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研究生： 𡍼琇惠
Tu, Hsiu-Hui
論文名稱： 利用漩渦式超音波作為光導以增加散射介質中的光通量
Acoustic Vortex as Optical Waveguide to Increase the Efficiency of Light Penetration in Scattering Medium
指導教授： 葉秩光
Yeh, Chih-Kuang
口試委員: 李夢麟
Li, Meng-Lin
廖倫德
Liao, Lun-De
范景翔
Fan, Ching-Hsiang
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 原子科學院 - 生醫工程與環境科學系
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 111
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 70
中文關鍵詞： 超音波 、漩渦式超音波 、光導系統
外文關鍵詞： Ultrasound, Acoustic vortex, wave guide system
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    • 自19世紀以來，光學已廣泛應用於生醫領域上，然而，由於光束於組織中傳遞時會因為吸收、散射等作用，造成光束能量衰減，進而使應用受到限制，例如成像方面降低影像解析度，治療方面降低治療效率等。雖然，近年來已開發出許多增加光通量之方法，然而在應用上仍具有障礙，例如最常見的組織光學清除技術，藉由光學浸漬透明劑浸漬樣品漸少樣品中的散射子可大幅增加光束穿透效率，然而大多數透明劑皆具有毒性且浸漬過程耗時，樣品也具有不可恢復性的問題，而非侵入式的光源波前調變技術，利用分析散射光場的回饋訊號，找尋最佳的行徑路徑以調整入射光之相位，使發射後達到重新聚焦的效果以增加光通量，然而在相關儀器上便需使用較高性能的光學模塊以分析光場訊號且分析過程複雜。為改善現今技術的障礙，本研究提出一種新的技術，利用1.1 MHz之陣列式海扶探頭施打漩渦式超音波(Vortex)作為光導，以增加光束於散射介質中的光通量。結果部分，首先表明利用Vortex作為光導可提高15.4 %±1.0 %之光通量，反之，利用一般聚焦式超音波(Inphase)則會使光通量衰減19.1 %±2.0 %，此結果證明以Vortex作為光導具可行性。再者，在施打不同聲壓(1.58~12.99 MPa)下，光通量的變化幅度與施打聲壓具有正相關性，即施打聲壓越高，光通量變化幅度亦越高。進一步利用不同散射子濃度(0.5 %、1.0 %)、不同厚度(5 mm、8 mm、10 mm)之仿體模擬不同環境，結果顯示，光通量在使用Vortex下皆有相對提升，表明以Vortex作為光導具廣泛應用性。最後，本研究使用小鼠腦切片組織進行實驗，在光通量上亦有8.8 %±1.6 %的提升，證明以Vortex作為光導應用於實際組織中具可行性。此外，本研究也發現原有的超音波光導機制具有問題，在超音波不可能對介質產生折射率變化的狀態下，光通量仍有提升的效果，而使用傳統光學理論計算及蒙地卡羅模擬進行雙重驗證，皆說明實驗所使用聲壓對折射率所造成的變化並不足以改變光束行進狀態。因此，本研究進一步提出利用兩種概念以解釋超音波光導增加光通量之機制，第一種為超音波誘導氣泡產生，並根據Vortex的結構，形成環型氣泡通道，利用氣泡改變介質散射係數進而影響光束行進狀態，將光束侷限於中心空軸處傳遞。第二種為利用Vortex具有旋轉角動量的特性，使光束與聲場作用時產生超輻射散射，而增加了光束之能量。雖然超音波光導的作用機制仍未有定論，本研究亦證明利用漩渦式超音波光導可建立一無毒性、無侵入性、具恢復性且架構簡單之系統，以改善散射介質中的光通量。

    關鍵字： 超音波、漩渦式超音波、光導系統

    Since the 19th century, optical techniques have been widely used in the biomedical fields. However, due to the absorption and scattering limit the penetration depth of light in tissue which limits the application, such as the reduction of image resolution, the less efficient of treatment and so on. Although many methods have been developed to overcome this obstacle, there are still have many problems in the application. For example, in optical clearing technique, most chemical agents are toxic and the process is time-consuming, and the sample is non-reversible, rather than non-invasive wavefront shaping technique, also need higher-performance optical modules the analyze the light scattering pattern. In this study, we propose a strategy by using Vortex to be as an optical waveguide to increase the penetration of light. The experiments were conducted by a 1.1 MHz array transducer to produce Vortex. The results firstly show that using Vortex to be as waveguide, the fluence increase 15.4 %±1.0 %. On the contrary, using Inphase to be as waveguide, the fluence decrease 19.1 %±2.0 %. This result proof the feasibility of using vortex to be as waveguide. Furthermore, by using different acoustic pressure (1.58~12.99 MPa), we found that the gain of the fluence has a positive correlation with the acoustic pressure. The higher acoustic pressure can cause the higher increase of fluence. Also, the fluence can be increased at different concentrations (0.5 %、1.0 %) and different thicknesses (5 mm、8 mm、10 mm) of intralipid phantom. This result shows that vortex can be used to increase fluence in any kinds of medium. Finally, we use mouse brain slices to conduct in vitro experiment, and the result shows that the fluence increase 8.8 %±1.6 %, proving that this waveguide system can be applied to actual tissues. In addition, we found that the original theory of ultrasonic waveguide has problems. When the tissue placed far away from the ultrasound focus point, the fluence still can be increased, which means that the increase of fluence does not due to the refractive index mismatch. Therefore, we further propose to use two possibilities to explain the mechanism of the vortex ultrasonic light guide to increase the fluence. The first one is using Vortex to induce bubbles and form a ring-shaped bubble tube. Using bubbles to change the scattering coefficient of the medium thus influence the light penetrate and trap the light at the null core of Vortex. The second one is that Vortex has the angular momentum of rotation to cause superradiation scattering, thus increase the energy of the light. Although the mechanism of using vortex to be as waveguide is still inconclusive, this study still demonstrates a non-toxic, non-invasive, recoverable, and simple setup system to improve the efficiency of light beam delivery in the medium.

    Keywords：Ultrasound、Acoustic vortex、wave guide system

    目錄 摘要 i Abstract iii 誌謝 v 目錄 vi 圖目錄 ix 表目錄 xi 第1章 緒論 1 1.1 光學在生醫領域上的應用與困境 1 1.1.1 生醫光學應用 1 1.1.2 光學應用於生物組織之困境 2 1.2 現今增加光通量之方法種類及困境 5 1.2.1 組織光學清除技術 (Optical clearing technique) 5 1.2.2 光源波前調變技術 (Wavefront shaping technique) 6 1.2.3 超音波誘導氣泡產生致聚光技術 (Air bubbles focusing light technique) 7 1.2.4 駐波式超音波光導技術 (Ultrasonic standing wave lightguide technique) 8 1.2.5 漩渦式瞬態微透鏡技術 (Vortex-assisted transient microlenses technique) 9 1.2.6 現今增加光通量方法之困境 11 1.3 研究目的與內容 13 1.3.1 漩渦式超音波(Acoustic vortex) 13 1.3.2 研究目的與內容 14 第2章 實驗材料與方法 16 2.1 緒論 16 2.2 超音波光導實驗之相關硬體設備 16 2.2.1 Verasonics Vantage 128TM超音波研究系統 16 2.2.2 三維高能量聚焦式超音波探頭 17 2.3 超音波參數模擬與量測 19 2.3.1 發射波型設計 19 2.3.1.1 聚焦式波型設計 19 2.3.1.2 漩渦式波型設計 19 2.3.2 超音波聲場模擬與量測 20 2.3.2.1 超音波聲場模擬方法 20 2.3.2.2 超音波聲場量測方法 21 2.3.3 超音波探頭聲壓量測 22 2.4 仿體製備 23 2.5 超音波光導實驗系統架構 24 2.5.1 漩渦式超音波光導之仿體實驗 24 2.5.2 漩渦式超音波光導之生物組織實驗 27 2.6 蒙地卡羅模擬 28 2.6.1 蒙地卡羅模擬原理及流程 28 2.6.2 折射率差異機制之蒙地卡羅模擬模型建立 29 2.6.2.1 對照組模擬模型 30 2.6.2.2 各式光導結構模擬模型 31 2.6.2.3 模擬數值分析 32 2.6.3 氣泡通道機制之蒙地卡羅模擬模型建立 33 2.6.3.1 各式氣泡通道結構模型建立 33 2.6.3.2 模擬數值分析 34 2.7 統計分析 34 第3章 實驗結果與討論 35 3.1 超音波參數模擬與量測結果 35 3.1.1 聚焦式超音波波型( Inphase ) 35 3.1.2 漩渦式超音波波型( Vortex ) 36 3.2 漩渦式超音波光導對光通量增益差異之實驗 38 3.2.1 超音波不同發射波型形成之光導對光通量增益之差異 38 3.2.2 超音波不同發射聲壓對光通量增益之差異 39 3.2.3 仿體不同濃度對光通量增益之差異 40 3.2.4 仿體不同厚度對光通量增益之差異 41 3.2.5 光通量增益變化與聲場橫向強度分布之關係 42 3.2.6 入射光不同束寬對光通量增益之差異 43 3.2.7 仿體不同放置位置對光通量增益之差異 44 3.3 漩渦式超音波光導對生物組織之光通量增益測試 46 3.3.1 光通量增益變化之可行性測試 46 3.3.2 光通量增益變化與聲場橫向強度分布之關係 47 3.4 超音波光導作用機制之探討 48 3.4.1 傳統光學之理論計算 48 3.4.2 蒙地卡羅模擬分析 49 3.4.2.1 駐波式超音波光導對光通量增益之模擬與文獻探討 49 3.4.2.2 聚焦式超音波對光通量增益之模擬 50 3.4.2.3 漩渦式超音波光導對光通量增益之模擬 51 3.4.3 漩渦式超音波光導作用機制之探討 53 3.4.3.1 漩渦式超音波致氣泡牆形成之概念 53 3.4.3.2 漩渦式超音波致氣泡牆形成之蒙地卡羅模擬 54 3.4.3.3 漩渦式超音波致超輻射散射之概念 57 第4章 結論與未來展望 59 4.1 結論 59 4.2 未來應用與發展 61 參考文獻 62

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