研究生: |
葉秋雲 Chiu-Yun,Yeh |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
國中生關係攻擊受害經驗與自尊之關聯:以人際親密能力為調節變項 Relational Aggression Victimization and Self-esteem in Adolescents: Intimacy Competence as a Moderator. |
指導教授: | 古明峰 |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
|
論文出版年: | 2015 |
畢業學年度: | 103 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 100 |
中文關鍵詞: | 關係攻擊受害 、同儕受害 、自尊 、人際親密能力 |
外文關鍵詞: | relational aggression victimization ,, peer victimization, self-esteem, intimacy competence |
相關次數: | 點閱:2 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
中文摘要
本研究旨在探討國中生的關係攻擊受害經驗與自尊、人際親密能力之相關情形,並探究人際親密能力在關係攻擊受害經驗與自尊之間的調節作用。本研究以新竹、台中、彰化、雲林縣市的8所公立國民中學692位學生為研究對象(男生328位,女生364位),將所得問卷資料以描述統計、t檢定、積差相關、典型相關、單因子多變量變異數分析、多元迴歸以及階層迴歸等統計方法進行資料分析。研究發現:一、國中生關係攻擊受害經驗可區分為「忽視排擠受害」與「威脅中傷受害」;二、國中生關係攻擊受害經驗有顯著性別差異,男生受害程度高於女生;三、自尊之「無力感」對國中生關係攻擊受害經驗的預測力最高;四、人際親密能力之「主動/表露能力」對國中生「忽視排擠受害」具有正向預測力;五、人際親密能力及其分量表「衝突處理能力」對國中生關係攻擊受害經驗與自尊之間皆具有調節效果;六、人際親密能力及其分量表「情緒支持能力」、「衝突處理能力」對國中生「忽視排擠受害」與自尊之間具有調節效果。
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among the experiences of relational aggression victimization, self-esteem, and intimacy competence in adolescents, and to examine the moderatoring role of intimacy competence in the relationship between relational aggression victimization and self-esteem. The participants consisted of 692 adolescents (328 boys and 368 girls) from 8 junior high schools in Hsinchu, Taichung, Changhua, and Yunlin area. The collected data were analyzed by the descriped statistics, t-test, product-moment correlation, canonical correlation, one-way MANOVA, multiple regression, and hierarchical regression respectively. The main findings were as followed: (1) The experiences of relational aggression victimization was composed of two aspects. The two aspects were “ignore & alienation victimization” and “gossip & rumor victimization”. (2) Boys were significantly more relational aggressive victimizated than girls in this sample of adolescents. (3) The variable of “powerless” was effectively predictive of the experiences of relational aggression victimization. (4) The variable of “initiation/disclosure” was predictive of “ignore & alienation victimization”. (5) Intimacy competence and the variable of “conflict management” moderated the link between relational aggression victimization and self-esteem in adolescents. (6) Intimacy competence and the two variables –“emotional support” and “conflict management” – moderated the link between “ignore & alienation victimization” and self-esteem in adolescents.
一、中文部分
王以仁(2007)。人際關係與溝通。新北市:心理。
王孜甯(2008)。「情境式關係攻擊量表」的發展—成年初顯期之關係攻擊(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
王明傳(2010)。青少年前期兒童的同儕間接攻擊之受害經驗與反應評鑑(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣大學,新北市。
王明傳、雷庚玲(2008)。華人青少年前期兒童之間接攻擊行爲的反應評鑑與情緒經驗。 中華心理學刊,50(1),71-90。
王慶福(1995)。大學生愛情關係徑路模式之分析研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
王慶福、王郁茗(2007)。大學生性別角色取向與人際能力、關係適應之比較。中山醫學雜誌,18,217-230。
王慶福、林幸台、張德榮(1997)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。中國測驗學會測驗年刊,44(2),63-78。
甘孟龍(2013)。青少年自尊特質、家庭型態與憤怒型式之相關研究。中華輔導與諮商學報,36,91-116。
白嘉玲(2009)。不同背景變項的單身成人依附風格、宗教認同態度和人際親密能力之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
余銹梅(2010)。兒童的霸凌經驗與同儕關係(未出版之碩士論文)。玄奘大學,新竹市。
吳元蓉(2006)。大學生自尊、人際親密與憂鬱之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
吳怡欣、張景媛(2000)。青少年與重要他人的情感關係和其自尊之相關研究暨訪談內容分析。教育心理學報,32(1),15-39。
吳明隆、涂金堂(2013)。SPSS與統計應用分析。新北市:五南。
吳柄緯(2011)。老人人際親密、社會參與及心理健康狀況之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北教育大學,新北市。
吳齊殷、李珮瑋(2001)。友誼網路對青少年心理健康之影響。青少年生命歷程與生活調適研討會。新北市:中研院。
巫博瀚、陸偉明(2010)。延宕交叉相關與二階層線性成長模式在台灣青少年自尊的發現。測驗學刊,57(4),541-565。
李志偉(2011)。青少年霸凌類型與其影響因素調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
李娟慧(2000)。青少年自尊、社會支持與社會適應之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
李盛芬(2010)。青少年寬恕之相關因素及自尊調節效果研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
沈如瑩(2003)。國中小學生自尊與自我概念、生活適應關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,台南市。
沈怡吟(2011)。國中學生生活壓力、自尊與希望感之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,新北市。
兒童福利聯盟文教基金會(2013)。2013台灣校園關係霸凌調查報告。2014年9月,取自 https://www.children.org.tw/
兒童福利聯盟文教基金會(2014)。2014台灣校園霸凌狀況調查報告。2014年9月,取自https://www.children.org.tw/
林以正、黃金蘭(2006)。親密感之日常社會互動基礎:一個縱貫式的研究。中華心理學刊,48(1),35-52。
林正綺(2010)。高中職生關係攻擊行為與社會焦慮、自尊之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,新北市。
林君徽(2007)。國小高年級學童間接攻擊與自我概念之探究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
林杏足(1997)。諮商中當事人自尊改變歷程之分析研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
林杏足(2003)。青少年自尊量表編製報告。測驗學刊,50(2),223-256。
林苡彤、程景琳(2010)。國中生關係攻擊加害者與受害者之規範信念、同理心與因應策略。臺東大學教育學報,21(2),1-28。
林淑菁(2005)。國小高年級學生的關係性攻擊及外顯性攻擊與其友誼關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台中教育大學,台中市。
林慧姿、程景琳(2006)。國小六年級學童自尊、情緒調節與友誼之相關研究。教育心理學報,38(2),177-193。
林耀盛、李仁宏、吳英璋(2006)雙親教養態度、家庭功能與青少年憂鬱傾向關係探討。臨床心理學刊,3(1),35-45。
邱文彬、林美珍(1999)。大學生發展成熟的人際關係中親密性能力的發展:自我揭露與自主性之年級與性別差異的探討。教育心理學報,31(1),37-62。
邱珍琬(2002)。國小校園欺凌行為實際-學生觀點。初等教育學刊,11,219-250。
柯宜呈(2008)。國中女生受欺凌經驗之探究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
洪佳慈(2011)。青少女人際吸引力與關係攻擊行為之關係研究—以台北市高中職生為例(未出版之碩士論文)。淡江大學,新北市。
郭靜晃(1993)。發展心理學。新北市:揚智。
孫允寬(譯)(1996)。自尊心:六項自尊基礎的實踐法(原作者:N. Branden)。新北市:遠流。(原著出版年:1990)
唐雅琳(2009)。大學生在關係攻擊中真實受害經驗之探究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
徐秋芳(2012)。國小學童依附關係、衝動性格與遭受關係霸凌之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
徐嫚淳(2007)。國中生生活壓力,自尊與其幸福感之相關研究:以復原力的觀點探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
張玉姍、程景琳(2014)。小團體輔導對遭遇關係攻擊之國中女生的輔導成效。中等教育,65(2),63-85。
張春興(主編)(2002)。張氏心理學辭典。新北市:東華。
張愷倫(2011)。臺灣地區國中生自尊與身心症狀研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
粘絢雯、程景琳(2010)。國中班級經營與班級氣氛相關因素之探討:關係攻擊與關係受害。教育實踐與研究,23(1),57-84。
連廷嘉、黃俊豪(譯)(2004)。青少年心理學(原作者:F. P. Rice , K.G. Dolgin)。新北市:學富。(原著出版年:2001)
陳奕君(2014)。國中女生關係攻擊之受害經驗、因應效能與因應策略之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台北教育大學,新北市。
陳秀菁、吳麗娟、林世華(2004)。大學生的共依附特質、人際親密能力與親密感之相關研究。教育心理學報,36(2),145-164。
陳莉青(2012)。大學生回溯遭受校園霸凌經驗、霸凌負向反應與人際親密能力之調查研究(未出版之碩士論文)。淡江大學,新北市。
陳斐柔(2012)。大學生人際親密能力、寂寞感與憂鬱之關係(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,台中市。
曾文志(1996)。成年早期婚姻親密量表之編製及影響婚姻親密之因素探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
曾如瑩(譯)(2003)。怪女孩出列(Odd Girl Out)(原作者:R. Simmons)。新北市:商周。
程景琳(2009)。No Blood Means Less Harm?: Relational Aggression and Peer Rejection in Adolescence(青少年之關係攻擊與同儕拒絕)。教育心理學報,40(3),511-528。
程景琳(2010)。社交計量及同儕知覺受歡迎度與青少年關係攻擊及孤寂感之相關研究。教育心理學報,42(1),143-162。
程景琳(2014)。不動拳頭之校園霸凌-論關係攻擊之性別因素與發展階段特性。輔導季刊,50(1),2-11。
程景琳、廖小雯、林苡彤、粘絢雯(2009)。國中生關係攻擊受害經驗量表之編制。2009 年中國測驗學會年會暨心理與教育測驗學術研討會發表之論文,新北市。
程景琳、廖小雯(2012)。國中生關係受害經驗與心理孤寂感之關聯及調節因子之檢驗。健康促進與衛生教育學報,38,1-25。
傅天余(製作人、導演)( 2006 )。自然捲【電視單元劇】。公視畢業生故事系列。新北市:財團法人公共電視文化事業基金會。
辜靖淳(2012)。邊緣性人格疾患者 情緒辨識、情緒覺察、同理心 與人際親密之關聯性研究(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
黃心怡(2009)。國中生關係攻擊受害經驗與心理社會適應之關係:友誼特性的角色(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
黃朗文(2001)。社會情境因素與自我概念之變與不變:從青少年初期到青少年中後期之延展。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告,未出版。
黃莉娟(2010)。國中學生自戀特質、自尊與攻擊行為之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
黃瓈箴(2012)。大學生成人依附風格、自尊與人際親密能力之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,台中市。
楊承浩(2014)。國中生互動關係對霸凌反應影響之研究-以自尊為調節變項(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學,嘉義縣。
楊雅雯、程景琳(2013)。青少年之關係攻擊行為與同儕接納度及同儕能見度之關聯。台灣心理學會第52屆年會暨「心理學知識的跨領域鏈結」專題研討會。2013年10月19-20日。新北市:政治大學。
劉婉柔(2013)。大學生自尊、人際親密能力與關係適應之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
蔡慧苓(2006)。國小兒童關係性攻擊/受害行為與生活適應之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學,新竹市。
鄭方媛、賴香如(2007)。台北市某國中學生自尊與相關因素研究。衛生教育學報,27, 93-122。
鄭秀足(2004)。國中生生活壓力、自尊與偏差行為之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學,彰化市。
鄭喜月(2005)。高中職學生異性交往關係品質與人際親密能力、性別角色之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
賴美蒨(2009)。大學生背景變項、人際親密、社會支持與幸福感之差異研究(未出版之碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,新北市。
謝秋嬋(2008)。大學生人際親密、自尊與幸福感之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。輔仁大學,新北市。
藍珮君(2006)。國中女生關係攻擊行為及意圖歸因、友誼品質、自我概念之相關研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,新北市。
顏映馨(1999)。大學生的生活風格,人際親密和幸福感關係之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
蘇郁惠(2008)。遭受關係攻擊與青少年社會心理適應:以社會支持為調節變項(未出版之碩士論文)。國立交通大學,新竹市。
蘇嘉蓉(2013)。青少年自尊發展趨勢及相關影響因素探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學,台南市。
蘇曉憶、戴嘉南(2008)。青少年完美主義、自尊與其憂鬱傾向之相關研究。諮商輔導學報:高師輔導所刊,18, 123-154。
二、西文部分
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 27, 51-77.
Archer, J., & Coyne, S. M. (2005). An integrated review of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(3), 212-230.
Baker, O. E., & Bugay,A. (2011). Mediator and moderator role of loneliness in the relationship between peer victimization and depressive symptoms. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21(2), 175-185.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33.
Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Children’s perceptions of friendships as supportive relationshiops. Development Psychology, 22, 640-648.
Besag, E. V. (2006). Understanding girl’s friendships, fights and feuds: A practical approach to girl’s bullying. New York: Open University Press.
Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117-127.
Borba, M. (1989). Esteem builders. CA: Jalmar Press.
Brown, B. B. (1989). The role of peer groups in adolescents adjustment to secondary school. In T. J. Berndt & G.W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp.188-215). New York: Wiley.
Branden, N. (1990). What is self-esteem? Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED 325783)
Buhrmester, D. (1990) . Intimacy of Friendship, Interpersonal Competence, and Adjustment during Preadolescence and Adolescence. Child Development, 61(4), 1101-1111.
Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T.(1988).Five Domains of Interpersonal Competence in Peer Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 991-1008.
Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: Wiley.
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariepy, J. (1989). Growth and aggression: Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 320-330.
Campos, M. A. S., & Marturano, E. M. (2003). Interpersonal competence, school problems and transition from childhood to adolescence. Paideia: Cadernos de Psicologia e Educacao, 13(25), 73-84.
Cassidy, J. (2001). Truth, lies, and intimacy: An attachment perspective. Attachment & Human Development, 3(2), 121-155.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H., Buhrmester, D.(2013). The mediating role of interpersonal competence between adolescents' empathy and friendship quality: A dyadic approach. Journal of Adolescence, 36(1), 191-200.
Coopersmith S.(1967).The Antecedents of Self-esteem. San Francisco and London:W. H. Freeman and Company.
Coopersmith, S.(1981). SEI: Self-Esteem Inventories. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Craig, W. Harel-Fisch. Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H. Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., …the HBSC Bullying Writing Group. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimisation among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health ,54, 216-224.
Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317-2327.
Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 66(2), 337-347.
Crick, N. R., Bigbee, M. A., & Howes, C. (1996). Gender differences in children’s normative beliefs about aggression: How do I hurt thee? Let me count the ways. Child Development, 67, 1003-1014.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J.K.(1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter. J. K. (1996). Children' s treatment by peers: victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367-380.
Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within Friendships: nobody told me there’d be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 599-607.
Crick, N. R., Nelson, D. A., Morales, J. R., Cullerton-Sen, C., Casas, J. F., & Hickman, S. E. (2001). Relational victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: I hurt you through the Grapevine. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham(Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized (pp.196-214). New York: Guilford Press.
Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 299.
Erath, S., Flanagan, K., & Bierman, K. (2008). Early adolescent school adjustment: Associations with friendship and peer victimization. Social Development, 17, 853–870.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2 nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
Feshbach, S. (1964). The function of aggression and the regulation of the aggressive drive. Psychological Review, 71, 257-272.
Galen, B. R., & Underwood, M. K. (1997). A developmental investigation of social aggression among children. Developmental Psychology, 33, 589-600.
Grills, A. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Peer Victimization, Global Self-Worth, and Anxiety in Middle School Children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31(1), 59-68.
Grotpeter, J. K., & Crick, N. R. (1996). Relational aggression, overt aggression, and friendship. Child Development, 67, 2328-2338.
Guindon, M. H., (2002). Toward Accountability in the Use of the Self‐Esteem Construct. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 204-214.
Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In Paul H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp.275-468). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Harter, S. (1990). Adolescent self and identity development. In S.S.Feldman&Elliot G.R. (Ed.), At the threshold : The developing adolescent.(pp.352-387),Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
Hansson, R. O., Jones, W. H., & Carpenter, B. N. (1984). Relational competence and social support. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 265-284.
Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski,W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101.
Kamper, K., Ostrov, J., Kamper, K., & Ostrov, J. (2013). Relational Aggression in Middle Childhood Predicting Adolescent Social-Psychological Adjustment: The Role of Friendship Quality. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(6), 855-862.
Kaukiainen, A., Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Osterman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S., & Ahlboom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25(2), 81.
Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Bjökqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is Indirect Aggression Typical of Females? Aggressive Behavior, 14(6), 403-414.
Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Henrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the ”whys“ from the “whats” of aggressive behavior. International Journal of Behavior Development, 27, 122-133.
Lin, H. C., Tang, T. C., Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Huang, C. F., Liu, S. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Depression and its association with self-esteem, family, peer and school factors in a population of 9586 adolescents in southern Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 412-420.
Margolin, S. (2001). Intervention for nonaggressive peer-rejected children and adolescents: A review of the literature. Children & Schools, 23(3), 143-159.
Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & Cura, Y.(2006). Direct and indirect bully‐victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 551-569.
Matsui, T., Tsuzuki, Y., Kakuyama, T., & Onglatco, M. L. (1996). Long-term outcomes of early victimization by peers among Japanese male university students: model of a vicious cycle. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 711.
Mullin-Rindler, N. (2003). New Fixes for Relational Aggression. Education Digest, 69(1), 9-11.
Mruk,C. (1995). Self-esteem:Research, theory, and practice. New York: Springer.
Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1995). Children’s Friendship Relations : A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306-347.
Nezlek, J. B., & Plesko, R. M. (2001). Day-to-day relationships among self-concept clarity, self-esteem, daily events, and mood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 201-211.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.
Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 35 (7), 1171-1190.
O' Moore, M., & Kirkham, C. (2001). Self-Esteem and Its Relationship to Bullying Behaviour. Aggressive Behavior, 27(4), 269.
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2006). Bullying prevention: Creating a positive school climate and developing social competence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ostrowsky, M. K. (2009). Are violent people more likely to have low self-esteem or high self-esteem? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 69-75.
Parker, J.G., & Asher, S.R. (1993).Friendship and Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood:Links With Peer Group Acceptance and Feelings of Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611-621.
Parker, J. G., Rubin, K. H., Price, J. M., & DeRosier, M. E. (1995). Peer relationships, child development, and adjustment: A developmental psychopathology perspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J.Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. II). New York: Wiley.
Papps, B. P., & O' Carroll, R. E., (1998). Extremes of self‐esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 24(6), 421-438.
Paquette, J. A. & Underwood, M. (1999). Gender Differences in Young Adolescents' Experiences of Peer Victimization: Social and Physical Aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 233-258.
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., Vernberg, E. M., (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 479.
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal procdss. In S.W. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367-389). Chichester, England:Wiley.
Remillard, A., & Lamb, S. (2005). Adolescent Girls' Coping With Relational Aggression. Sex Roles, 53(3), 221-229.
Reasoner, R. W. (1982). Building self-esteem: A comprehensive program. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Rose, A. J., Swenson, L. P., & Waller, E. M. (2004). Overt and Relational Aggression and Perceived Popularity: Developmental Differences in Concurrent and Prospective Relations. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 378-387.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2005). Self-esteem development across the lifespan. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 158-162.
Savin-Williams, R. C., & Berndt, T. J. (1990). Friendship and peer relationships. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott(Eds.), At the Threshold: The developing adolescent(pp.277-307). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Selman, R.(1980).The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and Clinical analyses. NY: Academic Press.
Smith, M., Wething, E., & Zhan, G. (1996). Self-concept clarity and preferred coping style. Journal of Personality, 64, 407-434.
Storch, E. A., & Masia-Warner, C. (2004). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescent females. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 351-362.
Tafarodi, R.W., & Swann,W.B. (1995). Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a Measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322-342.
Tomada, G.., & Schneider, B. H. (1997). Relational aggression, gender, and peer acceptance: Invariance across culture, stability over time, and concordance among informants. Developmental Psychology, 33, 601-609.
Tritt, C., & Duncan, R. D. (1997). The relationship between childhood bullying and young adult self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Humanistic Education & Development, 36, 35-44.
Underwood, M. K. (2003). Social aggression among girls. New York: Guilford.
Underwood, M. K., & Ehrenreich, S. E., (2014). Bullying May Be Fueled by the Desperate Need to Belong. Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 265-270.
Woods, S., Done, J., & Kalsi, H., (2009). Peer victimisation and internalising difficulties: The moderating role of friendship quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 293-308.
Yoon, J. S., Barton, E., & Taiariol, T. (2004). Relational aggression in middle school: Educational implications in development research. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(3), 303-318.
You, J. I., & Bellmore, A. (2012). Relational peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment: The mediating role of best friendship qualities. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 340-353.
Youngs, B. B. (1991). The 6 vital ingredients of self-esteem: How to develop them in your students. California: Jalmar Press.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Pronk, R., Goodwin, B., Mastro, S., & Crick, N. (2013). Connected and Isolated Victims of Relational Aggression: Associations with Peer Group Status and Differences between Girls and Boys. Sex Roles, 68(5), 363-377.