在《法律》第一、二卷裡頭，柏拉圖在設計瑪格尼西亞城邦的德性教育時，他認為「愉悅」在那種教育裡頭扮演著重要的角色，這種構想似乎跟一般大眾所熟知的柏拉圖有些不同。因此，我在這本論文裡所要探討的問題是：為何柏拉圖在德性教育的過程裡要特別強調愉悅？根據木偶個體心理學的探討，我們大致上能從那邊得知：為了要讓木偶做出符合德性的行為，木偶內在的金線（即：衡量的能力）跟鐵線（由涉及愉悅跟痛苦的各種偶線組成）之間所形成的拔河必須讓金線取得勝利，但由於金線的拉力從來就不敵鐵線，於是柏拉圖建議以「醉酒」及「合唱教育」來讓鐵線的拉力變得正確，進而協助金線在拔河裡贏得勝利。然而，柏拉圖所倡議的那兩種陶冶措施其實都存在令人困惑的地方：從「醉酒」這項習俗來說，鑑於酒精的影響會弱化金線及強化鐵線的拉力，那項習俗到底怎麼透過調整鐵線的拉力來協助金線驅動木偶做出符合自制的行為？另外，從「合唱教育」這項措施來說，基於柏拉圖強烈要求木偶終其一生都得參與合唱表演，同時他也大力主張木偶得先在表演過程裡享受到愉悅之後才能獲得德性，我們不禁懷疑木偶如何從那種帶有享樂主義色彩的合唱教育裡正確調整自身的鐵線拉力？藉由上述兩種措施的探討，我在這本論文裡會提供以下結論：柏拉圖之所以會在德性教育裡強調愉悅，是因為「愉悅」會協助讓木偶內在的金線跟鐵線達成良好的運作，那種偶線的運作會促進木偶過上最有德性又最愉悅的最幸福生活。

In the books 1 and 2 of Laws, Plato believed that pleasure plays an important role in the moral education of Magnesia. This view seems different from common views on Plato. In this thesis, I will explain why Plato emphasizes the role of pleasure in the moral education in the Laws. To clarify Plato’s position, I will discuss the relation between virtue and pleasure by the puppet allegory. In the allegory, in order to make the puppet virtuous, the gold string (namely calculation) has to win iron strings (involving pleasure and pain) in the tug of war inside the puppet, but the gold string by nature is more vulnerable than iron strings. Plato proposes to correct the strength of iron strings by drunkenness and chorus and to help the gold string to win the tug of war. However, there are some problems with both of the measures proposed by Plato. In the case of drunkenness, alcohol may on the one hand weaken the strength of gold string and on the other hand reinforce the strength of iron strings. How does drunkenness cultivate self-control in the puppet? In the case of chorus, Plato suggests that the puppet will become virtuous only if it enjoys pleasure in chorus throughout its life. It is doubtful that how the puppet can correct the strength of iron strings properly in the hedonistic choral education? Based on these discussions, I suggest that Plato is reasonable to emphasize pleasure in the Magnesian moral education. For pleasure helps much the correct working between the gold string and iron strings. This correct working is crucial if the puppet is to live the most virtuous, most pleasant and happiest life.

一、古希臘原文、譯本及評註
（作者前方所標示的*，是我中譯時所選用的主要英譯本）
1.ARNIM, HANS VON (ed.). (1966). Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta Volume I: Zeno Et Zenonis Discipuli. Stvtgardiae: In aedibvs B.G. Tevbneri. [SVF]
2.*BABBITT, FRANK COLE. (1936). Plutarch’s Moralia Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi. The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse. The Obsolescence of Oracles. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 306]
3.BADHAM, CHARLES. (1855). Platonis Philebus with Introduction and Notes. London: J.W. Parker and Son, West Strand.
4.BURNET, IOANNES (ed.). (1901). Platonis Opera Volume II: Parmenides, Philebvs, Symposivm, Phaedrvs, Alcibiades I, Alcibiades II, Hipparchvs, Amatores. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5.─────. (1902). Platonis Opera Volume IV: Clitopho, Respublica, Timaeus, Critias. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6.─────. (1903). Platonis Opera Volume III: Theages, Chrmides, Laches, Lysis; Evthydemvs, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Hippias Maior. et Minor, Io, Menexenvs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7.─────. (1907). Platonis Opera Volume V: Minos, Leges, Epinomis, Epistvlae, Deffinitiones, Et, Spvria. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8.BURY, R. G.. (1926). Plato Laws Volume I: Books 1-6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 187]
9.─────. (1926). Plato Laws Volume II: Books 7-12. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 192]
10.BYWATER, INGRAM (ed.). (1894). Aristotelis Ethica Nicomachea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11.*CAMPBELL, DAVID. (1982). Greek Lyric Volume I: Sappho and Alcaeus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 142]
12.CORNFORD, FRANCIS. (1997). Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated.
13.*CRISP, ROGER. (2000). Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14.*DILLON, JOHN., and TANIA GERGEL. (2003). The Greek Sophists. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
15.DINDORFIUS, GUILIELMUS (ed.). (1757). Eusebii Caesariensis Opera Volumen II: Praeparationis Evangelicae Libri XI-XV. Lipsiae: in Aedibus B.G. Teubneri.
16.DUKE, E. A., and W. F. HICKEN, W. S. M NICOLL, D. B. ROBINSON, J. C. G. STRACHAN (eds.). (1995). Platonis Opera Volume I: Euthyphro, Apologia Socratis, Crito, Phaedo, Cratylus, Sophista, Politicus, Theaetetus. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17.ENGLAND, EDWIN. (1921). The Laws of Plato: The Text Ed. with Introduction, Notes, Etc. Volume I: Books I-VI. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
18.*FERRARI, G. R. F. (ed.)., TOM GRIFFITH (trans.). (2000). Plato’s Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19.FORTENBAUGH, WILLIAM., AND PAMELA HUBY, ROBERT SHARPLES, DIMITRI GUTAS (eds.). (1992). Theophrastus of Eresus: Sources for His Life, Writings, Thought and Influence (2 Volumes). in Philosophia Antiqua: Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 54. Leiden: Brill. [FSH&G]
20.*FREDE, DOROTHEA (trans.). (1997). Plato’s Philebus, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 398-456.
21.*GERBER, DOUGLAS. (1999). Greek Elegiac Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 258]
22.*GREEN, PETER (trans.). (2015). Homer The Iliad: A New Translation by Peter Green. California: University of California Press.
23.GRUBE, G. M. A. (trans.), C. D. C. Reeve (rev.). (1997). Plato’s Republic, in Plato Complete Works, (John Cooper and Douglas Hutchinson (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 971-1223.
24.*─────, JOHN COOPER (rev.). (2002). Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated.
25.*HALLIWELL, STEPHEN. (1987). The Poetics of Aristotle: Translation and Commentary. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
26.*HICKS, R. D.. (1925). Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers Volume I: Books 1-5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 184]
27.*─────. (1925). Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of Eminent Philosophers Volume II: Books 6-10. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 185]
28.*JANKO, RICHARD. (1987). Aristotle’s Poetics with the Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the fragments of the On Poets. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated.
29.*JONES, W. H. S.. (1923). Hippocrates Volume I: Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3. The Oath. Precepts. Nutriment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 147]
30.*─────. Hippocrates Volume IV: Nature of Man. Regimen in Health. Humours. Aphorisms. Regimen 1-3. Dreams. Heracleitus: On the Universe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 150]
31.KASSEL, RVDOLFVS (ed.). (1965). Aristotelis De Arte Poetica Liber. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
32.KÜHN, KARL GOTTLOB (ed.). (1829). Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia Volumen XVII PARS II. Lipsiae: Prostat in Officina Libraria Car. Cnoblochii.
33.*LACY, PHILLIP H. DE., and BENEDICT EINARSON. (1959). Plutarch’s Moralia Volume VII: On Love of Wealth. On Compliancy. On Envy and Hate. On Praising Oneself Inoffensively. On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance. On Fate. On the Sign of Socrates. On Exile. Consolation to His Wife. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 405]
34.*LOMBARDO, STANLEY., and KAREN BELL (trans.). (1997). Plato’s Protagoras, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 746-790.
35.MEYER, SUSAN SAUVÉ. (2015). Plato: Laws 1 & 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
36.MONRO, D. B., and T. W. ALLEN (eds.). (1902). Homeri Opera Volume I: Iliad (Books I-XII). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37.*OLSON, DOUGLAS. (2007). Athenaeus’ The Learned Banqueters Volume I: Books 1-3.106e. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 204]
38.*─────. (2009). Athenaeus’ The Learned Banqueters Volume V: Books 10.420e-11. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 274]
39.*─────. (2012). Athenaeus’ The Learned Banqueters Volume VIII: Book 15 and Index. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 519]
40.*PERRIN, BERNADOTTE. (1914). Plutarch’s Lives Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 46]
41.*─────. (1917). Plutarch’s Lives Volume V: Agesilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 87]
42.*REEVE, C.D.C. (trans.). (1998). Aristotle Politics: Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated.
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44.ROSS, W. D. (ed.). (1957). Aristotelis Politica. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
45.*ROWE, CHRISTOPHER. (2015). Plato’s Theaetetus and Sophist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46.*SANDBACH, F. H.. (1965). Plutarch’s Moralia Volume XI: On the Malice of Herodotus. Causes of Natural Phenomena. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [LCL no. 426]
47.*SAUNDERS, TREVOR (ed. & trans.)., and CHRIS EMLYN-JONES (ed.). (2005). Early Socratic Dialogues. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
48.SAUNDERS, TREVOR (trans.). (1995). Aristotle Politics: Books I and II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49.─────. (1997). Plato’s Laws, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 1318-1616.
50.*SCHIEFSKY, MARK. (2005). Hippocrates On Ancient Medicine: Translated with Introduction and Commentary. Leiden: Brill.
51.*SCHOFIELD, MALCOLM (ed.)., TOM GRIFFITH (trans.). (2009). Plato’s Gorgias, Menexenus, Protagoras. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52.*─────. (2016). Plato’s Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.SCHÖPSDAU, KLAUS. (1994). Platon Werke, Übersetzung Und Kommentar, IX 2: Nomoi, Buch I-III. Goettingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
54.*SEDLEY, DAVID (ed.)., and ALEX LONG (ed. & trans.). (2010). Plato’s Meno and Phaedo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.SLINGS, S. R. (ed.). (2003). Platonis Rempvblicam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56.SPRAGUE, ROSAMOND KENT (trans.). (1997). Plato’s Laches, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 664-686.
57.WACHSMUTH, CURT., and OTTO HENSE (eds.). (1884-1912). Ioannis Stobaei Anthologium (5 Volumes). Berolini: Apud Weidmannos.
58.WHITE, NICHOLAS (trans.). (1997). Plato’s Sophist, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 235-293.
59.ZEYL, DONALD (trans.). (1997). Plato’s Gorgias, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 791-869.
60.*─────. (1997). Plato’s Timaeus, in Plato Complete Works, (JOHN COOPER and DOUGLAS HUTCHINSON (eds.), Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company Incorporated): 1224-1291.
 
二、二手文獻
（一）、專書
1.ADKINS, LESLEY., and ROY ADKINS. (2005). Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece (Updated ed.). New York: Facts on File Incorporated.
2.ANNAS, JULIA. (2017). Virtue and Law in Plato and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3.BOBONICH, CHRISTOPHER. (2002). Plato’s Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4.FOLCH, MARCUS. (2015). The City and the Stage: Performance, Genre, and Gender in Plato’s Laws. New York: Oxford University Press.
5.GUTHRIE, W. K. C.. (1978). A History of Greek Philosophy Volume 5: The Later Plato and the Academy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6.JAEGER, WERNER., GILBERT HIGHET (trans.). (1986). Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture Volume III: The Conflict of Cultural Ideals in the Age of Plato. New York: Oxford University Press.
7.LUTZ, MARK. (2012). Divine Law and Political Philosophy in Plato’s Laws. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
8.MORROW, GLENN. (1960). Plato’s Cretan City: A Historical Interpretation of the Laws. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
9.PRAUSCELLO, LUCIA. (2014). Performing Citizenship in Plato’s Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.STALLEY, RICHARD. (1983). An Introduction to Plato’s Laws. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited.
 
（二）、期刊及專書論文
1.BARTELS, MYRTHE. (2020). ‘Plato’s Seasick Steersman: On (Not) Being Overwhelmed by Fear in Plato’s Laws’, in Emotions in Plato, (Laura Candiotto and Olivier Renaut (eds.), Leiden: Brill): 147-168.
2.BELFIORE, ELIZABETH. (1986). ‘Wine and Catharsis of the Emotions in Plato’s Laws’, The Classical Quarterly, 36(2): 421-437.
3.BENITEZ, EUGENIO. (2009). ‘Plato’s Laws on Correctness as the Standard of Art’, Literature and Aesthetics: The Journal of the Sydney Society of Literature and Aesthetics, 19(1): 237-256.
4.BERRYMAN, SYLVIA. (2010). ‘The Puppet and the Sage: Images of the Self in Marcus Aurelius’, Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 38: 187-209.
5.CARONE, GABRIELA ROXANA. (2002). ‘Pleasure, Virtue, Externals, and Happiness in Plato’s Laws’, History of Philosophy Quarterly, 19(4): 327-344.
6.─────. (2003). ‘The Place of Hedonism in Plato’s Laws’, Ancient Philosophy, 23(2): 283-300.
7.FREDE, DOROTHEA. (2010). ‘Puppets on Strings Moral Psychology in Laws Books 1 and 2’, in Plato’s Laws: A Critical Guide, (CHRISTOPHER BOBONICH (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 108-126.
8.HATZISTAVROU, ANTONY. (2011). ‘Correctness and Poetic Knowledge: Choric Poetry in the Laws’, in Plato and the Poets, (PIERRE DESTREE and FRITZ-GREGOR HERRMANN (eds.), Leiden: Brill): 361-385.
9.KAMTEKAR, RACHANA. (2008). ‘Plato on Education and Art’, in The Oxford Handbook of Plato, (GAIL FINE (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press): 336-359.
10.─────. ‘Psychology and the inculcation of virtue in Plato’s Laws’ in Plato’s Laws: A Critical Guide, (CHRISTOPHER BOBONICH (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 127-148.
11.KURKE, LESLIE. (2013). ‘Imagining Chorality: Wonder, Plato’s Puppets, and Moving Statues’, in Performance and Culture in Plato’s Laws, (ANASTASIA-ERASMIA PEPONI (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 123-170.
12.MEYER, SUSAN SAUVÉ. (2012). ‘Pleasure, Pain, and “Anticipation” in Plato’s Laws Book I’, in Presocratics & Plato: Festschrift at Delphi in Honor of Charles Kahn, (RICHARD PATTERSON and VASSILIS KARASMANIS, ARNOLD HERMANN (eds.), Las Vegas: Parmenides Publishing): 311-328.
13.MOURACADE, JOHN. (2005). ‘Virtue and Pleasure in Plato’s Laws’, Apeiron: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science, 38(1): 73-85.
14.MURRAY, OSWYN. (2013). ‘The Chorus of Dionysus: Alcohol and Old Age in the Laws’, in Performance and Culture in Plato’s Laws, (ANASTASIA-ERASMIA PEPONI (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 109-122.
15.PATTERSON, CYNTHIA. (2013). “Education in Plato’s Laws”, in The Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in the Classical World, (JUDITH EVANS GRUBBS and TIM PARKIN, ROSLYNNE BELL (eds.), New York: Oxford University Press): 365-380.
16.PFEFFERKORN, JULIA. (2020). ‘Shame and Virtue in Plato’s Laws: Two Kinds of Fear and the Drunken Puppet’, in Emotions in Plato, (LAURA CANDIOTTO and OLIVIER RENAUT (eds.), Leiden: Brill): 252-269.
17.─────. (2021). ‘The Three Choruses of Plato’s Laws and their Function in the Dialogue’, Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy, 66(4): 335-365.
18.SAUNDERS, TREVOR. (1972). ‘Notes on the Laws of Plato’, Bulletin Supplement (University of London: Institute of Classical Studies), 28: vii-148.
19.SCHOFIELD, MALCOLM. (2016). ‘Plato’s Marionette’, Rhizomata, 4(2): 128-153.
20.SEDLEY, DAVID. (2007). ‘Equal Sticks and Stones’, in Maieusis: Essays on Ancient Philosophy in Honour of Myles Burnyeat, (DOMINIC SCOTT (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press): 68-86.
21.TECUȘAN, MANUELA. (1990). ‘Logos sympotikos: Patterns of the irrational in philosophical drinking: Plato outside the symposium’, in Sympotica: a symposium on the symposion, (OSWYN MURRAY (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press): 238-260.

（三）、電子資源
1.BOBONICH, CHRISTOPHER., and KATHERINE MEADOWS. (2020). ‘Plato on utopia’, 02 Dec. 2020. (substantive revision), in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (Edward N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford University: Center for Study of Language and Information). <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-utopia/>.
2.何畫瑰(2022)。〈柏拉圖〉，民國110年06月14日。《華文哲學百科》（2022版本），王一奇（編）。<http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=柏拉圖>