簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 陳怡君
Chen, Yi-Chun.
論文名稱: 探討英文閱讀活動對三年級學生英文閱讀流暢度之成效
Investigating reading activities to improve third graders’ English oral reading fluency
指導教授: 周秋惠
Chou, Chiou-Hui
口試委員: 程小芳
楊榮蘭
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 竹師教育學院 - 英語教學系
English Instruction
論文出版年: 2022
畢業學年度: 110
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 130
中文關鍵詞: 口語閱讀流暢度視覺字語音意識故事朗讀
外文關鍵詞: oral reading fluency, phonological awareness, read-aloud, sight words
相關次數: 點閱:3下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究探討將閱讀教學活動融入國小三年級英語課堂,並檢視其對學生口語閱讀流暢度的成效。本研究所使用的閱讀教學活動包含視覺字(sight words)教學活動、語音意識(phonological awareness)培養活動及故事朗讀活動,目的為促進學生擴充視覺詞字庫及培養語音意識以達到提升口語閱讀流暢度的成效。本研究共有21名國小三年級學生參與,接受為期十週的英語閱讀活動教學課程,利用每週兩節的英語課進行教學,十週的課程活動包含視覺字列表朗誦、視覺字賓果活動、視覺字說說看活動、視覺字小書製作、單字聽和圈活動、單字聽和拼、單字說說看活動和故事朗讀活動。在研究開始前會對參與學生施測一次閱讀行為紀錄(running records)測驗和閱讀表達程度(reading expression)測驗作為前測了解學生的口語閱讀流暢程度,接著進行十週的閱讀活動教學課程,教學過程中研究者會撰寫觀察筆記,紀錄課程中教學情形與學生的學習狀況,課程結束後進行後測來了解學生經過十週課程後的轉變,並在後測結束後發下問卷請學生填寫,以了解學生對於研究中實施的閱讀活動的喜好程度以及學生自身對閱讀活動成效的感受。本研究蒐集分析的資料包含兩次閱讀行為紀錄測驗、研究者觀察紀錄及問卷調查,採取質量並行的混和研究方式進行分析,以探究研究中的閱讀活動對學生口語閱讀流暢度的影響。


    The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of reading activities on oral reading fluency. The reading activities used in the study included sight-word, phonological awareness, and read-aloud activities. The sight-word activities focused on Fry’s First 100 Instant Words and aimed to familiarize students with the 100 sight words. The phonological awareness activities aimed to enhance students’ phonological awareness and ability to “sound out” words. The read-aloud activities were employed to provide opportunities for students to read orally. The study participants included 21 third graders of a class selected by the researcher to improve their oral reading fluency. The researcher used two periods of English classes per week to implement the reading activities, and the lessons lasted for ten weeks. The instruments in this study included two running record tests, a questionnaire, and the researcher’s observation notes. The quantitative data collected from the running records tests were analyzed to compare students’ oral reading performance before and after the instruction. The qualitative data collected from the questionnaire and the observation notes were categorized into themes to explore the influence of reading activities on students’ oral reading fluency.

    CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1 Background 1 Purpose of the Study 3 Research Questions 3 CHAPTER 2 5 Literature Review 5 Oral Reading Fluency 5 Accuracy 6 Speed 7 Expression 10 Sight Words 12 Phonological Awareness 16 Read-aloud 17 Running Records 18 The Empirical Studies 22 CHAPTER 3 27 Methodology 27 Approach 27 Context and Participants 28 Research Design 29 Ten Weeks of Lessons 29 Teaching Materials and Activities 33 Data Collection 39 The Data Collection Procedure 39 The Instruments 40 Data Analysis 44 Running Records 44 Reading Expression Rubrics 45 Observation Notes 45 Questionnaire 45 Reliability and Validity 46 Ethical Concerns 46 CHAPTER 4 47 Findings 47 Oral Reading Accuracy Rate Results 47 Oral Reading Accuracy Rate 47 Oral Reading Speed Results 49 WCPM 49 Oral Reading Expression Results 50 Oral Reading Expression Test Results 50 Interrater Reliability 53 Questionnaire Results 53 Likert-type Questions 53 Open-Ended Questions 54 Sight-Word Reading Accuracy Rate 59 Observation Notes 62 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 1 62 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 1 63 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 2 64 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 2 65 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 3 66 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 3 67 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 4 69 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 4 69 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 5 70 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 5 71 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 6 72 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 6 73 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 7 74 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 7 75 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 8 75 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 8 76 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 9 77 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 9 77 Observation Notes from Lesson 1, Week 10 78 Observation Notes from Lesson 2, Week 10 79 CHAPTER 5 81 Discussion 81 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Oral Reading Accuracy 82 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Sight-Word Recognition 82 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Phonological Awareness 85 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Oral Reading Speed 88 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Sight-Word Recognition 88 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Phonological Awareness 89 Influence of Reading Activities on Students’ Oral Reading Expression 91 Activities That Improved Students’ Learning Motivation 92 Insights from the Questionnaire 94 CHAPTER 6 97 Conclusions and Implications 97 Implications 98 Limitations 99 REFERENCES 100 APPENDIX A 112 APPENDIX B 117 APPENDIX C 122 APPENDIX D 123 APPENDIX E 124 APPENDIX F 125 APPENDIX G 126 APPENDIX H 127 APPENDIX I 128 APPENDIX J 130

    Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Learning and thinking about print. Champaign-Urbana, IL: Center for the study of Reading. The Reading and Research Center.
    Alber-Morgan, S. R., Joseph, L. M., Kanotz, B., Rouse, C. A., & Sawyer, M. R. (2016). The effects of word box instruction on acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of decoding and spelling skills for first graders. Education and Treatment of Children, 39(1), 21-43.
    Al Otaiba, S., Connor, C., Lane, H., Kosanovich, M. L., Schatschneider, C., Dyrlund, A. K., Miller, M. S., & Wright, T. L. (2008). Reading first kindergarten classroom instruction and students' growth in phonological awareness and letter naming–decoding fluency. Journal of School Psychology, 46(3), 281-314.
    Anderson, S. (2003). The book of reading and writing ideas, tips, and lists for the elementary classroom. Corwin Press.
    Anthony, J. L., & Francis, D. J. (2005). Development of phonological awareness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(5), 255-259.
    Baker‐Smemoe, W., Dewey, D. P., Bown, J., & Martinsen, R. A. (2014). Does measuring L2 utterance fluency equal measuring overall L2 proficiency? Evidence from five languages. Foreign Language Annals, 47(4), 707-728.
    Berko-Gleason, J. (1997). The development of language. Allyn & Bacon.
    Callella-Jones, T., & Samoiloff, S. (2001). Making your word wall more interactive. Creative Teaching Press.
    Chard, D., & Pikulski, J. (2005). Fluency: Bridge between decoding and reading comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 58, 510-519.
    Chiang, H. K., Kuo, F. L., & Chang, Y. H. (2014). Effects of integrating vocabulary pre-teaching activities into computer-assisted repeated reading on oral reading fluency and perceived difficult words of sixth graders in Taiwan. SPECTRUM: NCUE Studies in Language, Literature, Translation, 12(1), 141-152.
    Chiu, C. Y., Chiang, F. C., & Chen, Y. T. (2012). Readers' theater and oral reading: A case study in an English remedial program. Journal of University of Kang Ning, 2(2), 49-68.
    Clay, M. M. (1993). An observation survey of early literacy achievement. Heinemann.
    Cooper, J., & Kiger, N. (2003). Literacy: Helping children construct literacy.
    Denzin, N. K. (1970). Triangulation: A case for methodological evaluation and combination. Introduction. Sociological methods (pp. 471-475).
    Dessemontet, R. S., Martinet, C., de Chambrier, A. F., Martini-Willemin, B. M., & Audrin, C. (2019). A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of phonics instruction for teaching decoding skills to students with intellectual disability. Educational Research Review, 26, 52-70.
    Dodd, B., & Carr, A. (2003). Young children’s letter-sound knowledge. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 34, 128-137.
    Dolch, E. W. (1936). A basic sight vocabulary. The Elementary School Journal, 36(6), 456-460.
    Dowhower, S. L. (1991). Speaking of prosody: Fluency's unattended bedfellow. Theory into Practice, 30(3), 165-175.
    Doyle, M. A. (2013). Marie M. Clay's theoretical perspective: A literacy processing theory. In D. E. Alvermann & R. B. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading 6th ed. (pp. 636-656). International Reading Association.
    Ehri, L. C. (1997). Sight word learning in normal readers and dyslexics. In B. A. Blachman (Ed.), Foundations of reading acquisition and dyslexia (pp. 163-189). Erlbaum.
    Ehri, L. C. (2002). Phases of acquisition in learning to read words and implications for teaching. In BJEP Monograph Series II, Number 1-Learning and teaching reading (Vol. 7, No. 28, pp. 7-28). British Psychological Society.
    Ehri, L. (2005). Learning to read words: Theory, findings, and issues. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(2), 167-188.
    Ehri, L. C., & McCormick, S. (1998). Phases of word learning: Implications for instruction with delayed and disabled readers. Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 14(2), 135-164.
    Ersoz, A. (2000). Six games for the EFL/ESL classroom. The Internet TESL Journal, 6(6).
    Eustace-DeBaun, C. E. (2017). The effects of interactive word walls on students with learning disabilities in the secondary science classroom. (Publication No. 2434) [Master’s thesis, Rowan University].
    https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/2434
    Fasko, S. N., & Fasko Jr, D. (2010). A preliminary study on sight word flash card drill: Does it impact reading fluency? Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 61, 69.
    Foorman, B. R., Chen, D., Carlson, C., Moats, L., Francis, K. D., & Fletcher, J. M. (2003). The necessity of the alphabetic principle to phonemic awareness instruction. Reading and Writing, 16, 289–324.
    Fountas, I. C., & Pinnell, G. S. (2011). Assessment guide: A guide to benchmark assessment system 1. Heinemann.
    Fountas, I. C., & Pinnell, G. S. (2012). Guided reading: The romance and the reality. The Reading Teacher, 66(4), 268-284.
    Fry, E. (2000). 1000 instant words: The most common words for teaching reading, writing and spelling. Teacher Created Resources.
    Fry, E. (2001). What’s so good about a word list? English Journal, 4.
    Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M. K., & Jenkins, J. R. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256.
    Harclerode, C. (2020). The effects of snap words on the sight word acquisition of kindergarten students.
    Hasbrouck, J. (2010). Developing fluent readers. Read Naturally.
    Hasbrouck, J., & Tindal, G. A. (2006). Oral reading fluency norms: A valuable assessment tool for reading teachers. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 636-644.
    Helman, L. A., & Burns, M. K. (2008). What does oral language have to do with it? Helping young English‐language learners acquire a sight word vocabulary. The Reading Teacher, 62(1), 14-19.
    Henrichs, E. L., & Jackson, J. K. (2012). A winning combination. Science and Children, 50(3), 52.
    Hernandez-Martinez, P., & Vos, P. (2018). “Why do I have to learn this?” A case study on students’ experiences of the relevance of mathematical modelling activities. ZDM, 50(1), 245-257.
    Hinzman, M., & Reed, D. K. (2018, June 12). Teaching sight words as a part of comprehensive reading instruction. Iowa reading research center. https://iowareadingresearch.org/blog/teaching-sight-words
    Hudson, R. F., Lane, H. B., & Pullen, P. C. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how? The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 702-714.
    Huebner, M., & Bush, C. (1970). Strategies for reading in the elementary school. Macmillan.
    Jackson, J., & Narvaez, R. (2013). Interactive word walls. Science and Children, 51(1), 42.
    Jackson, J., Tripp, S., & Cox, K. (2011). Transforming content vocabulary instruction. Science Scope, 35(3), 45.
    Jasmine, J., & Schiesl, P. (2009). The effects of word walls and word wall activities on the reading fluency of first grade students. Reading Horizons, 49(4), 5.
    Joseph, H. L., Nation, K., & Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Using eye movements to investigate word frequency effects in children's sentence reading. School Psychology Review, 42, 207-222. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.008
    Kagan, M. (2018). The effects of using picture-supported vs. word-only sight word flashcards on the students' ability to learn sight words. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Goucher College
    King, K. (2006). Sight-word mini-books. Crystal Springs Books.
    Koda, K. (1996). L2 word recognition research: A critical review. The Modern Language Journal, 80(4), 450-460.
    Kowal, S., O’Connell, D. C., O’Brien, E. A., & Bryant, E. T. (1975). Temporal aspects of reading aloud and speaking: Three experiments. The American Journal of Psychology, 88(4), 549-569.
    Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition.
    Krashen, S. (1985). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. Longman.
    Krashen, S. D. (2004). The power of reading: Insights from the research. ABC-CLIO.
    Kuan, L. L. (2012). Building oral reading fluency in young EFL learners: The effects of instruction through readers theater [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Taipei.
    Kuhn, M. R. (2005). A comparative study of small group fluency instruction. Journal of Investigative Surgery, 26(2), 127-146.
    Kuhn, M. R., Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Meisinger, E. B. (2010). Aligning theory and assessment of reading fluency: Automaticity, prosody, and definitions of fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 45(2), 230-251.
    Kuhn, M. R., & Stahl, S. A. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 3.
    Kuhn, M. R., Schwanenflugel, P. J., Morris, R. D., Morrow, L. M., Woo, D. G., Meisinger, E. B., Sevcik, R. A. Bradley, B. A., & Stahl, S. A. (2006). Teaching children to become fluent and automatic readers. Journal of Literacy Research, 38(4), 357-387.
    Kuo, F. L., Chiang, H. K., Hung, T. Y., & Pierce, B. (2015). A comparative study of effects of computer-assisted repeated reading, peer-assisted repeated reading, and teacher-assisted repeated reading on promoting EFL young learners. SPECTRUM: NCUE Studies in Language, Literature, Translation, 13(2), 47-66.
    Lane, H. B., & Wright, T. L. (2007). Maximizing the effectiveness of reading aloud. The Reading Teacher, 60(7), 668-675.
    LeBlanc, J. F. (2018). Investigation of Running Records and How Teachers Use the Reading Information to Inform Instruction (Publication No. 10749833) [Doctoral dissertation, Oakland University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
    Leech, N., & Onwuegbuzie, A. (2009). A typology of mixed methods research designs. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 43(2), 265-275.
    Levy, B. A. (2001). Moving the bottom: Improving reading fluency. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain (pp. 357-379). Timonium.
    Lin, Y. T. (2016). Oral reading fluency with peer-assisted reading via telecollaboration. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 10(3), 272-281.
    Lionetti, T. M., & Cole, C. L. (2004). A comparison of the effects of two rates of listening
    while reading on oral reading fluency and reading comprehension. Education and
    Treatment of children, 27(2), 114-129.
    Liu, K. L., & Hu, C. F. (2015). Promoting oral reading fluency in young EFL learners through readers theater. English Teaching & Learning, 39(2).
    Liu, K. P., Liu, C. C., Huang, C. H., Hung, K. C., & Chang, C. J. (2010, July). An audio book platform for early EFL oral reading fluency. In 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (pp. 94-98). IEEE.
    Lo, Y. Y., Cooke, N. L., & Starling, A. L. P. (2011). Using a repeated reading program to improve generalization of oral reading fluency. Education and Treatment of Children, 34(1), 115-140.
    Logan, G. D. (1997). Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automatization. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 13(2), 123-146.
    Lonigan, C. J., Burgess, S. R., & Anthony, J. L. (2000). Development of emergent literacy and early reading skills in preschool children: Evidence from a latent variable longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 36, 596-613.
    Meniado, J. C. (2016). Metacognitive reading strategies, motivation, and reading comprehension performance of Saudi EFL students. English Language Teaching, 9(3), 117-129.
    Meisinger, E. B., Schwanenflugel, P. J., Bradley, B. A., & Stahl, S. A. (2004). Interaction quality during partner reading. Journal of Literacy Research, 36(2), 111-140.
    Mraz, M., Nichols, W., Caldwell, S., Beisley, R., Sargent, S., & Rupley, W. (2013). Improving oral reading fluency through Readers Theatre. Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts, 52(2), 5.
    National Reading Panel (US). (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
    Nishida, H. (2009). Comparison of reading aloud, chunking, and grammar as instruction techniques for reading comprehension. Kwansai Review, 25/26, 21-30.
    Ohtagaki, M., & Ohmori, T. (1991). The advantage of ‘progressive’ reading activities using sense groups for Japanese English learners: An experimental study. ARELE, 2, 83-92.
    Paige, D. D. (2011). “That sounded good!”: Using whole‐class choral reading to improve fluency. The Reading Teacher, 64(6), 435-438.
    Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544.
    Park, Y. (2011). Using news articles to build a critical literacy classroom in an EFL setting. TESOL Journal, 2(1), 24-51.
    Pattanashetti, M. M. (2019). A study on the effectiveness of text-based reading tasks to improve oral reading fluency in English among second language learners. Language in India, 19(3), 291-301.
    Phillips, B. M., & Torgesen, J. K. (2006). Phonemic awareness and reading: Beyond the growth of initial reading accuracy. Handbook of Early Literacy Research, 2, 101-112.
    Phillips, W. E., & Feng, J. (2012). Methods for sight word recognition in kindergarten: traditional flashcard method vs. multisensory approach. Online Submission.
    Pinnell, G. S., & Jaggar, A. M. (2003). Oral language: Speaking and listening in elementary classrooms. Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, 2, 881-913.
    Pinnell, G. S., Pikulski, J. J., Wixson, K. K., Campbell, J. R., Gough, P. B., & Beatty, A. S. (1995). Listening to children read aloud: Oral fluency. National Center for Education Statistics.
    Pretorius, E. J., & Spaull, N. (2016). Exploring relationships between oral reading fluency and reading comprehension amongst English second language readers in South Africa. Reading and Writing, 29(7), 1449-1471.
    Pullen, P. C., & Justice, L. M. (2003). Enhancing phonological awareness, print awareness, and oral language skills in preschool children. Intervention in School and Clinic, 39(2), 87-98.
    Rasinski, T. V. (2000). Commentary: Speed does matter in reading. The Reading Teacher, 54(2), 146-151.
    Rasinski, T. V. (2003). The fluent reader: Oral reading strategies for building word recognition, fluency, and comprehension. Scholastic.
    Rasinski, T. V. (2004). Assessing reading fluency. Pacific Resources for Education and Learning (PREL).
    Rasinski, T. V., & Padak, N. D. (2012). From phonics to fluency: Effective teaching of decoding and reading fluency in the elementary school. Pearson Higher Ed.
    Rochman, M. (2017). The importance of teaching reading: Emphasize for reading fluency or accuracy in improving students’ reading comprehension in EFL context. Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature, 4(1), 11-29.
    Ross, J. A. (2004). Effects of running records assessment on early literacy achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 97(4), 186-195.
    Samuels, S. J. (2006). Reading fluency: Its past, present, and future. Fluency Instruction: Research-based Best Practices, 2, 3-16.
    Samuels, S. J., Ediger, K. A., & Fautsch-Patridge, T. (2005). The importance of fluent reading. New England Reading Association Journal, 41(1), 1.
    Schaars, M. M., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2017). Word decoding development in incremental phonics instruction in a transparent orthography. Reading and Writing, 30(7), 1529-1550.
    Schloss, P. J., Alper, S., Young, H., Arnold-Reid, G., Aylward, M., & Dudenhoeffer, S. (1995). Acquisition of functional sight words in community-based recreation settings. The Journal of Special Education, 29(1), 84-96.
    Schreiber, P. A. (1980). On the acquisition of reading fluency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 12, 177-186.
    Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Ruston, H. P. (2008). Becoming a fluent reader: From theory to practice. In M. R. Kuhn & P. J. Schwanenflugel (Eds.), Fluency in the classroom (pp. 1-16). Guilford Press.
    Share, D. L., & Stanovich, K. E. (1995). Cognitive processes in early reading development: A model of acquisition and individual differences. Issues in Education: Contributions From Educational Psychology, 1, 1-57.
    Shinozuka, K., Shibata, S., & Mizusawa, Y. (2017). Effectiveness of read-aloud instruction on motivation and learning strategy among Japanese college EFL students. English Language Teaching, 10(4), 1-14.
    Snow, C. E., Burns, M. S., & Griffin, P. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. National Academy Press.
    Spear-Swerling, L. (2006). Children’s reading comprehension and oral reading fluency in easy text. Reading and Writing, 19(2), 199-220.
    Stahl, S. A., Heubach, & Crammond. (1997). Fluency-oriented reading instruction. Reading Research Report, (79).
    Stahl, S. A. (2003). What do we expect storybook reading to do? How storybook reading impacts word recognition. In On reading books to children: Parents and teachers (pp. 363-383).
    Stahl, S. A., & Heubach, K. M. (2005). Fluency-oriented reading instruction. Journal of Literacy Research, 37(1), 25-60.
    Stanovich, K. E. (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(4), 360-407. doi:10.1598/ RRQ.21.4.1
    Starrett, E. V. (2006). Teaching phonics for balanced reading. Corwin Press.
    Teng, F. (2015). EFL vocabulary learning through reading BBC news: An analysis based on the involvement load hypothesis. English as a Global Language Education (EaGLE) Journal, 1(2), 63-90.
    Therrien, W. J., Wickstrom, K., & Jones, K. (2006). Effect of a combined repeated reading and question generation intervention on reading achievement. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 21(2), 89-97.
    Trehearne, M., Healy, L. H., Cantalini, M., & Moore, J. L. (2003). Comprehensive literacy resource for kindergarten teachers. ETA/Cuisenaire.
    Tse, S. K., Xiao, X. Y., Ko, H. W., Lam, J. W. I., Hui, S. Y., & Ng, H. W. (2016). Do reading practices make a difference? Evidence from PIRLS data for Hong Kong and Taiwan primary school Grade 4 students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 46(3), 369-393.
    Van der Bijl, C., Alant, E., & Lloyd, L. (2006). A comparison of two strategies of sight word instruction in children with mental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27(1), 43-55.
    Verhoeven, L., & van Leeuwe, J. (2009). Modeling the growth of word-decoding skills: Evidence from Dutch. Scientific Studies of Reading, 13(3), 205-223.
    Walton, R. E. (2000). Perceptions, knowledge and use of word walls among first graders. Western Washington University.
    Webb, M. Y. L., Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Kim, S. H. (2004). A construct validation study of phonological awareness for children entering prekindergarten. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 22(4), 304-319.
    Wiley, H. I., & Deno, S. L. (2005). Oral reading and maze measures as predictors of success for English learners on a state standards assessment. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 207-214.
    Yesil-Dagli, U. (2011). Predicting ELL students’ beginning first grade English oral reading fluency from initial kindergarten vocabulary, letter naming, and phonological awareness skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26(1), 15-29.
    Young, A., & Bowers, P. G. (1995). Individual difference and text difficulty determinants of reading fluency and expressiveness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60, 428-454.
    Young, C., & Rasinski, T. (2009). Implementing Readers Theatre as an approach to classroom fluency instruction. The Reading Teacher, 63(1), 4-13.
    Zutell, J., & Rasinski, T. V. (1991). Training teachers to attend to their students’ oral reading fluency. Theory into Practice, 30(3), 211-217.

    QR CODE