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研究生： 黃鈺婷
Huang, Yu-Ting
論文名稱： 評估台灣簽署反仿冒貿易協定之必要性-從法制面切入
An Evaluation of the Necessity for Taiwan to Accede to the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
指導教授： 劉孔中
Liu, Kung-Chung
口試委員: 陳昭華
Chen, Jau-Hwa
王敏銓
Wang, Min-Chiuan
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年： 2012
畢業學年度： 100
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 306
中文關鍵詞： 反仿冒貿易協定 、與貿易有關的智慧財產權協定 、複邊協定 、世界貿易組織 、商標 、仿冒 、智慧財產權執法
外文關鍵詞： ACTA, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, intellectuall property enforcement
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    • 本論文從國際智慧財產權執法規範的歷史發展脈絡談起，從WIPO 的發展開
    始，到WTO 的設立，導引出反仿冒貿易協定誕生的背景及動機。本文依照時間
    之先後順序，以歷史研究法清楚呈現反仿冒貿易協定之歷史背景、制訂過程迄至
    最終定案，瞭解協定的來龍去脈，強化對反仿冒貿易協定之熟稔度。
    然後依照比較研究法將 TRIPS 協定、WCT 及WPPT 類似規定與反仿冒貿易
    協定詳密比較，歸納並分析歧異部分可能產生的問題，使身為WTO 會員國的台
    灣可以評估是否要於TRIPS 協定以外，再簽訂一份與智慧財產權執法有關的國
    際條約。此外，並將反仿冒貿易協定與我國現行的商標法、著作權法及專利法等
    做一比較，提出現行法制體系應予調整或改善之處。
    接著再以文獻分析法條列、統合反仿冒貿易協定相關爭議及潛在影響，作為
    是否簽署本協定的另一個面向思考。
    隨即介紹反仿冒貿易協定在各國的最新發展情況，從談判國、被排除在談判
    名單國家的態度及立場切入，作為我國是否簽署反仿冒貿易協定的另一個評估
    點。
    最後將以前開各章包括法制比較面、問題面、各國態度面等不同面向的分析
    結果，提出台灣簽署反仿冒貿易協定必要性與否的看法做結。

    The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is being considered by the Taiwan
    government, but it still needs to be assessed at great length. This thesis uses the
    historical method to trace the history of the intellectual property rights (IPR)
    enforcement, and shows how global standard in IPR enforcement shifts both
    horizontally and vertically. Chapter 2 will provide an overview of ACTA, by
    introducing the institutional background of the negotiations on ACTA and analyzing
    the final provisions thoroughly based on its April, October and November version
    official drafts. This thesis further uses the comparative method to describe the
    relationships between the ACTA and the existing legal frame-work, draws a
    comparison to the context of ACTA with Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
    Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances
    and Phonograms Treaty, and points to the difference and its possible problems in
    Chapter 3. Besides, in Chapter 5 section2 uses the same usage to identify what we
    should amend in Taiwan’s intellectual property law if we want to accede to the ACTA.
    The thesis then discusses some sharp criticism of ACTA in Chapter 4, including the
    process for negotiations, the potential impact of this treaty, the shortcomings of the
    currently proposed context of ACTA, and the risks to the lawful trade of generic
    medicines by using the documentary analysis method. Chapter 5 section1 enumerates
    the signatories’ attitude and non-signatories’ position to date, in order to discover the
    trend of ACTA. Chapter 6 weighs the pros and cons carefully from various points
    above mentioned. Finally this thesis makes a conclusion whether Taiwan have to sign
    the ACTA.

    第一章 緒論 ................................................................................................................. 1 第一節研究動機與目的 ..................................................................................... 1 第一項研究動機 ......................................................................................... 1 第二項研究目的 ....................................................................................... 12 第二節研究方法與研究架構 ........................................................................... 12 第一項研究方法 ....................................................................................... 12 第二項研究架構 ....................................................................................... 13 第三節研究範圍 ............................................................................................... 15 第一項研究對象範圍 ............................................................................... 15 第二項研究時間範圍 ............................................................................... 15 第四節研究困難與限制 ................................................................................... 15 第五節文獻分析 ............................................................................................... 16 第二章反仿冒貿易協定 ........................................................................................... 17 第一節形成背景與協商歷程 ........................................................................... 17 第一項形成背景 ....................................................................................... 17 第二項協商歷程 ....................................................................................... 17 第二節本協定的目標、性質及基本原則 ....................................................... 22 第一項目標 ............................................................................................... 22 第二項性質 ............................................................................................... 23 第三項基本原則 ....................................................................................... 24 第三節反仿冒貿易協定條文剖析 ................................................................... 25 第一項概說 ............................................................................................... 25 第二項規範內容暨條文剖析 ................................................................... 26 第三章反仿冒貿易協定與其他國際智慧財產權保護規範的關係 ....................... 74 第一節反仿冒貿易協定與TRIPS協定的關係 ............................................... 74 第一項反仿冒貿易協定為TRIPS＋ ....................................................... 75 第二項保障條款 ....................................................................................... 76 第三項TRIPS協定保障條款的性質 ....................................................... 77 第二節反仿冒貿易協定與TRIPS協定條文的比較 ....................................... 78 第一項就前言規定而言 ........................................................................... 78 第二項就基礎規定而言 ........................................................................... 79 第三項就定義規定而言 ........................................................................... 79 第四項就一般義務規定而言 ................................................................... 80 第五項就民事程序的可用性規定而言 ................................................... 80 第六項就禁制令規定而言 ....................................................................... 80 第七項就損害賠償計算規定而言 ........................................................... 82 第八項第 10 條其他救濟規定 ................................................................. 83 第九項就告知資訊規定而言 ................................................................... 84 第十項就暫時性措施而言 ....................................................................... 85 第十一項無賠償被告規定 ....................................................................... 88 第十二項邊境措施 ................................................................................... 88 第十三項刑事執法 ................................................................................... 93 第三節反仿冒貿易協定與WCT、WPPT條文的比較 ................................ 127 第一項就制裁措施而言 ......................................................................... 127 第二項就規範客體而言 ......................................................................... 127 第三項就違法行為態樣而言 ................................................................. 128 第四項電子權利管理資訊 ..................................................................... 128 第五項限制或例外條款 ......................................................................... 128 第四節觀察 ..................................................................................................... 136 第四章反仿冒貿易協定的問題 ............................................................................. 137 第一節程序問題 ............................................................................................. 137 第一項志同道合的鄉村俱樂部 ............................................................. 137 第二項透明度 ......................................................................................... 137 第三項缺乏問責（accountability）機制 ............................................ 139 第四項觀察 ............................................................................................. 140 第二節法條本身的問題 ................................................................................. 141 第一項前言 ............................................................................................. 141 第二項就第 4 條隱私和資訊揭露規定而言 ......................................... 142 第三項就第 5 條定義規定而言 ............................................................. 142 第四項執法的一般義務 ......................................................................... 144 第五項民事執法範圍 ............................................................................. 144 第六項就禁制令而言 ............................................................................. 144 第七項就損害賠償規定而言 ................................................................. 146 第八項就第 10 條其他救濟規定而言 ................................................... 151 第九項就第 11 條與侵權有關資訊的規定 ........................................... 152 第十項就暫時性措施而言 ..................................................................... 153 第十一項對第三人的執法 ..................................................................... 154 第十二項就邊境措施而言 ..................................................................... 155 第十三項就刑事執法章節而言 ............................................................. 160 第十四項就數位環境中智慧財產權之執法而言 ................................. 165 第十五項就執法實踐而言 ..................................................................... 172 第十六項就國際合作而言 ..................................................................... 173 第十七項就機構安排而言 ..................................................................... 174 第三節其他問題 ............................................................................................. 175 第一項仿冒的另一面 ............................................................................. 175 第二項對於開發中或低度開發國家之衝擊 ......................................... 175 第三項對於現存其他多邊國際組織的危害 ......................................... 177 第四項悖離預期目標 ............................................................................. 178 第五項協定名稱 ..................................................................................... 179 第六項協定性質 ..................................................................................... 180 第七項協定客體範圍 ............................................................................. 181 第八項最低保護標準 ............................................................................. 183 第九項對基本權利的侵害 ..................................................................... 183 第十項間接侵害責任的相關問題 ......................................................... 184 第十一項內容過於抽象含糊 ................................................................. 185 第十二項反仿冒貿易協定的爭端解決機制 ......................................... 186 第十三項缺乏限制或例外條款 ............................................................. 189 第十四項對於國際合作的建議 ............................................................. 190 第十五項另一個面向的批評：排除規定的不利 ................................. 191 第十六項小結 ......................................................................................... 191 第四節對藥品取得的影響 ............................................................................. 193 第一項反仿冒貿易協定與公共健康杜哈宣言的關係 ......................... 193 第二項不確定法律概念造成的威脅 ..................................................... 196 第三項助長低容量高利潤策略 ............................................................. 197 第四項遏制創新 ..................................................................................... 197 第五項從條文規定切入 ......................................................................... 197 第六項小結 ............................................................................................. 208 第五章各國立場暨我國法制因應 ......................................................................... 210 第一節各國立場 ............................................................................................. 210 第一項初始談判國以及簽署國 ............................................................. 210 第二項反對國、未參與談判國 ............................................................. 218 第三項觀察 ............................................................................................. 221 第二節我國法制因應 ..................................................................................... 222 第一項定義規定 ..................................................................................... 223 第二項民事執法相關規範 ..................................................................... 223 第三項邊境措施相關規範 ..................................................................... 230 第四項刑事執法相關規範 ..................................................................... 234 第五項數位環境執法相關規範 ............................................................. 236 第六項執法實踐及國際合作 ................................................................. 237 第六章評估暨結論 ................................................................................................. 238 第一節從與TRIPS協定的關係切入評估 ..................................................... 238 第二節從反仿冒貿易協定問題點切入評估 ................................................. 238 第三節從學名藥貿易問題角度切入評估 ..................................................... 239 第四節從各國立場與目前作法切入評估 ..................................................... 240 第五節從我國法制、執法成效面切入評估 ................................................. 241 第六節結論 ..................................................................................................... 242 附件：反仿冒貿易協定最終版本中英文對照版 ................................................... 243 參考文獻 ................................................................................................................... 286 一、中文參考文獻（按作者姓氏筆畫由少至多排列） ............................... 286 （一）專書 ............................................................................................... 286 （二）期刊論文 ....................................................................................... 286 （三）學位論文 ....................................................................................... 286 （四）官方文件 ....................................................................................... 287 （五）網際網路 ....................................................................................... 287 二、英文參考文獻（按字首英文字母順序排列） ....................................... 287 （一）國際條約 ....................................................................................... 287 （二）宣言 ............................................................................................... 288 （三）反仿冒貿易協定最終版本暨官方草案 ....................................... 288 （四）案例 ............................................................................................... 289 （五）字典 ............................................................................................... 289 （六）專書 ............................................................................................... 289 （七）英文論文集文章 ........................................................................... 290 （八）研討會論文集 ............................................................................... 290 （九）期刊論文 ....................................................................................... 290 （十）網際網路 ....................................................................................... 293

    參考文獻
    一、中文參考文獻（按作者姓氏筆畫由少至多排列）
    （一）專書
    1. 林彩瑜著（2009）。《貿易與公共衛生法律問題》。台北：元照。
    2. 馮震宇著（2006）。《國際智慧財產公約及國際發展趨勢》。台北：經濟部智
    慧財產局。
    3. 羅昌發著（2010）。《國際貿易法》。台北：元照。
    （二）期刊論文
    1. 黃建凱（2010）。〈反仿冒貿易協定草案內容探討〉，《智慧財產權》，140 期，
    頁14-26。
    2. 黃建凱（2010）。〈反仿冒貿易協定談判諮商探討〉，《智慧財產權》，140 期，
    頁5-13。
    3. 葉德輝（2011）。〈新商標法政策方向之觀察〉，《智慧財產權月刊》，152 期，
    頁24。
    4. 陳宏杰（2012）。〈由商標法制與實務觀點，解析反仿冒貿易協定〉，《智慧財
    產權月刊》，163 期，頁48-102。
    （三）學位論文
    1. 鄭燕黛（2009）。《論反仿冒貿易協定談判與智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構之
    分合》。國立政治大學國際經營與貿易研究所。
    2. 姜瑋茨（2011）。《著作權之保護與實踐－以TRIPs 第六十一條「商業規模」
    為中心》，逢甲大學財經法律研究所。
    287
    （四）官方文件
    1. 經濟部智慧財產局，施政計畫：貫徹保護智慧財產權行動計畫。
    2. 鍾士偉、周仕筠與王綉娟（2010）。《赴日本出席「第34 屆台日經濟貿易會
    議」出國報告》，經濟部智慧財產局。
    （五）網際網路
    1. http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=340833
    2. http://taiwan.wtocenter.org.tw/WTOintro.asp
    3. http://www.copyrightnote.org/
    4. http://www.tipo.gov.tw/ch/index.aspx
    5. http://www.trade.gov.tw/cwto/
    6. http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/success.htm
    7. http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=11768
    5
    8. http://www2.cna.com.tw/News/aFE/201112090216.aspx#
    9. www.itis.org.tw/
    二、英文參考文獻（按字首英文字母順序排列）
    （一）國際條約
    1. Agreement on Safeguards, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/25-safeg_e.htm
    2. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Annex 1C
    of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_01_e.htm
    3. Amendment of the TRIPS Agreement, December 8, 2005, WT/L/641, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/wtl641_e.htm
    288
    4. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, September 9,
    1886, WO001EN, also see http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/
    5. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm#top
    6. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947), also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm
    7. WIPO Copyright Treaty, December 20, 1996, WO033EN, also
    see http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/
    8. WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, December 20, 1996, WO034EN,
    also see http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/
    （二）宣言
    1. Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, November 14, 2001,
    WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm
    2. Implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS
    Agreement and Public Health, September 1, 2003, WT/L/540 and Corr.1, also
    see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/implem_para6_e.htm
    （三）反仿冒貿易協定最終版本暨官方草案
    1. 4 月草案：Consolidated Text (April 2010),
    from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text.
    pdf
    2. 10 月草案：Consolidated Text produced at the Final Round of Negotiation
    (October 2010),
    from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text_
    101006.pdf
    3. 11 月草案：Participants in the Negotiations Finalized the Text of the Agreement
    (November 2010),
    289
    from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/pdfs/trade-agreement10
    11.pdf
    4. 12 月草案：Completion of the legal review on the text of the Agreement
    (December 2010),
    from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/12/PDF/120601.pdf
    5. 最終版本：Legally verified text of the ACTA Trade Agreement. (April 15, 2011),
    from http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/ass
    ets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf
    （四）案例
    China — Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property
    Rights, DS362, see
    also http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds362_e.htm
    （五）字典
    Garner, Bryan A., Newman, Jeff, & Jackson, Tiger. (Eds.). (9 ed.). West Group.
    （六）專書
    1. Brokate, Brian W., & Winsor, Christina L. (2010). Intellectual Property Law
    Institute 2010: Practising Law Institute.
    2. Drezner, Daniel W. (2008). All Politics Is Global: Explaining International
    Regulatory Regimes. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
    3. Li, Xuan, & Correa, Carlos Maria (Eds.). (2009). Intellectual property
    enforcement: international perspectives: Edward Elgar.
    4. Schmidt, Luis C. (Database updated December 2011). Copyright Throughout the
    World (Vol. 2): Thomson West.
    5. Trainer, Timothy P., & Allums, Vicki E. (Database updated May 2011).
    Protecting intellectual property rights across borders: Thomson West.
    290
    （七）英文論文集文章
    Tellez, Viviana Muñoz. (2009). The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual
    Property Enforcement: A New Challenge for Developing Countries. In Xuan Li &
    Carlos Maria Correa (Eds.), Intellectual property enforcement: international
    perspectives (pp. 239). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
    （八）研討會論文集
    Geiger, Christophe, Geist, Michael, Pugatch, Meir, Torstensson, David, & Vrins,
    Olivier. (2012, March 1). THE ANTI-COUNTERFEITING TRADE AGREEMENT
    (ACTA) Paper presented at the WORKSHOP: THE ANTI-COUNTERFEITING
    TRADE AGREEMENT (ACTA), Brussels.
    （九）期刊論文
    1. Ayoob, Emily. (2010). Recent Development: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade
    Agreement. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 28.
    2. Baker, Brook K. (2011). ACTA -- Risks of Third-Party Enforcement for Access
    to Medicines. [Article]. American University International Law Review, 26.
    3. Bridy, Annemarie. (2011). ACTA and The Specter of Graduated Response.
    [Article]. American University International Law Review, 26.
    4. Flynn, Sean. (2011). ACTA's Constitutional Problem: The Treaty is Not a Treaty.
    [Article]. American University International Law Review, 26.
    5. Garamgaibaatar, Khaliunaa. (2011). The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement:
    Copyrights, Intermediaries, and Digital Pirates. CommLaw Conspectus, 20.
    6. Goff, T. Jesse. (2010). Regulation of Digital Copyrights and Trademarks at The
    U.S. Border: How The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement and The
    Enacted U.S. PRO-IP ACT Will Destabilize The Current System. [Notes &
    Comments]. Southwestern Journal of International Law, 16.
    291
    7. Hanley, Jennifer L. (2012). ISP Liability and Safe Harbor Provisions:
    Implications of Evolving International Law for The Approach Set Out in Viacom
    v. Youtube. Journal of International Business and Law, 11.
    8. Jacobs, Brent C., & Barengolts, Phillip. (2011). The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade
    Agreement (ACTA): What It Is and How It Will Affect Intellectual Property
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