研究生: |
艾楷勛 Ai, Kai-Hsuan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
代孕者身體自主權之探討-以美國法為中心 The Research of Surrogate’s Bodily Autonomy Based on the American Law |
指導教授: |
林昀嫺
Lin, Yun-Hsien |
口試委員: |
陳汝吟
Chen, Ju-yin 陳重陽 Chen, Chong-Yang |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所 Institute of Law for Science and Technology |
論文出版年: | 2023 |
畢業學年度: | 111 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 147 |
中文關鍵詞: | 人工生殖 、代理孕母 、身體自主權 、隱私權 、生育自由 、知情同意 |
外文關鍵詞: | assisted reproduction, surrogate, bodily autonomy, right to privacy, reproductive freedom, informed consent |
相關次數: | 點閱:43 下載:1 |
分享至: |
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人工生殖技術雖然彌補了不孕夫妻和同性伴侶無法孕育下一代的缺憾,但對於人類社會也產生了莫大倫理和道德衝擊,同時為法律制度規範帶來全新的挑戰。我國有關人工生殖之立法,歷來均未涵蓋「代孕」議題。衡諸代理孕母合法化最主要的爭議之ㄧ在於,如何劃定代孕者在代孕安排中自主控制其身體的權限,方能保護代孕者作為獨立個體所享有之基礎性權利-「身體自主權」。隨我國109年人工生殖法修正草案的一讀通過,當中擬附條件地開放代孕,有關代孕者身體自主權之問題從而更顯重要。
本文以代孕者身體自主權為討論核心,首先於第二章介紹身體自主權之意義,藉由觀察其在我國法及美國法之源起說明此權利的真正內涵,並從不同女性主義流派和角度說明各派學者對身體自主權之詮釋。同時,本文介紹國際公約及我國法有關女性身體自主權之保護及限制規範,以檢視女性身體自主權在實務上的落實和不足之處。而後,本文在第三章採取比較法和個案研究之方法,透過美國州法對於代孕者身體自主權的立法例分析,以及對代孕者拒絕終止懷孕的實際案例進行剖析,期建構出一套劃定代孕者身體自主權的合理界線。最後,本文於第四章針對保護代孕者身體自主權之配套措施為說明與建議,盼能藉由賦予代孕者在簽訂代孕契約前、懷孕過程及生產後三個階段的程序保障,在合乎意願家長期待的前提下,能夠加強對於代孕者身體自主權的實質保障,也為我國未來代孕制度立法提供ㄧ可循之參考。
The emergence of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has enabled couples diagnosed with infertility and same-sex couples to overcome biological barriers to procreation. At the same time, human society is greatly influenced by ART in terms of ethics and morals. The development of ART also creates new challenges for the legal system. Taiwan’s legislation on ART has never addressed the issue of "surrogacy". One of the most controversial aspects of legalizing surrogacy is the bodily autonomy for the surrogates. Specifically, it is crucial to define the surrogate's right to control her body during the surrogacy arrangement in order to protect her fundamental human rights. As the amendment of Assisted Reproduction Act passed the first reading in 2020 which aims to conditionally allow surrogacy, the issue of a surrogate's bodily autonomy is once again being discussed.
The thesis focuses on the bodily autonomy of surrogates. First, the thesis introduces the concept of bodily autonomy by exploring its origins in civil law and common law. Then, the thesis discusses interpretations of bodily autonomy from different perspectives such as feminist theories, international conventions, and laws in Taiwan that protect and restrict it. After the discussion, the thesis compares various types of legislation in the United States that regulate the bodily autonomy of surrogates. The article then utilizes literary analysis and case law research methods to investigate and evaluate leading cases concerning surrogates who declined to terminate their pregnancy in the United States, with the hope of establishing a reasonable boundary that governs the bodily autonomy of a surrogate. Finally, the thesis suggests the supporting measures to safeguard the bodily autonomy of surrogates. By applying a three-stage procedural protection, the thesis aims to strengthen the protection of surrogate’s bodily autonomy before signing a surrogacy contract, during the pregnancy, and after childbirth. The goal is to ensure that while meeting the intended parents' wishes, the rights of the surrogate are also fully considered, and that the conclusion of this thesis can serve as a future reference for the surrogate legislation in Taiwan.
一、中文部分
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62. 謝庭晃,論刑法對胎兒生命法益的保護,華岡法粹,45期,2009年11月頁45-78。
63. 謝國斌,評介聯合國「國際人口與發展會議」-兼論其對台灣社會之啟示,台灣國際研究季刊,4卷2期,2008年6月,頁31-52。
(三) 學位論文
1. 王歆惠,論同性婚下人工生殖親子關係-以美國若干州法與我國之比較為中心,政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,2021年7月。
2. 王瑩婷,死後人工生殖法律問題之研究,臺灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,2011年4月。
3. 江佳樺,代理孕母親子關係之研究,臺北大學法律研究所碩士論文,2016年7月。
4. 余瑞陞,權利化的隱私-反思現代國家法律下的個人隱私,政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,2014年7月。
5. 李淑玲,代理孕母之倫理分析-代孕契約可行性探討,中央大學哲學研究所碩士論文,2006年7月。
6. 沈睦庭,德行倫理學觀點下的儒家倫理研究:以Michael Slote與孟子為主,政治大學哲學系碩士論文,2013年7月。
7. 林建中,隱私權概念之再參考:關於概念範圍、定義及權利形成方法,臺灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,1999年6月。
8. 洪翊軒,代孕親子關係之研究-以美國法為借鏡,清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2018年7月。
9. 殷玉龍,論新聞自由與隱私權之衝突-以刑法第315條之1及第315條之2規定為重心,東吳大學法律研究所碩士論文,2006年8月。
10. 高烊輝,基本權之拋棄自由及其界限,輔仁大學法律研究所碩士論文,1995年6月。
11. 張維民,由代孕生殖法草案論代孕者之身體自主權,成功大學法律研究所碩士論文,2007年7月。
12. 曹宜琳,印度代孕制度之研究-兼評我國人工生殖法代孕生殖草案,臺灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,2022年6月。
13. 莊淑蘭,從「女性意識」到「婦女運動」-分析慈林資料庫中台灣婦女議題之論述,臺灣師範大學臺灣語文學系碩士論文,2014年2月。
14. 陳欣怡,由代孕者身體自主權論我國代孕生殖草案相關條文,成功大學法律研究所碩士論文,2017年6月。
15. 陳韋瑄,馬克思的女性主義與女性的馬克思主義,政治大學政治學系碩士論文,2014年1月。
16. 陳鳳珠,代孕契約法律關係之研究,成功大學法律研究所碩士論文,2003年6月。
17. 彭英泰,論複製技術之管制與複製人之身分認定,政治大學法律研究所碩士論文,2004年7月。
18. 詹文凱,隱私權之研究,臺灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,1998年6月。
19. 廖慧全,論代理孕母之法律保護,國防大學法律研究所碩士論文,2000年6月。
20. 劉宏恩,心理學取向之法律研究:以住宅搜索、子女監護及婚姻暴力問題為例,臺灣大學法律研究所碩士論文,1996年6月。
21. 劉建麟,不孕症於商業保險的應用探討,逢甲大學統計學系統計與精算碩士論文,2018年6月。
(四) 研究計畫
1. 代孕制度公民審議會議公民結論報告,2012年9月29日。
2. 財團法人婦女權益促進發展基金會,「優生保健法修正案」溝通會議 結案報告,100年度婦女團體溝通平台計畫,2011年8月9日。
3. 陳鋕雄,世界各國代孕生殖政策探討:結案報告,行政院衛生署國民健康局研究計畫(編號:9901001A),衛生署國民健康局,2010年9月。
4. 詹森林,德國醫療過失舉證責任之研究,醫療過失舉證責任之比較法研究學術研討會報告,2005年12月24日。
(五) 政府文書
1. 立法院第10屆第1會期第11次會議,立法院議案關係文書,院總第1044號,委員提案第24487號。
2. 立法院第10屆第5會期第5次會議,立法院議案關係文書,院總第1140號,委員提案第28159號。
3. 立法院第4屆第5會期第8次會議,立法院議案關係文書,院總第1674號,委員提案第3535號。
4. 立法院第6屆第4會期第6次會議,立法院議案關係文書,院總第1140號,政府提案第10692號。
5. 行政院性別平等處,《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》中華民國第4次國家報告專要文件,2022年3月。
6. 行政院性別平等處,落實「消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約(CEDAW)」法規檢視種子培訓營講義,2012年6月。
7. 聯合國大會正式記錄,第三十二屆會議,補編第40號,1988年,A/36/40。
(六) 網路資料
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14. 李羽蝶,為供妹妹上學 年輕未婚女孩當代理孕母賺百萬,華視CTS新聞,2017年4月21日報導,https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/201704/201704211862903.html。
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17. 信誼好好育兒,胎教知多少?談現代胎教觀,https://parents.hsin-yi.org.tw/Library/Article/5778。
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20. 國際中心,泰代理孕母懷「唐寶寶」 澳洲夫婦改棄養、要她墮胎,天天要聞,2014年8月4日報導,https://www.bg3.co/a/tai-dai-li-yun-mu-huai-tang-bao-bao-ao-zhou-fu-fu-gai-qi-yang-yao-ta-duo-tai.html。
21. 婦女新知基金會聲明稿,代孕,我們有話要說:代孕政策欠缺民主多元程序與性別平等觀點,2012年10月17日,https://www.awakening.org.tw/topic/2255。
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23. 梁敬彥,台版心跳法案疾呼有心跳就是生命 醫師:限8週恐助長地下墮胎,論壇報IMPACT,2019年10月23日報導,https://ct.org.tw/html/news/3-3.php?cat=10&article=1351114。
24. 梁嘉琳,做一個快樂的孕婦,金門縣衛生局,https://phb.kinmen.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=7DDF43AE70CEED14。
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29. 劉茜汶,產檢要做什麼?產檢項目、次數、時間、補助一次了解,親子天下,2023年3月31日,https://www.parenting.com.tw/article/5094062。
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35. 鐘敏瑜,邊緣文化/直擊印度〔代理孕母〕工廠—借腹生子勝過工作一輩子,風傳媒,2018年3月23日報導,https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/414432?mode=whole。
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二、外文部分
(一) 外文書籍
1. Andrea Braverman, et al., Reproduction Through Surrogacy: The UK and US Experience, in REPRODUCTIVE DONATION: PRACTICE, POLICY, AND BIOETHICS, Cambridge University Press Issues (Martin Richards, et al., ed., 2012).
2. Beate Rössler, The Value of Privacy, Polity Issues (R. D. V. Glasgow trans., 2005).
3. Bell Hooks, Feminism is for everybody : passionate politics, South End Press Issues (2000).
4. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development, Harvard University Press Issues (1982).
5. Crystal Kelley & Elisabeth Collins, Fire Within: A Surrogate's Journey, Taylor Street Publishing LLC Issues (2014).
6. Elizabeth Neill, Rites of Privacy and the Privacy Trade: On the Limits of Protection for the Self, McGill-Queen's University Press Issues (2001).
7. Emily Koert & Judith C. Daniluk, Psychological and Interpersonal Factors in Gestational Surrogacy, in HANDBOOK OF GESTATIONAL SURROGACY, International Clinical Practice and Policy Issues (E. Scott Sills ed., 2016).
8. Glenn Cohen & Katherine L. Kraschel, Gestational Surrogacy Agreements: Enforcement and Breach, in HANDBOOK OF GESTATIONAL SURROGACY, International Clinical Practice and Policy Issues (E. Scott Sills ed., 2016).
9. Jessica W. Berg, et al., Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice, Oxford University Press Issues (2d ed., 2001).
10. Jonathan H. Turner & Jan E. Stets, The Sociology of Emotions, Cambridge University Press Issues (2012).
11. Judith A. Swanson, The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy, Cornell University Press Issues (1992).
12. Kenneth J. Leveno, et al., Williams Obstetrics, McGraw-Hill Cos. Issues, 22d ed (Andrea Seils, et al., ed., 2005).
13. Levent Küey, Stigma, Women, and Mental Health, in OXFORD TEXTBOOK OF WOMEN AND MENTAL HEALTH, Oxford University Press Issues (Dora Kohen ed., 2011).
14. Martha A. Field, Surrogate Motherhood, The Legal and Human Issues, (expanded ed., 1990).
15. Melissa A. Tartaglia, Adoption and Surrogacy in Florida: The Legal and Practical Sourcebook for Laypersons and Lawyers, University Press of Florida Issues (2011).
16. Michael Slote, Autonomy and Empathy, Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation Issues (2004).
17. Michael Slote, The Ethics of Care and Empathy, Routledge Issues (2007).
18. Seema Mohapatra, States of Confusion: Regulation of Surrogacy in the United States, in NEW CANNIBAL MARKETS: GLOBALIZATION & COMMODIFICATION OF THE HUMAN BODY, MSH Paris Issues (J.D. Rainhorn & S. El Boudamoussi ed., 2015).
19. Sharmila Rudrappa, Mother India: Outsourcing Labor to Indian Surrogate Mothers, in GLOBALIZATION AND TRANSNATIONAL SURROGACY IN INDIA, Outsourcing Life Issues (Sayantani Das Gupta & Shamita Das Gupta ed., 2014).
20. Steven H. Snyder, Reproductive Surrogacy in the United States of America: Trajectories and Trends, in HANDBOOK OF GESTATIONAL SURROGACY, International Clinical Practice and Policy Issues (E. Scott Sills ed., 2016).
21. Susan Markens, Surrogate Motherhood and the Politics of Reproduction, University of California Press Issues (2007).
22. Tom L. Beauchamp & James F. Childress, Principles of biomedical ethics, Oxford University Press Issues (1979).
23. William J. Talbott, Which Rights Should Be Universal?, Oxford University Press Issues (2005).
24. Zipper, Juliette & Selena Sevenhuijsen, Surrogacy: Feminist Notions of Motherhood Reconsidered, in REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, Gender, Motherhood and Medicine Issues (Michelle Stanworth ed., 1987).
(二) 期刊論文
1. Abigail Lauren Perdue, For Love or Money: An Analysis of the Contractual Regulation of Reproductive Surrogacy, J. CONTEMP. HEALTH L. & POL’Y, Vol. 27, No. 2, 279-313 (2011).
2. Abraham Benshushan & Joseph G. Schenker, Legitimizing surrogacy in Israel, HUMAN REPROD., Vol. 12, No. 8, 1832-1834 (1997).
3. American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Recommendations for practices using gestational carriers: a committee opinion, FERTIL. & STERIL., Vol. 118, No. 1, 65-74 (2022).
4. American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Recommendations for Practice Utilizing Gestational Carriers: An ASRM Practice Committee Guideline, FERTIL. & STERIL., Vol. 97, No. 6, 1301-1308 (2012).
5. Amrita Pande, " At Least I Am Not Sleeping with Anyone": Resisting the Stigma of Commercial Surrogacy in India, FEM. STUD., Vol. 36, No. 2, 292-312 (2010).
6. Amrita Pande, Commercial Surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a Perfect Mother‐Worker, SIGNS, Vol. 35, No. 4, 969-992 (2010).
7. Amrita Pande, Not an ‘Angel’, not a ‘Whore’: Surrogates as ‘Dirty’ Workers in India, INDIAN J. GEND. STUD., Vol. 16, No. 2, 141-173 (2009).
8. Alexis Cirel, Special Consideration of the Surrogacy “Journey” and its Joint Undertakings, FAM. NEWS & VIEWS, Vol. 1, No.1, 19-21 (2021).
9. Alexus Williams, State Regulatory Efforts in Protecting A Surrogate's Bodily Autonomy, SETON HALL L. REV., Vol. 49, No. 1, 205-231 (2018).
10. April L. Cherry, Roe's Legacy: The Nonconsensual Medical Treatment of Pregnant Women and Implications for Female Citizenship, U. PA. J. CONST. L., Vol. 6, No. 4, 723-751 (2004).
11. Barbara Mishkin, Decisions concerning the Terminally Ill: How to Protect Patients, Staff and the Hospital, HEALTHSPAN, Vol. 2, No. 3, 17-21 (1985).
12. Barry D. Weiss, Confidentiality expectations of patients, physicians, and medical students, JAMA, Vol. 247, No. 19, 2695-2697 (1982).
13. Bélanger F & Crossler R.E., Privacy in the digital age: a review of information privacy research in information systems, MIS Q., Vol. 35, No. 4, 1017-1041 (2011).
14. Benjamin G. Carter, Relief for Beneficiaries Suing for Breach of Fiduciary Duty: Payment of Accounting Costs Before Trial, WASH. U. L. Q., Vol. 76, No. 4, 1411-1429 (1998).
15. B. Jessie Hill, The Constitutional Right to Make Medical Treatment Decisions: A Tale of Two Doctrine, TEX. L. REV., Vol. 86, No. 2, 277-345 (2007).
16. Carmina Y. D’Aversa, The Right of Abortion in Surrogate Motherhood Arrangements, N. ILL. U. L. REV., Vol. 7, No. 1, 1-39 (1987).
17. Carol Sakala, Medically unnecessary cesarean section births: Introduction to a symposium, SOC. SCI. & MED., Vol. 37, No. 10, 1177-1198 (1993).
18. Casey Humbyrd, Fair trade international surrogacy, DEV. WOR. BIO., Vol. 9, No. 3, 111-118 (2009).
19. Catherine Deneux-Tharaux, et al., Postpartum maternal mortality and cesarean delivery, OBSTET. & GYNECOL., Vol. 108, No. 3, 541-548 (2006).
20. Charles P. Kindregan & Steven H. Snyder, Clarifying the Law of ART: The New American Bar Association Model Act Governing Assisted Reproductive Technology, FAM. L. Q., Vol. 42, No. 2, 203-229 (2008).
21. Christina L. Kunz, The Ethics of Invalid and "Iffy" Contract Clause, LOY. L.A. L. REV., Vol. 40, No. 1, 487, 500-511 (2006).
22. Courtney G. Joslin, (Not) Just Surrogacy, CALIF. L. REV., Vol. 109, No. 2, 401-492 (2021).
23. Courtney G. Joslin, Surrogacy and the Politics of Pregnancy, HARV. L. & POL'Y REV., Vol. 14, No. 2, 365-392 (2020).
24. Daniel Rayson, A piece of my mind. Lisa’s stories, JAMA, Vol. 282, No. 17, 1605-1606 (1999).
25. David A. Hoffman & Zev J. Eigen, Contract Consideration and Behavior, GEO. WASH. L. REV. Vol. 85, No. 2, 351-396 (2017).
26. Dawn E. Johnsen, The Creation of Fetal Rights: Conflicts with Women's Constitutional Rights to Liberty, Privacy, and Equal Protection, YALE L. J., Vol. 95, No. 3, 599-625 (1986).
27. Deborah L. Forman, Abortion Clauses in Surrogacy Contracts: Insights from A Case Study, FAM. L. Q., Vol. 49, No. 1, 29-53 (2015).
28. Deborah Mathieu, Respecting Liberty and Preventing Harm: Limits of State Intervention in Prenatal Choice, HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y, Vol. 8, No. 1, 19-55 (1985).
29. Deborah S. Mazer, Born Breach: The Challenge of Remedies in Surrogacy Contracts, YALE J. L. & FEMINISM, Vol. 28, No. 1, 211-241 (2016).
30. Debra DeBruin & Mary Faith Marshall, Coercive Interventions in Pregnancy: Law and Ethics, J. HEALTH CARE L. & POL'Y., Vol. 23, No. 2, 187-202 (2021).
31. Dodd, J. & Crowther, C., Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplet and higher-order multiple pregnancies to twins, FERTIL. & STERIL., Vol. 81, No. 5, 29, 1420-1422 (2004).
32. Dominique Ladornat, Protecting Traditional Surrogacy Contracting Through Fee Payment Regulation, HASTINGS WOMEN'S L. J., Vol. 23, No. 2, 245-273 (2012).
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