本研究目的在瞭解學齡前兒童背景資料(性別及年齡)及身體活動種類對整體、粗大及精細動作發展的關係。根據動態系統理論，動作發展不僅受學齡前兒童的性別及年齡所影響，還受其它多元動態系統，例如身體活動影響。過去文獻均確定動作發展和身體活動間具相關性，但彼此關係卻不明確。本研究募集44位四到六歲分別來自四個不同縣市幼稚園的學齡前兒童(男童24位，女童20位)，透過蒐集他們的身體活動種類及動作表現，結果發現一週身體活動量對動作發展有顯著的預測能力，並且特定種類身體活動對動作發展也有顯著的預測能力。在分層多元迴歸的分析中，有效預測整體動作發展的兩個因子分別為性別及年齡，有效預測粗大動作發展的兩個因子為年齡及第六和第七類身體活動，而有效預測精細動作發展的兩個因子同樣為性別及年齡。此外，年齡是動作發展(包含粗大及精細動作)最具顯著預測能力的因子。

The purpose of this study was understand the relationship among the preschool children’s demographic information (such as gender and age), physical activity level, and motor development which included the gross and the fine motor. According to the dynamical systems theory, the motor development was not only affected by the preschool children’s gender and age, but also by the other multidimensional system, such as physical activity. The literature indicated that the motor development was related to the physical activity, but they had uncertainty relationship. This study recruited 44 4-to 6-year-old preschool children (24 boys and 20 girls) who came from four different cities. Thereafter, the study investigated their physical activity levels and motor performance. There are some important findings. First of all, physical activity Level of hold week had significant predictive power on motor development. And specific level of physical activity on motor development also had significant predictive power. In the hierarchical regression analysis, this study found the two effective predictors of motor development which were gender and age. Moreover, the two effective predictors of the gross motor development were age and the moderate physical activity level. In addition, the two effective predictors of the fine motor development were gender and age. Besides, the best predicting factors for the motor development which included the gross and the fine motor development was age.

參考文獻
一、中文文獻
王俊杰、卓俊伶、彭國威(2004)。晚期兒童身體活動量與立定跳遠動作型式及表現之關係。台灣運動心理學報，4，103-115。
王淑樺(2004)。學童參與桌球訓練前後動作能力之效益分析。國立臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文，已出版。
王明田(2005)。12-15歲國中生走路與跑步的能量消耗。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文，已出版。
石國棟、黃慧菁、黃美瑤、林信宏(2006)。動作技能學習課程介入學齡前兒童體能活動對動作技能表現之影響。北體學報，14，36-47。
成戎珠(1994)。動作發展新理論－動力系統理論之介紹。中華物理治療雜誌，19，88-98。
朱治華和陳重佑(2004)。兒童投擲發展之動態系統觀(1967~2002)。體育學系系刊，4，81-96。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2008)。兒童健康手冊。台北：行政院衛生署國民健康局。
李明憲、林旭龍、呂昌明(2002)。四種簡易身體活動測量問卷效度、信度之探討—以RT3 Tri-axial三度空間加速器為校標。衛生教育學報，17，1-14。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳(2001)。身體活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究—以TriTrac-R3D三度空間加速器為校標。衛生教育學報，15，99-114。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳(2000)。身體活動自我報告量表之效度研究—以Polar Vantage NV心博監測器為效標。衛生教育學報，14，33-48。
林正常(1998)。運動生理學。台北：師大書苑。55-57。
林正常、王順正、吳忠芳(2005)。日常生活身體活動的能量消耗研究。運動生理暨體能學報，2，55-66。
林建豪(2006)。國小學童身體質量指數、身體型態、基本運動能力與學業成績之相關研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，5，96-109。
徐珮齡(2005)。12-15歲肥胖男生安靜、走路與跑步之能量消耗。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文，已出版。
許秀桃、戴玉林、曾淑平(2005)。體適能課程對幼稚園兒童運動能力效果之研究。彰化師大體育學報，5，141-153。
陳家儒(1999)。兒童身體活動之探討與評估。大專體育，45，110-117。
陳重佑和陳帝佑(2004)。動態系統理論在動作行為學之應用。彰化師大體育學報，4，53-65。
陳優環和蔣立琦(2006)。評價兒童身體活動量評估工具。學校衛生，48，117-129。
教育部(2008)。97年學校體育統計。檢索日期：2009/11/25。From: http://140.122.72.62/Census/moreCensus
教育部(2007)。96年學校體育統計。檢索日期：2009/11/25。From: http://140.122.72.62/Census/moreCensus
教育部(2006)。95年學校體育統計。檢索日期：2009/11/25。From: http://140.122.72.62/Census/moreCensus
教育部(2004)。93年度建立中小學生身體活動量指引共識結案報告。檢索日期：2009/11/25。From：140.122.72.62/historyfile/建立中小學生身體活動量指引。
教育部(1987)。修訂「幼稚園課程標準」。檢索日期：2010/05/16。From：http://www.ece.moe.edu.tw/
黃耀宗(2003)。從運動對健康促進的觀點探討身體活動的測量與運動強度的訂定。大專體育，65，155-161。
楊梓楣和卓俊伶(1998)。5-12歲女童接球動作發展的年齡差異。中華民國體育學會體育學報，26，81-88。
蔡孟書和吳英黛(2009)。台灣地區兒童身體活動量之先趨研究。台灣醫學，13(1)，23-32。
廖華芳(2004)。小兒物理治療學。台北：禾楓書局。85-89。

二、外文文獻
Al-Nakeeb, Y. A., Duncan, M. J., Lyons, M., & Woodfield, L. (2007). Body fatness and physical activity levels of young children. Annals of Human Biology, 34(1), 1-12.
Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. R. (2006). The physical activity patterns of European youth with reference to methods of assessment. Sports Medicine, 36(12), 1067-1086.
Armstrong, N. (1998). Young people’s physical activity patterns as assessed by heart rate monitoring. Journal of Sports Sciences, 16, S9-S16.
Brandon, C. A., Gill, D. P., Speechley, M., Gilliland, J., & Jones, G. R. (2009). Physical activity levels of older community- dwelling adults are influenced by summer weather variables. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34, 182-190.
Brown, W. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., Mclver, K. L., Dowda, M., Addy, C. L., Pate, R. R. (2009). Social and environmental factor associated with preschoolers’ nonsedentary physical activity. Child Development, 80, 45-58.
Bower, J. K., Hales, D. P., Tate, D. F., Rubin, D. A., Benjamin, S. E., & Ward, D. S. (2008). The childcare environment and children’s physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 23-29.
Benjamin, S. E., Ammerman, A., Sommers, J., Dodds, J., Neelon, B., & Ward, D. S. (2007). Nutrition and physical activity self-assessment for child care (NAPSACC): Results from a pilot intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 39, 142-149.
Bjornson, K. F. (2005). Physical activity monitoring in children and youths. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 17, 37-45.
Brey, J. A. (2000). Assessing the use of real-time datastreme werther data in an introductory physical geography course. Journal of Grography in Higher Education, 24, 116-122.
Bottos, M., Dalla, B. B., Stefani, D., Pettenà, G., Tonin, C., & D’Este, A. (1989). Locomotor strategies preceding independent walking: Prospective study of neurological and language development in 424 cases. Development Medicine & Child Neurology, 31, 25-34.
Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Leblanc, C., Lortie, G., Savard, R., Theriault, G. (1983). A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 461-467.
Bruininks, R. H. (1978). Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency: Examiner’s Manual. Circle Pins, Minnesota: American Guidance Service, Inc..
Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Smith, L. M., & McKeen, K. (2009). Relationships between fundamental movement skills and objectively measured physical avtivity in preschool children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 21, 436-449.
Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., Faught, B. E., Flouris, A., & Klentrou, P. (2007). Development coordination disorder and cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 19, 20-28.
Chow, S. M. K., Hsu, Y. W., Henderson, S. E., Barnett, A. L., & Lo, S. K. (2006). The movement ABC: A cross-cultural comparison of preschool children from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the USA. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23, 31-48.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions for health related research. Public Health Report, 100(2), 126-131.
Dwyer, G. M., Baur, L. A., & Hardy, L. L. (2009). The challenge of understanding and assessing physical activity in preschool-age children: Thinking beyond the framework of intensity, duration and frequency of activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12, 534-536.
Duncan, J. S., Schofield, G., & Duncan, E. K. (2006). Pedometer-determined physical activity and body composition in New Zealand children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 1402-1409.
Edmunds, S., Rochs, D., Stratton, G., Wallymahmed, K., & Glenn, S. M. (2007). Physical activity and psychological well-being in children with type 1 diabetes. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 12(3), 353-363.
Eriksson, C., Katz-Salamon, M., & Carlberg, E. B. (2006). Early motor assessment in very preterm born infants as predictor of performance at 5.5 years. Advances in Physiotherapy, 8, 175-181.
Ebine, N., Rafamantanantsoa, H. H., Nayuki, Y., Yamanaka, K., Tashima, K., Ono, T., Saitoh, S., & Jones, P. J. H. (2002). Measurement of total energy expenditure by the doubly labelled water method in professional soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 391-397.
Engelbert, R. H., van Empelen, R., Scheurer, N. D., Helders, P. J., & van Nieuwenhuizen, O. (1999). Influence of infant-walkers on motor development: Mimicking spastic diplegia? European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 3, 273-275.
Fisher, A., Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L. A., Montgomert, C., Williamson, A., Paton, J. Y., & Grant, S. (2005). Fundamental movement skills and habitual physical activity in young children, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 37(4), 684-688.
Finn, K., Jobannsen, N., & Specker, B. (2002). Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children. The Journal of pediatrics, 140, 81-85.
Gidlow, C. J., Cochrane, T., Davey, R., & Smith, H. (2008). In-school and out-school physical activity in primary and secondary school children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(13), 1411-1419.
Gallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C. (2006). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gustafson, S. L., & Rhodes, R. E. (2006). Parantal correlates of physical activity in children and early adolescents. Sports Medicine, 36, 79-97.
Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Hesketh, K., Okely, T., & Crawford, D. (2010). Characterising preschool children’s physical activity: The HAPPY study [Abstract]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12, e169.
Hannon, J. C., & Brown, B. B. (2008). Increasing preschool’s physical activity intensities: An activity-friendly preschool playground intervention. Preventive Medicine, 46, 532-536.
Hinkley, T., Grawford, D., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., & Hesketh, K. (2008). Preschool children and physical activity: A review of correlates. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 435-441.
Hands, B., Parker, H., & Larkin, D. (2006). Physical activity measurement methods for young children: A comparative study. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10(3), 203-214.
Hillary, L. B., Robert, C. W., & Stephen, R. D. (2004). Parental report of outdoor playtime as a measure of physical activity in preschool-aged children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 353-357.
Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Boyce, C., Vereecken, C., Mulvihill, C., Roberts, C., Currie, C., Pickett, W., & The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Obesity Working Group (2005). Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth form 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obesity review, 6, 123-132.
Kim, S., & Yun, J. (2009). Determining daily physical activity levels of youth with development disabilities: Days of monitoring required? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26, 220-235.
Kelly, L. A., Reilly, J. J., Fairweather, S. C., Barrie, S., Grant, S., & Paton, J. Y. (2004). Comparison of two accelerometers for assessment of physical activity in preschool children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 16, 324-333.
Kolobe, T. H. A., Bulanda, M., & Susman, L. (2004). Predicting motor outcome at preschool age for infants tested at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after term age using the test of infant motor performance. Physical Therapy, 84, 1144-1156.
Loprinzi, P. D., & Trost S. G. (2010). Parental influences on physical activity behavior in preschool children. Preventive Medicine, 50, 129-133.
Limstrand, T. (2008). Environmental characteristics relevant to young people’s use of sports facilities: A review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 18, 275-287.
Lenoir, M., & Engelsman, B. C. S. (2007). Convergent validity between two motor tests: Movement-ABC and PDMS-2. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 24, 59-69.
Livesey, D., Coleman, R., & Piek, J. (2006). Performance on the movement assessment battery for children by Australian 3- to 5-year-old children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33, 713-719.
Liou, Y. M., & Chiang, L. C. (2004). Level of physical activity among school-agein Taiwan: A comparison with international recommendations. Journal of Nursing Research, 12(4), 307-316.
Louie, L., & Chan, L. (2003). The use of pedometry to evaluate the physical activity levels among preschool children in Hong Kong. Early Child Development and Care, 173, 97-107.
Liao, H. F. (2002). Relations between balance function and gross motor ability in children development typically. Formosan Journal of Physical Therapy, 27(5), 221-230.
Loria, C. (1980). Relationship of proximal and distal function in motor development. Physical Therapy, 60, 167-172.
Matvienko, O., & Ahrabi-Fard, I. (2010). The Effects of a 4-week after-school program on motor skills and fitness of kindergarten and first-grade students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24, 299-303.
Majnemer, A., & Barr, R. G. (2006). Association between sleep and early motor development. The Journal of Pediatrics, 149(5), 623-629.
Mota, J., Silva, P., Santos, M. P., Ribeiro, J. C., Oliveira, J., & Duarte, J. A. (2005). Physical activity and school recess time: Different between the sexes and the relationship between children’s playground physical activity and habitual physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(3), 269-275.
Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Bradlee, M. L., Cupples, L. A., Sundarajan-Ramamurti, A., Proctor, M. H., Hood, M. Y., Singer, M. R., & Ellison, R. C. (2003). Does early physical activity predict body fat change throughout childhood? Preventive Medicine, 37, 10-17.
McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Broyles, S. L., Zive, M. M., Nader, P. R., Berry, C. C., & Brennan, J. J. (2002). Childhood movement skills: predictors of physical activity in Anglo American and Mexican American Adolescents? Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 73, 238-244.
Newell, K. M., Liu, Y. T., & Mayer-Kress, G. (2003). A dynamical system interpretation of epigenetic landscapes for infant motor development. Infant Behavior & Development, 26, 449-472.
Mark, G. A., Shaffery, J. P., Oksenberg, A., Speciale, S. G., & Roffwarg, H. P. (1995). A functional role for REM sleep in brain maturation. Behavioural Brain Research, 69, 1-11.
Noland, M., Danner, F., & Dewalt, K. (1990). The measurement of physical activity in young children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 61(2), 146-153.
Oliver, M., Schofield, G. M., & Schluter, P. J. (2010). Parent influences on preschoolers’ objectively assessed physical activity. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, 403-409.
Oliver, M., Schofield, G. M., & Kolt, G. S. (2007). Physical activity in preschoolers: Understanding prevalence and measurement issues. Sports Medicine, 37, 1045-1070.
O’Connor, J., Ball, E. J., Steihnbeck, K. S., Davies, P. S., Wishart, C., Gaskin, K. J., & Baur, L. A. (2003). Measuring physical activity in children: A comparison of four different methods. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15, 202-215.
O’Sullivan, S. B., & Schmitz, T. J. (2001). Physical Rehabilitation: Assessment and treatment, 4th Edition. FA Davis: Philadelphia.
Okely, A. D., Booth, M. L., & Patterson, J. W. (2001). Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skills among adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(11), 1899-1904.
Peterson, J. J., Janz, K. F., & Lowe, J. B. (2008). Physical activity among adults with intellectual disabilities living in community settings. Preventive Medicine, 47, 101-106.
Pate, R. R., Mdver, K., Dowda, M., Brown, W. H., & Addy, C. (2008). Directly observed physical activity levels in preschool children. Journal of School Health, 78, 438-444.
Piek, J. P., Dawson, L., Smith, L. M., & Gasson, N. (2008). The role of early fine and gross motor development on later motor and cognitive ability. Human Movement Science, 27, 668-681.
Pinhas-Hamiel, O., Bar-Zvi, E., Boyko, V., Reichman, B., & Lerner-Geva, L. (2008). Prevalence of overweight in kindergarten children in the centre of Israel – association with lifestyle habits. Child: care, health and development, 35, 147-152.
Pate, R. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., Trost, S. G., Ziegler, P., & Dowda, M. (2004). Physical activity among children attending preschools. Pediatrics, 114, 1258-1263.
Rush, E. C., Valencia, M. E., & Plank, L. D. (2008). Validation of a 7-day physical activity against doubly-labelled water. Annals of Human Biology, 35(4), 416-421.
Riolama, L., Roger, I. I., & Siobhan, K. I. (2007). Facilitating perschool learning and movement through dance. Early Childhood Education Journal, 35, 25-31.
Raudsepp, L., & Päll, P. (2006). The relationship between fundamental motor skills and outside-school physical activity of elementary school children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18, 426-435.
Reilly, J. J., Kelly, L., Montgomery, C., Williamson, A., Fisher, A., McColl, J. H., Conte, R. L., Paton, J. Y., & Grant, S. (2006). Physical activity to prevent obesity in young children: Cluster randomized controlled trial. Child: Care, Health and Development, 33(3), 349-350.
Reilly, T., & Peiser, B. (2006). Seasonal variations in health-related human physical activity. Sports Medicine, 36, 473-485.
Reed, J. A., Metzker, A., & Phillips, D. A. (2004). Analysis of the relationships between physical activity and motor skills in middle school children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 483-494.
Ruiz, L. M., Graupera, J. L., Gutièrrex, M., & Miyahara, M. (2003). The assessment of motor coordination in children with the Movement ABC test: A comparative study among Japan, USA and Spain. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 15, 22-35.
Salmon, J., Brown, H., & Hume, C. (2009). Effects of strategies to promote children’s physical activity on potential mediators. International Journal of Obesity, 33, S66-S73.
Sigmund, E., Sigmundová, D., & El Ansari, W. (2009). Changes in physical activity in per-schoolers and first-grade children: Longitudinal study in the Czech Republic. Child: care, health and development, 35, 376-382.
Sun, D. X., Schmidt, G., & Teo-Koh, S. M. (2008). Validation of the RT3 accelerometer for measuring physical activity of children in simulated free-living conditions. Pediatric Exercise Science, 20, 181-197.
Spinks, A. B., Macpherson, A. K., Bain, C., & McClure, R. J. (2007). Compliance with the Australian national physical activity guidelines for children: Relationship to overweight status. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10, 156-163.
Stanish, H. I., & Draheim, C. C. (2005). Assessment of walking activity using a pedometer and survey in adults with mental retardation. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22, 136-145.
Siegel, A. C., & Burton, R. V. (1999). Effects of baby walkers on motor and mental development in human infants. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 20, 355-361.
Sääkslahti, A., Numminen, P., Niinikoski, H., Rask-Nissolä, L., Viikari, J., Tuominen, J., & Välimäki, I. (1999). Is physical activity related to body size, fundamental motor skills, and CHD risk factors in early children? Pediatric Exercise Science, 11, 327-340.
Sommerfelt, K., Ellertsen, B., & Markestad, T. (1996). Low birthweight and neuromotor development: A population based, controlled study. Acta Paediatrica, 85(5), 604-610.
Sallis, J. L., Haskell, W. L., Wood, P. D., Fortmann, S. P., Rogers, T., Blair, S. N., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1985). Physical activity assessment methodology in the five-city project. American Journal Epidemiology, 121(1), 91-106.
Trost, S. G., Ward, D. S., & Senso, M. (2010). Effects of child care policy and enviroment on physical activity. Medicine & Sicence in Sports & Exercise, 42, 520-525.
Temple, V. A., & Stanish, H. I. (2009). Pedometer-measured physical activity of adults with intellectual disability: Predicting weekly step counts. American Association on Intellectual and Development Disabilities, 114, 15-22.
Temple, V. A., Naylor, P., Rhodes, R. E., & Higgins, J. W. (2009). Physical activity of children in family child care. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 34, 794-798.
Trolano, R. P., Berigan, D., Dodd, K. W., Masse, L. C., Tilert, T., & Mcdowell, M. (2008). Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(1), 181-188.
Temple, V. A., & Walkley, J. W. (2003). Physical activity of adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 28(4), 342-352.
Trost, S. G., Sirard, J. R., Dowda, M., Pfeiffer, K. A., Pate, R. R. (2003). Physical activity in overweight and nonoverweight preschool children. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 834-839.
Thelen, E., Fisher, D. M., Ridley-Johnson, R. (2002). The relationship between physical growth and a newborn reflex. Infant Behavior & Development, 25, 72-85.
Trost, S., Kerr, L., Ward, D., & Pate, R. (2001). Physical activity and determinates of physical activity in obese and non-obese children. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 822-829.
Tremblay, M.S., Esliger, D. W., & Copeland, J. L. (2001). Physical activity recall compared to accelerometry measurement in females aged 19-69 [Abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33(5), S119. C17n Free Communication/ Poster Evaluation of Physical Activity Surveys.
Tremblay, M. S., Inman, J. W., & Willms, J. D. (2000). The relationship between physical activity, self-esteem, and academic achievement in 12-year-old children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 312-324.
Ulrich. D. A. (2000). Test of Gross Motor Development (2 nd edition). Austin, Texas: PRO-ED.
Van Der Horst, Paw, K., M. J. Chin A., Twisk, J. W. R., & Van Mechelen, W. (2007). A brief review on correlates of physical activity and sedentariness in youth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39, 1241-1250.
Vincent, S. D, Pangrazi, R. P., Raustorp, A., Tomson, L. M., & Cuddihy, T. F. (2003). Activity levels and body mass index of children in the United States, Sweden, and Australia. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1367-1373.
Williams, H. G., Pfeiffer, K. A., O’Neill, J. R., Dowda, M., McIver, K. L., Brown, W. H., & Pate, R. R. (2008). Motor skill performance and physical activity in perschool children. Obesity, 16, 1421-1426.
Wang, H. H., Liao, H. F., & Hsieh, C. L. (2006). Reliability, sensitivity to change, and responsiveness of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Second Edition for children with cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 86, 1351-1359.