oxley M P, Pantelides S T and Pennycook S J 2010 Atom-by-atom structural and chemical analysis by annular dark-field electron microscopy Nature 464 571–4
[150] Tran T T, Bray K, Ford M J, Toth M and Aharonovich I 2016 Quantum emission from hexagonal boron nitride monolayers Nature Nanotech 11 37–41
[151] Dorn R W, Ryan M J, Kim T-H, Goh T W, Venkatesh A, Heintz P M, Zhou L, Huang W and Rossini A J 2020 Identifying the Molecular Edge Termination of Exfoliated Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Plane-Wave DFT Calculations Chem. Mater. 32 3109–21
[152] Gervais C, Framery E, Duriez C, Maquet J, Vaultier M and Babonneau F 2005 11B and 15N solid state NMR investigation of a boron nitride preceramic polymer prepared by ammonolysis of borazine Journal of the European Ceramic Society 25 129–35
[153] Ashbrook S E and Duer M J 2006 Structural information from quadrupolar nuclei in solid state NMR Concepts Magn. Reson. 28A 183–248
[154] Kroeker S and Stebbins J F 2001 Three-Coordinated Boron-11 Chemical Shifts in Borates Inorg. Chem. 40 6239–46
[155] Love A M, Thomas B, Specht S E, Hanrahan M P, Venegas J M, Burt S P, Grant J T, Cendejas M C, McDermott W P, Rossini A J and Hermans I 2019 Probing the Transformation of Boron Nitride Catalysts under Oxidative Dehydrogenation Conditions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 182–90
[156] Angel Wong Y-T and Bryce D L 2018 Recent Advances in 11B Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Crystalline Solids Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy vol 93 (Elsevier) pp 213–79
[157] Neumair S C, Vanicek S, Kaindl R, Többens D M, Martineau C, Taulelle F, Senker J and Huppertz H 2011 HP-KB3O5 Highlights the Structural Diversity of Borates: Corner-Sharing BO3/BO4 Groups in Combination with Edge-Sharing BO4 Tetrahedra Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011 4147–52
[158] Turner G L, Smith K A, Kirkpatrick R J and Oldfield E 1986 Boron-11 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of borate and borosilicate minerals and a borosilicate glass Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 67 544–50
[159] Neiner D, Sevryugina Y V, Harrower L S and Schubert D M 2017 Structure and Properties of Sodium Enneaborate, Na 2 [B 8 O 11 (OH) 4 ] · B(OH) 3 · 2H 2 O Inorg. Chem. 56 7175–81
[160] Geick R, Perry C H and Rupprecht G 1966 Normal Modes in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Phys. Rev. 146 543–7
[161] Lu F, Zhang X, Lu Z, Xu X and Tang C 2013 Effects of annealing temperature and ambient atmosphere on the structure and photoluminescence of BCNO phosphors Journal of Luminescence 143 343–8
[162] Matsoso B J, Ranganathan K, Mutuma B K, Lerotholi T, Jones G and Coville N J 2017 Synthesis and characterization of boron carbon oxynitride films with tunable composition using methane, boric acid and ammonia New J. Chem. 41 9497–504
[163] Dong G, Jacobs D L, Zang L and Wang C 2017 Carbon vacancy regulated photoreduction of NO to N2 over ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 218 515–24
[164] Beniwal S, Hooper J, Miller D P, Costa P S, Chen G, Liu S-Y, Dowben P A, Sykes E C H, Zurek E and Enders A 2017 Graphene-like Boron–Carbon–Nitrogen Monolayers ACS Nano 11 2486–93
[165] Yang Q, Wang C B, Zhang S, Zhang D M, Shen Q and Zhang L M 2010 Effect of nitrogen pressure on structure and optical properties of pulsed laser deposited BCN thin films Surface and Coatings Technology 204 1863–7
[166] Dontsova D, Fettkenhauer C, Papaefthimiou V, Schmidt J and Antonietti M 2016 1,2,4-Triazole-Based Approach to Noble-Metal-Free Visible-Light Driven Water Splitting over Carbon Nitrides Chem. Mater. 28 772–8
[167] Zhang Y, Mori T, Niu L and Ye J 2011 Non-covalent doping of graphitic carbon nitride polymer with graphene: controlled electronic structure and enhanced optoelectronic conversion Energy Environ. Sci. 4 4517
[168] Yang Y, Guo Y, Liu F, Yuan X, Guo Y, Zhang S, Guo W and Huo M 2013 Preparation and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of silver deposited graphitic carbon nitride plasmonic photocatalyst Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 142–143 828–37
[169] Prakash K and Karuthapandian S 2021 Construction of Novel Metal-Free Graphene Oxide/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanohybrids: A 2D–2D Amalgamation for the Effective Dedyeing of Waste Water J Inorg Organomet Polym 31 716–30
[170] Rahman M Z, Zhang J, Tang Y, Davey K and Qiao S-Z 2017 Graphene oxide coupled carbon nitride homo-heterojunction photocatalyst for enhanced hydrogen production Mater. Chem. Front. 1 562–71
[171] Stadie N P, Billeter E, Piveteau L, Kravchyk K V, Döbeli M and Kovalenko M V 2017 Direct Synthesis of Bulk Boron-Doped Graphitic Carbon Chem. Mater. 29 3211–8
[172] Sajid A, Reimers J R and Ford M J 2018 Defect states in hexagonal boron nitride: Assignments of observed properties and prediction of properties relevant to quantum computation Phys. Rev. B 97 064101
[173] Weston L, Wickramaratne D, Mackoit M, Alkauskas A and Van de Walle C G 2018 Native point defects and impurities in hexagonal boron nitride Phys. Rev. B 97 214104
[174] Katzir A, Suss J T, Zunger A and Halperin A 1975 Point defects in hexagonal boron nitride. I. EPR, thermoluminescence, and thermally-stimulated-current measurements Phys. Rev. B 11 2370–7
[175] Lopatin V V and Konusov F V 1992 Energetic states in the boron nitride band gap Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 53 847–54
[176] Museur L, Feldbach E and Kanaev A 2008 Defect-related photoluminescence of hexagonal boron nitride Phys. Rev. B 78 155204
[177] Tang C, Bando Y, Zhi C and Golberg D 2007 Boron–oxygen luminescence centres in boron–nitrogen systems Chem. Commun. 4599
[178] Ren C, Zhang X, Zhou L, Lu Z, Lin J, Xu X, Li L, Zhang X, Xue Y, Meng F, Zhao J and Tang C 2014 Preparation optimization and spectral properties of BCNO phosphors with high quantum efficiency Journal of Luminescence 153 338–42
[179] Zhang X, Jia X, Liu H, Lu Z, Ma X, Meng F, Zhao J and Tang C 2015 Spectral properties and luminescence mechanism of red emitting BCNO phosphors RSC Adv. 5 40864–71
[180] Li L and Dong T 2018 Photoluminescence tuning in carbon dots: surface passivation or/and functionalization, heteroatom doping J. Mater. Chem. C 6 7944–70
[181] Eda G, Lin Y-Y, Mattevi C, Yamaguchi H, Chen H-A, Chen I-S, Chen C-W and Chhowalla M 2010 Blue Photoluminescence from Chemically Derived Graphene Oxide Adv. Mater. 22 505–9
[182] Li X, Rui M, Song J, Shen Z and Zeng H 2015 Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots for Optoelectronic and Energy Devices: A Review Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 4929–47
[183] Loh K P, Bao Q, Eda G and Chhowalla M 2010 Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications Nature Chem 2 1015–24
[184] Bao L, Liu C, Zhang Z-L and Pang D-W 2015 Photoluminescence-Tunable Carbon Nanodots: Surface-State Energy-Gap Tuning Adv. Mater. 27 1663–7
[185] Wang L, Zhang J, Qu B, Wu Q, Zhou R, Li D, Zhang B, Ren M and Zeng X C 2017 Mechanistic insights into tunable luminescence and persistent luminescence of the full-color-emitting BCNO phosphors Carbon 122 176–84
[186] Li X, Lau S P, Tang L, Ji R and Yang P 2014 Sulphur doping: a facile approach to tune the electronic structure and optical properties of graphene quantum dots Nanoscale 6 5323–8
[187] Qu D, Sun Z, Zheng M, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhao H, Liu X and Xie Z 2015 Three Colors Emission from S,N Co-doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Visible Light H 2 Production and Bioimaging Advanced Optical Materials 3 360–7
[188] Li H, He X, Kang Z, Huang H, Liu Y, Liu J, Lian S, Tsang C H A, Yang X and Lee S-T 2010 Water-Soluble Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots and Photocatalyst Design Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 4430–4
[189] Lin L and Zhang S 2012 Creating high yield water soluble luminescent graphene quantum dots via exfoliating and disintegrating carbon nanotubes and graphite flakes Chem. Commun. 48 10177
[190] Luo Z, Lu Y, Somers L A and Johnson A T C 2009 High Yield Preparation of Macroscopic Graphene Oxide Membranes J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 898–9
[191] Dey S, Govindaraj A, Biswas K and Rao C N R 2014 Luminescence properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots prepared from arc-discharge-generated doped graphene samples Chemical Physics Letters 595–596 203–8
[192] Peng H, Li Y, Jiang C, Luo C, Qi R, Huang R, Duan C-G and Travas-Sejdic J 2016 Tuning the properties of luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots by reaction precursors Carbon 100 386–94
[193] Yoon H, Chang Y H, Song S H, Lee E-S, Jin S H, Park C, Lee J, Kim B H, Kang H J, Kim Y-H and Jeon S 2016 Intrinsic Photoluminescence Emission from Subdomained Graphene Quantum Dots Adv. Mater. 28 5255–61
[194] Tang L, Ji R, Cao X, Lin J, Jiang H, Li X, Teng K S, Luk C M, Zeng S, Hao J and Lau S P 2012 Deep Ultraviolet Photoluminescence of Water-Soluble Self-Passivated Graphene Quantum Dots ACS Nano 6 5102–10
[195] Cowan A J and Durrant J R 2013 Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 2281–93
[196] Lau V W, Moudrakovski I, Botari T, Weinberger S, Mesch M B, Duppel V, Senker J, Blum V and Lotsch B V 2016 Rational design of carbon nitride photocatalysts by identification of cyanamide defects as catalytically relevant sites Nat Commun 7 12165
[197] Maeda K and Domen K 2007 New Non-Oxide Photocatalysts Designed for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light J. Phys. Chem. C 111 7851–61
[198] Walsh J J, Jiang C, Tang J and Cowan A J 2016 Photochemical CO 2 reduction using structurally controlled g-C 3 N 4 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 24825–9
[199] Agnoli S and Favaro M 2016 Doping graphene with boron: a review of synthesis methods, physicochemical characterization, and emerging applications J. Mater. Chem. A 4 5002–25
[200] Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Ge L, Jaroniec M and Qiao S Z 2013 Two-Step Boron and Nitrogen Doping in Graphene for Enhanced Synergistic Catalysis Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 3110–6
[201] Sagara N, Kamimura S, Tsubota T and Ohno T 2016 Photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction by a p-type boron-doped g-C3N4 electrode under visible light Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 192 193–8
[202] Wang Y, Li H, Yao J, Wang X and Antonietti M 2011 Synthesis of boron doped polymeric carbon nitride solids and their use as metal-free catalysts for aliphatic C–H bond oxidation Chem. Sci. 2 446–50
[203] Yang L, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Chen S, Wang X, Wu Q, Ma J, Ma Y and Hu Z 2011 Boron-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 7132–5
[204] Lei W, Portehault D, Liu D, Qin S and Chen Y 2013 Porous boron nitride nanosheets for effective water cleaning Nat Commun 4 1777
[205] Ferrighi L, Datteo M and Di Valentin C 2014 Boosting Graphene Reactivity with Oxygen by Boron Doping: Density Functional Theory Modeling of the Reaction Path. J. Phys. Chem. C 118 223–30
[206] Jiao Y, Zheng Y, Jaroniec M and Qiao S Z 2014 Origin of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Activity of Graphene-Based Catalysts: A Roadmap to Achieve the Best Performance J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 4394–403
[207] Fang Y and Wang X 2017 Metal-Free Boron-Containing Heterogeneous Catalysts Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 15506–18
[208] Duan X, Li W, Ao Z, Kang J, Tian W, Zhang H, Ho S-H, Sun H and Wang S 2019 Origins of boron catalysis in peroxymonosulfate activation and advanced oxidation J. Mater. Chem. A 7 23904–13
[209] Zaki M I, Hasan M A, Al-Sagheer F A and Pasupulety L 2001 In situ FTIR spectra of pyridine adsorbed on SiO2–Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and CeO2: general considerations for the identification of acid sites on surfaces of finely divided metal oxides Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 190 261–74
[210] Zholobenko V, Freitas C, Jendrlin M, Bazin P, Travert A and Thibault-Starzyk F 2020 Probing the acid sites of zeolites with pyridine: Quantitative AGIR measurements of the molar absorption coefficients Journal of Catalysis 385 52–60
[211] Noda L K, Almeida R M de, Gonçalves N S, Probst L F D and Sala O 2003 TiO2 with a high sulfate content—thermogravimetric analysis, determination of acid sites by infrared spectroscopy and catalytic activity Catalysis Today 85 69–74
[212] Hemmann F, Jaeger C and Kemnitz E 2014 Comparison of acidic site quantification methods for a series of nanoscopic aluminum hydroxide fluorides RSC Adv. 4 56900–9
[213] Michelin C and Hoffmann N 2018 Photosensitization and Photocatalysis—Perspectives in Organic Synthesis ACS Catal. 8 12046–55
[214] Stroyuk O, Raievska O and Zahn D R T 2021 Single-layer carbon nitride: synthesis, structure, photophysical/photochemical properties, and applications Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23 20745–64