本文試從語用學及社會語言學的角度切入，並且採取質化及量化的分析方式來探討民進黨候選人陳水扁和國民黨候選人連戰在政治訪談、公眾演說、以及政治辯論使用第一人稱代詞的情況。本文所研究的第一人稱代詞包括：「我」和「我們」。

本文的研究結果說明：中文第一人稱代詞「我」和「我們」在語用上有不同的用法及言談功能。本文採取Kitagawa and Lehrer (1990)與Biq (1991)對人稱代詞的分類，將語料中的「我」和「我們」分成不同的語用用法，並且發現每一種用法在中文政治言談皆有不同的修辭功能。此外，本文也發現陳水扁和連戰在人稱代詞的使用上常常會出現代詞轉換或代詞替代的現象。最後，量化資料顯示不同類型的語言活動也會影響陳水扁和連戰在第一人稱代詞的選擇。

本文共分四個章節。第一章「引言」：概述本文的研究動機。第二章「文獻回顧」：介紹前人對人稱代詞的相關研究。第三章「第一人稱代詞之分析」：採取質化及量化的分析方式探討第一人稱代詞「我」和「我們」在政治訪談、公眾演說、以及政治辯論的使用情況。第四章「結論」：本文的主要內容在此提出總體性的結語。

Based on videotaped data from two political interviews, two public speeches, and two political debates, this study intends to illustrate and discuss how the first-person pronouns wo “I” and women “we” are used in Chinese political discourse from pragmatic and sociolinguistic perspectives. The politicians we have chosen for our analysis are Chen Shui-bian and Lien Chan, who represent the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Kuomintang (KMT, the Nationalist Party), respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses will be conducted.

Analyzing the data, we have found that wo “I” and women “we” have multiple uses according to different pragmatic contexts. Following Kitagawa and Lehrer’s (1990) and Biq’s (1991) taxonomies, we have divided wo “I” into the propositional wo “I” and the dramatic wo “I,” and women “we” into the propositional women “we,” the impersonal women “we,” and the dramatic women “we.” The propositional women “we” is further divided into the audience-inclusive women “we” and the audience-exclusive women “we,” depending on what referents it takes. Furthermore, we have found that Chen and Lien choose different types of wo “I” and women “we” for different communicative purposes, and that there are frequent switches or substitutions of personal pronouns in their language use. Finally, our quantitative analysis shows that type of speech activity may affect Chen’s and Lien’s uses of wo “I” and women “we.”

As for the organization of the study, Chapter 1 is the introduction. In this chapter, the purpose of the present study is stated. Chapter 2 is the review of related works on personal pronouns. Chapter 3 analyzes and discusses the data from political interviews, public speeches, and political debates. In this chapter, Chen’s and Lien’s uses of wo “I” and women “we” in these three speech activities are examined, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Chapter 4 summarizes and concludes the findings in this study, as well as discusses implications for future work in this area of research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Benoit, William L. and Wells, William T. 1996. Candidates in Conflict: Persuasive Attack and Defense in the 1992 Presidential Debates. Tuskaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.

Bilmes, Jack. 1999. Questions, answers, and the organization of talk in the 1992 vice presidential debate: Fundamental considerations. Research on Language and Social Interaction 32(3): 213-242.

Bilmes, Jack. 2001. Tactics and styles in the 1992 vice presidential debate: Question placement. Research on Language and Social Interaction 34(2): 151-181.

Biq, Yung-O. 1991. The multiple uses of the second person singular pronoun ni in conversational Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics 16: 307-321.

Blas-Arroyo, Jose Luis. 2000. Mire usted Sr. Gonza les ... Personal deixis in Spanish political-electoral debate. Journal of Pragmatics 32: 1-27.

Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. 1983. The dynamics of political interviews. Text 3(2): 131-153.

Bolivar, Adriana. 1999. The linguistic pragmatics of political pronouns in Venezuelan Spanish. In Jef Verschueren (eds.) Language and Ideology: Selected Papers from the 6th International Pragmatics Conference Vol. 1, pp. 56-69. Antwerp: International Pragmatics Association.

Brown, Roger and Gilman, Albert. 1960. The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Pier Paolo Giglioli (eds.) Language and Social Context, pp. 252-282. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin.

Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bull, Peter. 2000. Equivocation and the rhetoric of modernization: An analysis of televised interviews with Tony Blair in the 1997 British general election. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 19(2): 222-247.

Bull, Peter and Fetzer, Anita. 2006. Who are we and who are you? The strategic use of forms of address in political interviews. Text & Talk 26(1): 3-37.

Cap, Piotr. 2002. Explorations in Political Discourse: Methodological and Critical Perspectives. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Chang, Yu-Hsiu (張玉秀). 1998. The Study of Personal Pronouns in Mandarin Political Discourse. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. (國立台灣師範大學英語研究所碩士論文)

Chen, Shu-Hsin (陳淑欣). 2000. Personal Pronouns in Political Discourse: A Study of the 1998 Taipei Mayoral Debates. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. (國立清華大學語言學研究所碩士論文)

Cheng, Maria. 2006. Constructing a new political spectacle: Tactics of Chen Shui-bian’s 2000 and 2004 inaugural speeches. Discourse & Society 17(5): 583-608.

Chilton, Paul and Schaffner, Christina. 1997. Discourse and politics. In Teun A. van Dijk (eds.) Discourse as Social Interaction, pp. 206-230. London: Sage.

Clayman, Steven E. 1993. Reformulating the question: A device for answering/not answering questions in news interviews and press conferences. Text 13(2): 159-188.

Crystal, David. 1997. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell.

De Fina, Anna. 1995. Pronominal choice, identity, and solidarity in political discourse. Text 15(3): 379-410.

Ensink, Titus. 2006. Pragmatic aspects of televised texts: A single case study of the intervention of a televised documentary program in party politics. Journal of Pragmatics
38: 230-249.

Fetzer, Anita. 2006. 'Minister, we will see how the public judges you': Media references in political interviews. Journal of Pragmatics 38: 180-195.

Flowerdew, John. 1997. The discourse of colonial withdrawal: A case study in the creation of mythic discourse. Discourse & Society 8(4): 453-477.

Gallup, George Jr. 1987. The impact of presidential debates on the vote and turnout. In Joel L. Swerdlow (eds.) Presidential Debates: 1988 and Beyond, pp. 34-42. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.

Gastil, John. 1992. Undemocratic discourse: A review of theory and research on political discourse. Discourse & Society 3(4): 469-500.

Goffman, Erving. 1981. Footing. Forms of Talk, pp. 124-159. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Gruber, Helmut. 1993. Political language and textual vagueness. Pragmatics 3(1): 1-28.

Halmari, Helena. 1993. Dividing the world: The dichotomous rhetoric of Ronald Reagan. Multilingua 12(2): 143-176.

Harris, Sandra. 1991. Evasive action: How politicians respond to questions in political interviews. In Paddy Scannell (eds.) Broadcast Talk, pp. 76-99. London: Sage.

Huang, Ding-Hua (黃丁華). 1959. Minnan fangyan li de rencheng daici (Personal pronouns in the Minnan dialect). Zhongguo Yuwen 12(90): 571-574. (閩南方言裡的人稱代詞，《中國語文》12月號(總第90期)：571-574。)

Íñigo-Mora, Isabel. 2004. On the use of the personal pronoun we in communities. Journal of Language and Politics 3(1): 27-52.

Jaworski, Adam. 2000. Vocative address forms and ideological legitimization in political debates. Discourse Studies 2(1): 35-53.

Jin, Jia-Kai (金家楷). 2000. Persuasive Attack in Political Debates: A Study of the 1998 Taipei Mayoral Debates. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. (國立清華大學語言學研究所碩士論文)

Jucker, Andreas. 1986. News Interviews: A Pragmalinguistic Analysis (Pragmatics & Beyond VII: 4). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Kitagawa, Chisato and Lehrer, Adrienne. 1990. Impersonal uses of personal pronouns. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 739-759.

Kraus, Sidney and Davis, Dennis K. 1981. Political debates. In Dan D. Nimmo and Keith R. Sanders (eds.) Handbook of Political Communication, pp. 273-96. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.

Kuo, Sai-Hua. 1992. Conflict and Its Management in Chinese Verbal Interactions: Casual Conversations and Parlimentary Interpellations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University.

Kuo, Sai-Hua. 2002. From solidarity to antagonism: The use of the second-person singular pronoun in Chinese political discourse. Text 22(1): 29-55.

Kuo, Sai-Hua. 2003a. 'You're a little rabbit in a pack of foxes': Animal metaphors in Chinese political discourse. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 31(1): 72-100.

Kuo, Sai-Hua. 2003b. The use of address forms in Chinese political discourse: Analyzing the 1998 Taipei mayoral debates. The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 33(1): 153-172.

Kuo, Sai-Hua. 2003c. Involvement vs. detachment: Gender differences in the use of personal pronouns in televised sports in Taiwan. Discourse Studies 5(4): 479-494.

Lakoff, Robin T. 1990. Talking Power: The Politics of Language. New York: Basic Books.

Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. 1978. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lin, Hsiu-Chuan (林秀娟). 1993. The Pragmatic Uses of Personal Pronouns in Mandarin Conversation. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Graduate Institute of English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan. (國立台灣師範大學英語研究所碩士論文)

Liu, Mei-Chun. 2001. Mandarin Verbal Semantics: A Corpus-Based Approach. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Company.

Maitland, Karen and Wilson, John. 1987. Pronominal selection and ideological conflict. Journal of Pragmatics 11: 495-512.

Muhlhausler, Peter and Harre, Rom. 1990. Pronouns and People: The Linguistic Construction of Social and Personal Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Neuman, William Lawrence. 2004. Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Pearson Education

Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. 1997a. Language and politics: Indirectness in political discourse. Discourse & Society 8(1): 49-83.

Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. 1997b. Indirectness in pronominal usage in Akan discourse. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16(2): 201-221.

Pennycook, Alastair. 1994. The politics of pronouns. ELT Journal 48(2): 173-178.

Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.

Rees, Ann. 1983. Pronouns of Person and Power: A Study of Personal Pronouns in Public Discourse. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Sheffield.

Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. 1996. Image-building through modality: The case of political interviews. Discourse & Society 7(3): 389-415.

Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.

Tung, Chung-Szu, Cheng, Shu-Xian, and Chang, Ping-Sheng (董忠司、城淑賢、張屏生編). 2000. Taiwan Minnanyu Cidian (Dictionary of Taiwan Southern Min). Taipei: The Wunan Publishing Company. (《台灣閩南語辭典》。台北：五南圖書出版社。)

Urban, Greg. 1988. The pronominal pragmatics of nuclear war discourse. Multilingua 7(1/2): 67-93.

Wilson, John. 1990. Politically Speaking: The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Wolvin, Andrew D., Berko, Roy M., and Wolvin, Darlyn R. 1999. The Public Speaker/The Public Listener. Los Angeles: The Roxbury Publishing Company.

Zupnik, Yael-Janette. 1994. A pragmatic analysis of the use of person deixis in political discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 21: 339-383.

Zwicky, Arnold M. 1974. Hey, whatsyourname. In Michael La Galy, Robert A. Fox, and Anthony Bruck (eds.) Papers from the 10th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, pp. 787-801. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.