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研究生: 李山卓
Lazzarelli, Alessandro
論文名稱: Nurturing Qi: Embodied Experiences and Modalities of Well-Being in Daoist Self-Cultivation
培養氣:在道教修煉中幸福感的體現經驗與狀態
指導教授: 陳中民
Chen, Chung Min
余舜德
Yu, Shuenn Der
口試委員: 魏捷茲
James Wilkerson
呂玫鍰
Lu, Mei Huan
李豐楙
Lee, Fongmao
莊宏宜
Chuang, Hung I
宋文里
Soong, Wen Li
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 人文社會學院 - 人類學研究所
Anthropology
論文出版年: 2015
畢業學年度: 103
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 204
中文關鍵詞: 幸福感體現修煉道教
外文關鍵詞: Vital Force, Well-Being, Embodiment, Self-Cultivation, Daoism
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  • Inner alchemy, also known as qigong in Chinese popular culture, is a form of self-cultivation focused on mind-body practices and energy work. Rooted in Daoist spiritual tradition, it conveys a model of well-being centered on nurturing the vital force or qi, which ranges from longevity to the integration of mind-body-spirit. As such, it constitutes an important topic of study in both psychological and medical anthropology. By drawing from an in-depth ethnographic study of a lay-oriented group of inner alchemy practitioners in Taipei City, the aim of this dissertation is twofold: 1) to investigate what role Daoist self-cultivation plays in the individual learning and internalization of well-being in contemporary Taiwan; 2) to consider this ethnographic case study in relation to the etic discourse on well-being, especially with regard to the theory of flow. Qualitative data show that my informants learn a particular mode of attending to and with their bodies, which also becomes a new modality of knowledge. The benefits attributed to the embodied learning center to a greater or lesser extent on how cultivated mental and bodily attitudes help practitioners to achieve optimal emotional states and on how these states can be integrated in other areas of everyday life. In sum, three key-findings emerge from this ethnographically informed work. First, the concern for well-being in Daoist self-cultivation has a cultural means and goal, that is, to cultivate the self/body in order to achieve optimal mind-body states. Second, optimal states can be consciously learned and evaluated on the basis of both individual experience and the sociocultural context. Third, my ethnographic data partly converge with the theory of flow, but at the same time indicate how an anthropological approach can contribute to positive psychology.


    Table of Contents Acknowledgments II Abstract (English) IV Abstract (Chinese) V List of Tables VI Note on Romanization VII Chapter 1: Introduction 1 THE PROBLEM 1 1.1 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE 7 SELF IN ANTHROPOLOGY: FROM SELF-REPRESENTATIONS TO THE EMBODIED SELF 7 RECONSIDERING SELF-CULTIVATION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF EMBODIMENT 10 WELL-BEING IN ANTHROPOLOGY 13 WELL-BEING FROM THE ETIC POINT OF VIEW: THE THEORY OF FLOW 17 1.2 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 21 PARTICIPANT EXPERIENCE 21 PERSON-CENTERED APPROACH 23 LITERATURE RESEARCH 26 1.3 PRACTITIONERS SELECTED FOR IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS 28 1.4 THESIS ORGANIZATION 31 Chapter 2: Well-Being and Self-Cultivation in Taiwan 35 FRAMING WELL-BEING IN THE TAIWANESE SOCIAL CONTEXT 35 2.1 “RECTIFYING ONE’S BODY AND NURTURING ONE’S CHARACTER”: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-CULTIVATION FOR WELL-BEING 38 QIGONG PRACTICES 39 THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF SELF-CULTIVATION 41 2.2 A REPRESENTATIVE CASE: DAOIST SELF-CULTIVATION 43 THE GROUNDING OF WELL-BEING IN DAOIST SELF-CULTIVATION: NURTURING QI AND ACHIEVING QIGONG STATES 45 CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL-BEING BASED ON NURTURING QI 48 CONCLUSION 51 Chapter 3: The Longmen Network 53 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: THE QUANZHEN LINEAGE 53 MASTER LAIJING AND THE LONGMEN NETWORK 54 THE FIELD SITE: NTU GROUP 57 3.1 THE PRACTITIONERS 62 BASIC INFORMATION 62 MOTIVATIONS AND VIEWS OF INNER CULTIVATION AS A WELL-BEING MODALITY 64 VIEWS OF SEXUAL HYGIENE IN RELATION TO WELL-BEING 72 CONCLUSION 78 Chapter 4: Daoist Self-Cultivation in Practice 79 COURSE PROGRAM 80 JUMPING-WHIRLING AND SPONTANEOUS MOVEMENTS 84 BREATHWORK 86 GENERAL YANGSHENG EXERCISES 88 INNER VISUALIZATIONS 89 SEXUAL HYGIENE 90 THE “PEDAGOGY OF NAMELESSNESS”: THE RELAXING OF CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATION 92 CONCLUSION 95 Chapter 5: Learning Qigong States 97 QI AS A SOMATIC MODE OF ATTENTION: CONTRACTION AND EXPANSION OF THE VITAL FORCE 98 PERFORMING JUMPING-WHIRLING 106 PERFORMING SPONTANEOUS MOVEMENTS 110 SPONTANEOUS BODILY PHENOMENA 117 INTERNALIZING THE QI SOMATIC MODE OF ATTENTION 120 HARMONIZING COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AND BODILY STATES 125 CONCLUSION 128 Chapter 6: Accessing Qigong States in Everyday Life 129 INCREASED STAMINA 130 SELF-AUTHENTICITY 131 HAPPINESS THROUGH LEISURE ACTIVITIES 141 PLEASURE 142 CREATIVITY 146 CONCLUSION 153 Chapter 7: Discussion 154 7.1 ANTHROPOLOGICAL TOPICS RELEVANT TO THIS CASE STUDY 155 CULTURAL LEARNING 155 CONSCIOUSNESS 159 EMOTION 162 7.2 POINTS OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE WITH PSYCHOLOGY 165 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF FLOW 168 7.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTHROPOLOGIST IN THE STUDY OF SELF-CULTIVATION 170 CONCLUSION 173 Conclusions 175 Appendices 182 APPENDIX A: BASIC SURVEY 182 APPENDIX B: SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW 187 References 189

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