在本論文中，我們研究類光束偏振糾纏光子對的製備與量測方式，以及如何進行實驗結果分析。論文內容主要分為實驗系統的建構以及實驗結果分析兩部分，其中實驗結果分析部分再分為兩個部分，分別為類光束偏振糾纏光子對的產生與干涉實驗，以及類光束光子以二對二光纖產生偏振糾纏光子對。
首先，我們利用超短脈衝雷射 (ultra short pulse laser) 產生二倍頻光源，再將之激發非線性晶體 (Type-II BBO)，在滿足相位匹配下的條件下，利用自發參量降頻轉換(Spontaneous parametric down-conversion)產生偏振相互垂直的類光束光子對。此光子對經由CCD確認所產生的光子為類光束狀，與傳統產生之椎狀光子對有極大的差異。在此實驗中，我們成功以此類光束狀非糾纏態光子對與另一對偏振相差九十度的光子對干涉後，得到糾纏態。
　　透過二對二光纖(即50: 50分光器)測量兩光子的Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM)干涉以確認光子對是同時且經過相同路徑到達二對二光纖交會處。若將二對二光纖換為單膜光纖，改變此兩對光子的光程差，並量測相同偏振之干涉訊號，結果顯示有極高的對比度。接著，在反射光子對的光路中各插入一片四分之一波板，使光子的偏振在經過四分之一波板兩次後旋轉九十度。若將測量基底 (偏振片) 轉到四十五度，依然可以得到高對比度糾纏訊號。因此，可以知道，此生產方式可以得到偏振高度糾纏 (0.90±0.05) 的偏振糾纏光子對。
但是，上述之實驗架構之對光難度極高，因此我們設計了另一實驗架構，將類光束光子以二對二光纖產生偏振糾纏光子對。此方式是將具有偏振的類光束光子對各自注入光纖中，使得在未測量之前無法分辨這兩個光子之間的偏振差異，因此可以得到另一偏振糾纏的光子對。此實驗架構與實驗方式非常容易做調整，只需將光子收入光纖中，接著調整光子由非線性晶體到光纖交會點的光程差相同，就可以得到偏振高度糾纏的光子對。
　　若轉動偏振器並測量同時產生的光子對個數，可以知道我們的糾纏光子對具有高度糾纏態0.93±0.006。隨後，以此高度糾纏的光子對測量Bell-CHSH不等式（S=2.59±0.08），其大於古典態閥值(threshold=2) 2.59-2=0.59，且此值約為測量誤差值的7倍(=0.59/0.08)，因此可以確定此方法產生之光子為量子狀態的糾纏光子對。
我們證實類光束偏振光子對經由特殊設計的操控系統可以產生高度糾纏的量子糾纏態，這將提供量子資訊科學與量子計算研究一方便操控及可靠之糾纏源。

In this dissertation, we introduce the methods of the beamlike polarization-entangled photon pair generation, measurements and analyses. Through these methods, they would be easy to collect the SPDC photon pairs. This dissertation reports two major results about beamlike polarization-entangled photon pair generation. One is polarization-entangled generation via geometrical overlap in a free space. The other is through a 2x2 single mode fiber. We generate the second harmonic light by ultra-short pulse laser. The second harmonic (SH) light was used to pump the Type-II BBO crystal and to generate the beamlike polarized photon pairs under the phase matching condition, which can be imaged by a CCD. The Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) dip interference signal was observed when photons were overlapping in the crossing point of a 2x2 single mode fiber.
In order to generate beamlike photon pairs with polarization-entanglement and interference, we used a mirror to reflect the SH light back to the BBO crystal. Before reflecting on the mirror, the SH light would generate the beamlike photon pairs as the SH light was passing through the BBO crystal for the first time. The photon pairs are called the first photon pairs in the following. After reflecting, the reflected SH light could also generate beamlike photon pairs called the second photon pairs. The polarization of the first photon pairs were rotated by 90 degrees by inserting a quarter-wave plate into each path of the two photons of the pair. Then the first photon pairs reflected back and had overlapping optical path with the second pairs. We can find the interference signal and the beamlike polarization-entangled photon pairswith the fidelity of 0.90±0.05, indicating that the generated photon pairs were highly polarization-entangled.
To overcome the difficulty in the alignment of above method, we developed another method to generate beamlike polarization-entangled photon pairs by a 2x2 single-mode fiber. This method is that two photons of one beamlike polarized photon pair were directly incident to two input ports of the 2x2 single-mode fiber, respectively. Each of the polarized photon could emerge from any output ports of the 2x2 fiber. Therefore, the photon pairs coming out from the 2x2 fiber had polarization entanglement. This approach made it easy to perform the alignment for the experimental system and the generated photon pairs were highly polarization-entangled.
Rotating the polarizer, we can analyze the photon polarization by the coincidence measurements. The local measurements estimated the fidelity to be 0.93±0.006. For the Bell-CHSH inequality (S) measurements, we obtained S=2.59±0.08 which is higher than the classical threshold (=2) and seven times the standard deviation of measuring system. It implies that we have generated high quality beamlike polarization-entangled photon pairs by a 2x2 single-mode fiber.
Our results indicates that the high quality beamlike polarization-entangled photon pairs can be generated via the overlap of two photon pairs in free space or a 2x2 single-mode fiber. The entangled photon source developed in this study can be utilized in further researches of quantum information science and quantum computation.

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