臺灣華語之英語借詞研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	吳盈瑾 Wu, In-Chin
論文名稱：	臺灣華語之英語借詞研究 English Borrowing in Taiwan Mandarin
指導教授：	曹逢甫 Tsao, Feng-Fu
口試委員:	詹惠珍 Chan, Hui-Chen 吳睿純 Wu, Jui-Chun
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 台灣研究教師在職進修碩士學位班 Graduated Program of Taiwan Studies for in-service Teachers
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	167
中文關鍵詞：	臺灣華語、英語借詞、增音、雙音節化、英化、借譯
外文關鍵詞：	Taiwan Mandarin, English borrowing, epenthesis, disyllabization, Anglicization, calques
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

臺灣是多元語言的社會，因而語言接觸成為大多數人日常生活中的普遍現象。文獻指出凡有語言接觸必然會有借詞的產生。有鑑於華語和英語是當今世界最強勢的語言，其中前者是臺灣的官方語言，而後者是國際語言，是以，本研究欲由音韻、構詞以及語意三面向，來探討臺灣華語納入英語借詞的策略與流變。

本研究結果顯示臺灣華語納入英語借詞主要採取三種音韻策略——刪除、增音以及替換，並且構詞上雙音節化和英化的趨勢因英語借詞大量湧入而更加顯著。再者，英語借詞影響臺灣華語的語意變化，則以借譯與語意擴展最常見。

Taiwan is a multilingual society, and contact between languages is thus an important forces in the every lives of most people. Wherever there is language contact, borrowing takes place inevitably. In light of the fact that Mandarin, an official language in Taiwan, and English as a global lingua franca, are the most dominant contemporary languages in the world, this study aims to investigate English borrowing in Taiwan Mandarin from the phonological, morphological, and semantic perspectives.
The result indicates English borrowing manifests the application of three common strategies for phonological integration –– deletion, epenthesis, and substitutions, and that morphological disyllabization and Anglicization have become even more conspicuous with the influx of the English lexicon into Taiwan Mandarin. Furthermore, calques and semantic extension are two common types of semantic change in English borrowing.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..i
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..ii
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………iii 
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….vii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………viii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………….x
Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………...1
1 Taiwan Mandarin…………………………………………………………………………..2
2 Background of English borrowing………………………………………………………...6
3 Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………………….8
4 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………8
4.1 Sources of data…………………………………………………….……………….8
4.2 Transcription……………………………………………………………………….9
5 Organization of the study………………………………………………………………10                                             

Chapter 2: Linguistic borrowing…………………………………………………………...11
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………11
2 Evidence of language contact…………………………………………………………….12
3 Catalysis of bilingual settings……………………………………………………………13
4 Code-switching: the gate for borrowing………………………………………………….14
5 Motivations for borrowing……………………………………………………………….17
5.1 Need and prestige…………………………………………………………………17
5.2 Cultural borrowings and core borrowings………………………………………...18
6 Mirrors of cultural interchange…………………………………………………………...19
7 Innovations in the lexicon………………………………………………………………..20
8 Borrowability hierarchies………………………………………………………………...22
9 Naturalization of borrowing……………………………………………………………...25
9.1 Hock’s (1991) adoption and adaptation…………………………………………..26
9.2 Campbell’s (2004) accommodation and adaptation………………………………26
iii
9.3 Matras & Sakel’s (2007) material borrowing and structual borrowing…………..27
10 Summary………………………………………………………………………………..28

Chapter 3: Phonological observations……………………………………………………..30
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………30
2 Phoneme inventory……………………………………………………………………….31
2.1 Consonants………………………………………………………………………..31
2.2 Vowels…………………………………………………………………………….33
3 Syllable types…………………………………………………………………………….36
4 Phonotactic constraints…………………………………………………………………...39
5 Consonant deletion……………………………………………………………………….40
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….40
5.2 Consonant deletion in the English loans of Taiwan Mandarin……………………41
6 Vowel epenthesis…………………………………………………………………………44
6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….44
6.2 Preservation Principle…………………………………………………………….44
6.3 Strategies of vowel epenthesis……………………………………………………45
6.4 Default vowel insertion…………………………………………………………...46
6.4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..46
6.4.2 Default vowel insertion in Taiwan Mandarin……………………………...47
6.5 Vocalic spreading …………………………………………………………………53
6.5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..53
6.5.2 Vocalic spreading in Taiwan Mandarin……………………………………53
6.6 Consonantal assimilation…………………………………………………………56
6.6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..56
6.6.2 Labial attraction……………………………………………………………56
6.6.3 Consonantal assimilation in Taiwan Mandarin……………………………57
6.7    Quantitative comparison between epenthesis and deletion………………………..59
7 Phoneme substitution…………………………………………………………………….60
7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….60
7.2 Perceptibility-map hypothesis……………………………………………………62
7.3 Aspiration and voicing of stops…………………………………………………...62
7.4 Coronalization of velar stops and fricative in Taiwan Mandarin…………………65 
7.4.1 Coronalization vs. palatalization…………………………………………..65
7.4.2 Loanword coronalization in Taiwan Mandarin……………………………66
7.5 Correspondence of fricatives and affricates………………………………………68
7.6 Adaptation of nasals………………………………………………………………71
iv
7.7 Rhotacization of English syllable-final liquids…………………………………...73
7.8 Generalizations of consonant adaptation………………………………………….75
8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………76

Chapter 4: Morphological analysis………………………………………………………...78
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………78
2 Morphological comparison between English and Mandarin……………………………..78
2.1 Word formation in English………………………………………………………..78
2.2 Word formation in Mandarin……………………………………………………...80
2.2.1 English word vs. Mandarin 字 zi…………………………………………80
2.2.2 Disyllabization and compounding ………………………………………...84
3 Phonetic loans……………………………………………………………………………87
3.1 Sheer transliteration…………………………………………………………… …88
3.2 Transliteration with semantic connotation………………………………………..89
3.3 Logographic innovation…………………………………………………………..90
3.3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..90
3.3.2 Logographic innovation in English borrowing……………………………91
3.4 Loanblends………………………………………………………………………..93
3.4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..93
3.4.2 Phonetic loan + default semantic indicator………………………………..93
3.4.3 Phonetic-semantic loan……………………………………………………94
3.5 Phonetic loan transformation……………………………………………………..97
4 Reborrowing…………………………………………………………………………….100
4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………100
4.2 Chinese and English influence on Japan………………………………………101
4.3 Japanese and English influence on Taiwan……………………………………...102
4.4 English borrowing via Japanese reborrowing…………………………………...104
4.4.1 Return loans………………………………………………………………105
4.4.2 Japanese-created vocabulary……………………………………………..106
4.5 Borrowability among English, Japanese, and Taiwan Mandarin………………..108
5 Increase in derivation-like affixes………………………………………………………109
6 Reanalysis of English loanwords……………………………………………………….110
7 Hybrid creation………………………………………………………………………….112
7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...112
7.2 Hybrid creation in Taiwan Mandarin…………………………………………….113
7.2.1 LOHAS…………………………………………………………………...113
7.2.2 Hamburger………………………………………………………………..114
v
7.2.3 Model……………………………………………………………………..114
7.2.4 Typhoon…………………………………………………………………..115
7.2.5 Bus………………………………………………………………………..115
7.2.6 Chauvinism……………………………………………………………….116
7.2.7 Spice girl………………………………………………………………….116
7.2.8 T-shirt……………………………………………………………………..117
7.2.9 Early bird…………………………………………………………………117
8 Adoption of English borrowing…………………………………………………………118
8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...118
8.2 Alphabetical adoption……………………………………………………………119
8.3 Colloquial adoption……………………………………………………………...122
9 Summary………………………………………………………………………………..124

Chapter 5: Some semantic observations…………………………………………………126
1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..126
2 Semantic changes……………………………………………………………………….126
2.1 Literal translation………………………………………………………………..128
2.2 Calques…………………………………………………………………………..130
2.3 Semantic extension………………………………………………………………132
3 Distributions of word classes and semantic fields………………………………………134
4 Summary………………………………………………………………………………..139

Chapter 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….141
1 Summary of findings……………………………………………………………………141
2 Directions for further research………………………………………………………….148

References………………………………………………………………………………….149

Appendix A. Pīnyīn spelling and phonetic transcriptions………………………………158
Appendix B. International Phonetic Alphabet…………………………………………..167


                                

References
Aitchison, Jean. 1991. Language change: Progress or decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Algeo, J. (Ed.). 1991. Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-
1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ashby, Michael, and John Maidment. 2005. Introducing phonetic science. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Batibo, Herman M. 1995. Loanword clusters nativization rules in Tswana and Swahili. South
African Journal of African languages 16: 33-41.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Bullock, Barbara E. 2009. Phonetic reflexes of code-switching. In Linguistic code-switching, ed.
by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, 163-181. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bullock, Barbara E. and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio. 2009. Themes in the study of
code-switching. In Linguistic code-switching, ed. by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, 1-17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, Lyle. 2004. Historical linguistics: An introduction, 2nd edition. Cambridge: MIT
Press.
Cannon, G. 1994. Recent Japanese borrowings into English. American speech, 69(4), 373-394.
Cantone, Katja Francesca., and Natascha Müller. 2009. Language mixing in bilingual children:
Code-switching. In Linguistic code-switching, ed. by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, 199-219. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chan, Mimi, and Helen Kwok. 1990. A study of lexical borrowing from English in Hong Kong
Chinese. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
Chao, Yuen-ren (趙元任).1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
Chao, Yuen-ren (趙元任).1977. Issues of language (語言問題). Taipei: The Commercial Press.
[in Chinese]
Chao, Yuen-ren (趙元任). 2006. Linguistic essays by Yuen-ren Chao (趙元任語言學論文集).
Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Chen, Hsuan-Chih. 1992. Reading Comprehension in Chinese: implications from character
reading times. In Language processing in Chinese, ed. by Hsuan-Chih Chen and Ovid J.L. Tzeng, 175-205. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Chu, Chia-ning (竺家寧). 2004. Mandarin morphology (漢語詞彙學). Taipei: Wunan. [in
Chinese]
Clements, George N., and Samuel Jay Keyser. 1983. CV phonology: A generative theory of the
syllable. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Copper, John F. 2009. Taiwan: nation-state or province? 5th edition Philadelphia: Westview
Press.
Crowley, Terry, and Claire Bowern. 2010. An introduction to historical linguistics, fourth edition.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, San. 2000. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, San. 2002. The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Field, Fredric W. 2002. Linguistic borrowing in bilingual contexts. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Fleischhacker, Heidi. 2002. Onset transfer in reduplication. Paper presented at the LSA annual
Meeting, San Francisco, January 3-6, 2002. Retrieved September 6, 2005, from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/grads/ fleischhacker/2002lsapaper.pdf
Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. 1988. An introduction to language, fourth edition.
Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 2009. Sociolinguistic factors in code-switching. In Linguistic
code-switching, ed. by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, 101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hansell, Mark Donald. 1989. Lexical borrowing in Taiwan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Univ. Microfilms
International.
Haspelmath, Martin, and Uri Tadmor, eds. 2009a. Loanwords in the world’s languages: A
comparative handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, Martin, and Uri Tadmor, eds. 2009b. World loanword Database. Munich: Max
Planck Digital Library. http://world.livingsources.org/
Haugen, Einar. 1950. “The analysis of linguistic borrowing.” Language 26: 210-31.
Haugen, Einar. 1972. The ecology of language. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Heo, Younghyon. 2010. Vowel insertion as perceptual intrusion in loanword adaptation. Ph.D.
dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2010. The handbook of language contact. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Hock, Hans Henrich. 1991. Principles of historical linguistics, 2nd edition. Berlin and New York:
Mouton de Gruyter.
Hock, Hans Henrich, and Joseph, Brian D.. 1996. Language history, language change, and
language relationship: An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hoffmann, Zsuzsa. 2011. Ways of the world’s word. Bern: Peter Lang
Hsieh, Feng-fan (謝豐帆), Michael Kenstowicz, and Xiaomin Mou. 2009. Mandarin adaptation
of coda nasals in English loanwords. In Loan phonology, ed. by Andrea Calabrese and W. Leo Wetzels, 131-154. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Hsieh, Shelly Ching-yu, and Hui-li Hsu. 2006. Japan mania and Japanese loanwords in Taiwan
Mandarin: lexical structure and social discourse. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 34: 44-79.
Hu, Zhaoyun. 2001. Language contact and lexical borrowing of English and Chinese: A
comprehensive study. Jinan City: Shangdong University.
Huang, Jong-Tsuan, and Man-Ying Wang. 1992. From unit to gestalt: perceptual dynamics in
recognizing Chinese characters. In Language processing in Chinese, ed. by Hsuan-Chih
Chen and Ovid J.L. Tzeng, 3-35. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Hudson, R. A. 1980. Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hume, Elizabeth. 1994. Front vowels, coronal consonants and their interaction in nonlinear
phonology. NewYork and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
Johanson, L. 2002. Structural factors in Turkic language contacts. Richmond: Curzon.
Kane, Daniel. 2006. The Chinese language. Tokyo and North Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing.
Katayama, Motoko. 1998. Optimality theory and Japanese loanword phonology. Ph. D.
dissertation, University of California at Santa Cruz.
Kenstowicz, Michael. 2003. Salience and similarity in loanword adaptation: A case study from
Fijian. Unpublished manuscript. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved August
11, 2005, from http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/kenstowicz/kenstowicz-’03.pdf
Kubler, Cornelius C. 1985. The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: A case study of language
contact. Taipei: Student Book.
Lewis, M. Paul, ed. 2009. Ethnologue: Language of the world (16th edition). Dallas:SIL
International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
Lieber, Rochelle. 2010. Introducing morphology. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne:
Cambridge University Press.
Lin, Yen-Hwei (林燕慧). 2007. The sounds of Chinese. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne:
Cambridge University Press.
Lin, Hua. 2001. A grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Muenchen: Lincom Europa
Loveday, Leo J. 1996. Language contact in Japan: a socio-linguistic history. Oxford: Clarendon
Press.
Makimi, Kimura-Kano. 2006. Lexical borrowing and its impact on English. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo
Publishing.
Matras, Yaron & Sakel, Jeanette. 2007. Grammatical borrowing in cross-linguistic perspective.
Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge
University Press.
Miao, Ruiqin. 2005. Loanword adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, phonological and
sociolinguistic factors. Ph.D. dissertation, Stoney Brook University.
Miller, Frederic P., Agnes F. Vandome, and John McBrewster, eds. 2009. Loanword. Mauritius: Alphascript Publishing.
Moravcsik, E. 1978. Universals of language contact. In Universals of human language. Ed, by J. H. Greenberg. Standford: Stanford University Press.
Muysken, Pieter. 1981. Halfway between Quechua and Spanish: The case for relexification. In Historicity and variation in creol studies, eds. by Highfield, A, and Valdman, A. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. 1993. Duelling languages. Grammatical structure in code-switching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton, C. 2002. Contact linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Grady, William D., and John Archibald, eds. 2008. Contemporary linguistic analysis: An
introduction (6th edition). Toronto: Pearson Education Canada.
O’Grady, William D., and John Archibald, eds. 2012. Contemporary linguistic analysis: An
introduction (7th edition). Toronto: Pearson Canada Inc.
Ohala, John J. 1997. Alternatives to the sonority hierarchy for explaining segmental sequential
constraints. In Language and its ecology: Essays in memory of Einar Haugen, ed. by Stig Eliasson and Ernst Håkon Jahr, 343-365. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Packard, Jerome L. 2000. The morphology of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paradis, Carole. 1996. The inadequacy of filters and faithfulness in loanword adaptation. In
Current trends in phonology: models and methods, ed. by J. Durand and B. Laks, 509-534. Salford: ESRI.
Paradis, Carole & Darlene LaCharité. 1997. “Preservation and minimality in loanword
adaptation.” Journal of Linguistics 33.379-430.
Paradis, Carole., and Antoine Tremblay. 2009. Nondistinctive features in loanword adaptation:
The unimportance of English aspiration in Mandarin Chinese phoneme categorization. In Loan phonology, ed. by Andrea Calabrese and W. Leo Wetzels, 211-224. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Pearson Education. 2009. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Hong Kong: Pearson
Education.
Poplack, S., D. Sankoff, and C. Miller. 1988. The social correlates and linguistic processes of
lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics 26: 47-104.
Shen, Guo-Wei (沈國威). 2008. Kindai Nitchu goi koryushi [The history of language contact
between Japanese and Chinese in modern times]. Tokyo: Kasama.
Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne:
Cambridge University Press.
Shih, Li-Jen. 2004. Consonantal and syllabic adaptations in English loanwords in Mandarin.
Michigan State University MA thesis.
Steriade, Donca. 2002. The phonology of perceptibility effects: The P-map and its consequences
for constraint organization. Unpublished manuscript. UCLA. Retrieved September 6, 2005, from http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/steriade/papers/P-mapfor_phonology.doc
Sun, Chaofen. 2006. Chinese: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne:
Cambridge University Press.
The Mandarin Daily News Organization, compiler. 1981. Gwoyeu Ryhbaw Waylaiyeu Tsyrdean
‘Mandarin Daily News Loanword Dictionary’. Taipei: The Mandarin Daily News Organization. [in Chinese]
Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Terrence Kaufman. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and
genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Thomason, Sarah Grey. 1997. On mechanisms of interference. In Language and its ecology:
Essays in memory of Einar Haugen, ed. by Stig Eliasson and Ernst Håkon Jahr, 181-208. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Thomason, Sarah Grey. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Washington, D.C.:
Georgetown University Press.
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. 2009. Code-switching and transfer: An exploration of similarities and
differences. In Linguistic code-switching, ed. by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio, 67-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tsao, Feng-fu (曹逢甫). 1993. Explorations in applied linguistics: Papers in language teaching
and sociolinguistics (應用語言學的探索). Taipei: Crane. [in Chinese]
Uffmann, Christian. 2007. Vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer
Verlag.
Van Coetsem, Frans. 1988. Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact.
Dordrecht: Foris.
Wan, I-Ping (萬依萍). 2010. Phonological experiments in the study of palatalization in Mandarin (由音韻實驗之觀點來探討漢語舌面音的現象). Journal of Chinese Linguistics 38: 157-174. [in Chinese]
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953 (reprinted in 1968). Languages in contact. The Hague: Mouton.
Whitney, W. D. 1881. On mixture in language. TAPA 12: 5-26.
Winford, Donald. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Yip, Moira. 2006. The symbiosis between perception and grammar in loanword phonology.
Lingua 116.950-75.
Zhao, Jian. 2006. Japanese loanwords in modern Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 34:
306-327.

Websites
Cambridge Dictionaries Online : http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Ethnologue: http://www.ethnologue.com
Government Information Office of Taiwan: http://www.gio.gov.tw
Ministry of Education of Taiwan: http://www.edu.tw/
United Knowledge Archives: http://udndata.com/library
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org
World loanword Database: http://world.livingsources.org/

全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (校內網路)
全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (校外網路)

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文