中文摘要
本研究的目的在於編製「國小學童學校生活希望感量表」，用以評估學童在學校生活中不同領域內的希望感。依據文獻探討結果，將學童的學校重要生活領域區分為五類：環境與常規、學習表現、同儕關係、師生關係與自我觀念。研究樣本以二階段叢集抽樣方式，抽取桃園縣大、中、小型學校共535位六年級學童進行研究。研究工具有自編之「國小學童學校生活希望感量表」與唐淑華（2005）之「希望感量表」和李文欽（2003）之「國小學生行為困擾問卷」。研究收集之資料以項目分析、主成份分析、積差相關分析、重複量數變異數分析和單因子多變項變異數分析，進行量表信效度考驗與資料分析。
本研究結果如下：
（一）「國小學童學校生活希望感量表」共包含環境與常規、學習表現、同儕關係、師生關係與自我觀念等五個生活領域向度，每個領域向度內含目標、意志力與方法途徑三個分量表。每個分量表有3題，全量表共計45題。
（二）量表信度考驗：各向度總分的內部一致性Cronbach α係數介於.823到.866之間，全量表的Cronbach α係數為.953。其次，各向度總分的重測信度介於.803到.848之間，全量表重測信度為.883。
（三）量表效度考驗：本量表題項經專家審定與主成份分析驗證，顯示具有良好的效度。同時，在外在效標部分，本量表五個向度的總分和希望感量表的總分相關介於.649到.689；和國小學生行為困擾問卷的總分相關介於-.310到-.400之間。本量表總分與希望感量表總分的相關為.745；和國小學生行為困擾問卷的總分相關為-.415。
（四）學童希望的現況與差異分析：本研究發現學童在「同儕關係」與「自我觀念」的希望感最高，在「環境與常規」和「師生關係」的希望感最低。在希望指標能力上，學童擁有較高程度的動力，卻缺乏足夠能運用的方法以達成目標。差異分析部份，本研究發現性別對於學童在「自我觀念」的目標設定有差異。
本研究依據研究結果，分別對量表的應用與未來研究提出建議，供教師或輔導人員與家長參考。

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to construct Children’s School-life Domain Hope Scale (CSDHS). The CSDHS attempts to measure situational hope in children. The CSDHS contains five School-life Domains : environment and rule , learning performance, peers relationship, teacher-student relationship, self-understanding. The participants of this study were 535 students drawn from the sixth grade in Taoyuan county. The research instrument include CSDHS, CHS, MMPS. The data collected were analyzed through item analysis, principal components analysis, product-moment correlation, and MANOVA.
The results are as below :
1. The CSDHS comprised 45 items with five school-life domain. Each domain includes goal, agency, and pathways subscales.
2. Reliability studies of the five domain of CSDHS have yield Cronbach α coefficients ranging from .823 to .866, and .953 for the whole scale. The test-retest reliability coefficients over a 2-week period is ranging from .803 to .883, indicating substantial stability.
3. The content validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity have been found to be satisfactory.
4. With a sample of 535 participants, various statistical procedures were performed to analyze the relationships between independent variables and CSDHS scores. Significant finding of this study points out a living skill of setting goals is different from gender.
Based on the findings of the study, the implication and suggestions are offered for reference regarding teacher, counselor, parents, and future research.

參考文獻
大慶景園小學 (2003)：讓學生在希望中成長－“賞識教育論壇”紀要。中國教育學刊，7期，25-30頁。
王沂釗 (2005)：幽谷中的曙光－正向心理學發展與希望理論在輔導上的應用。教育研究月刊，134期，106-117頁。
王志寰 (2004)：兒時情緒無效性、情緒抑制與兒童及青少年憂鬱和偏差行為之關係。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
任俊 (2006)：兒童希望的培養－心理學意義上的分析。常州工學院學報，24卷，5期，48-52頁。
李文欽 (2003)：國民小學單親兒童與雙親兒童行為困擾及生活適應之比較研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
李佩怡 (2004)：擁抱希望－對「生活目標」與「存有目標」的反思。諮商與輔導，222期，56頁。
吳振賢 (1997)：大學生之希望概念及其相關因素之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
吳佳蓉、張德勝 (2003)：隔代教養學生與非隔代教養學生學校生活適應之比較。花蓮師院學報，16期，109-134頁。
呂雀芬、蕭淑貞 (1993)：「希望」概念之探討。護理雜誌，40卷，1期，63-68頁。
洪蘭譯 (2003)：真實的快樂。台北市：遠流。Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness.
唐淑華 (2004)：希望感的提升－另一個進行情義教育的取向（Ⅰ）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告（編號：NSC92-2413-H-259-001）。
唐淑華 (2005)：希望感的提升－另一個進行情義教育的取向（Ⅱ）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告（編號：NSC94-2413-H-259-002）。
唐淑華 (2006)：我的未來不是夢－一個以希望感角度探究國中學生學業挫折經驗的研究。中等教育，57卷，3期，4-21頁。
郭靜晃、吳幸玲譯 (1994)：兒童發展－心理社會理論與實務。台北市：揚智。Newman, P., & Newan, B. (1991). Development through life: A psychosocial approach.
陳怡蒹 (2007)：希望理論融入生涯輔導方案以提升國中體育班學生生涯發展概念與希望感之實驗研究。東華大學教育研究所碩士論文。
黃德祥、謝龍卿、薛秀宜、洪佩圓 (2003)：國小、國中與高中學生希望、樂觀與學業成就之相關研究。彰化師大教育學報，5輯，33-61頁。
曾文志 (2006a)：活出生命的價值－正向心理學的認識。師友月刊，464期，0-7頁。
曾文志 (2006b)：就算短暫，也是永恆－談正向心理學的發展。師友月刊，465期，57-63頁。
曾文志（2006c）：開創美好的生活－正向心理學的基本課題。師友月刊，466期，54-61頁。
曾文志（2006d）：我要快樂－談正向情意與榮耀人生。師友月刊，470期，60-67頁。
喬建中 (2005)：從自我出發談教師對學生發展的制約。常州工學院學報（社科版），23卷，3期，30-34頁。
張春興 (1990)：從情緒發展理論的演變論情意教育。教育心理學報，23期，1-12頁。
張春興 (1996)：教育心理學－三化取向的理論與實踐（修訂版）。台北市：東華。
廖鳳池、王文秀、田秀蘭 (1998)：兒童輔導原理（再版）。台北市：心理。
錢靜怡 (2005)：自殺企圖者人格特質與希望感之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
蕭文 (1999)：災變事件前的前置因素對心理復健的影響－復原力的探討與建構。測驗與輔導，56期，3249-3253頁。
謝翠祝 (2007)：遭受人際傷害之國小學童其寬恕態度、生活適應與憂鬱傾向之研究。國立新竹教育大學人資處輔導教學碩士班碩士論文。
羅文秀 (2005)：希望理論、測量及教育上的應用。中等教育，56卷，4期，112-123頁。
Abramson, L. Y., Alloy, L. B., & Metalsky, G. I. (1989). Hopelessness and depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
Averill, J. R., Catlin, C., & Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 559-563.
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865.
Conti, R. (2000). College goals: Do self-determined and carefully considered goals predict intrinsic motivation, academic performance, and adjustment during the first semester? Social Psychology of Education, 4, 189-211.
Dufault, K., & Martocchio, B. (1985). Hope: Its spheres and dimensions. Nursing Clinics of North America, 20(2), 379-391.
Erickson, E., Post, R., & Paige, A. (1975). Hope as a psychiatric variable. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 324-330.
Erikson, E. H.,(1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H., (1982). The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton.
Farran, C. J., Wilken, C., & Popovich, J. (1995). Clinical assessment of hope. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 11(2), 129-138.
Fromm, E. (1968). The revolution of hope: Toward a humanized technology. New York: Harper & Row.
Harris, C. B. (1988). Hope: Construct definition and the development of an individual differences scale ( motivation, goal-setting). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
Herth, K. A. (1988). The relationship between level of hope and level of coping response and other variables in patients with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 16(1), 67-72.
Herth, K. A. (1991). Development and refinement of an instrument to measure hope. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 5(1), 39-51.
Herth, K. A. (1992). An abbreviatek instrument to measure hope: Development and psychometric evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 1251-1259.
Hinds, P. (1984). Inducing a definition of hope through the use of ground theory methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 9, 357-362.
Lopez, S. J., Snyder, C. R., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2003). Hope: Many definitions, many measures. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 91-106). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Marcel, G. (1962). Homo viator: Introduction to a metaphysics of hope (E. Crawford, Trans.). New York: Harper & Row.
McDermott, D., & Hastings, S. (2000). Children: Raising future hopes. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 185-199). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
McGee, R. (1984) Hope: A factor influencing crisis resolution. Advances in Nursing Science, 6(4), 34-44.
Mickley, J. R., & Soeken, K. (1993). Religiousness and hope in hispanicand anglo-american women breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 20(8), 1171-1177.
Mickley, J. R., Soeken, K., & Belcher, A. (1992). Spiritual well-being, religiousness and hope among women with breast cancer. Image Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 24(4), 267-272.
Miller, J. F. (1992). Coping with chronic illness: Overcoming powerlessness (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Miller, J. F., & Power, M. (1988). Development of an instrument to measure hope. Nursing Research, 73(1), 6-10.
Murray, J. (Ed.) (1976). Oxford english dictionary being a corrected reissue with an introduction, supplement and bibliography of a new english dictionary on historical principles founded mainly on the materials collected by the philological society. Clarendon Press: Circa 1933. 4 supplementary. volumes 2, p.149.
Nowotny, M. L. (1989). Assessment of hope in patients with cancer: Development of an Instrument. Oncology Nursing Forum, 16(1), 75-79.
Obayuwana, A., & Carter, A. (1982). The anatomy of hope. Journal of the National Medical Association, 74(9), 229-234.
Roberts, M. C., Brown, K. j., Johnson, R. J., & Reinke, J. (2002). Positive psychology for children: Development, prevention, and promotion. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.). Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 663-675). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist. 55, 5-14.
Shang, T. C. (1994). Development and testing an instrument of hope: The hope indicator questionnaire (personal control, perceived functional support). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Snyder, C. R. (1994). The Psychology of Hope: You can get there from here. New York: Free Press.
Snyder, C. R. (1995). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 355-360.
Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (2000a). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2000b). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3-21). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Journal of Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249-275.
Snyder, C. R. (2004). Hope and depression: A light in the darkness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11-28.
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of positive psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R., & Shorey, H. (2002). Hope in the classroom: The role of positive psychology in academic achievement and psychology curriculum. Psychology Teacher Network, 12, 1–9.
Snyder, C. R., Cheaven, J., & Michael, S. T. (1999). Hoping. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works(pp. 205-231). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., Harney, P., et al. (1991).The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Rubinstein, H., Stahl, K., et al. (1997). The development and validation of the children’s hope scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 399-421.
Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory－A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.). Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257-276). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Boders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L., et al. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 321-335.
Stephenson, C. (1991). The concept of hope revisited for nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16, 1456-1461.
Stotland, E. (1969). The Psychology of hope. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Sympson, S. (1999). Validation of the domain-specific hope scale: Exploring hope in life domains. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
Tillich, P. (1965). The right to hope. The University of Chicago Magazine, 58, 16-22.
Travelbee, J. (1971). Interpersonal aspects of nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Woodruff, T. W. (2002). Development and validation of the children’s domain-specific hope scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
Wright, B., & Shontz, F. (1968). Process and tasks in hoping. Rehabilitation Literature, 29(11), 322-331.