類金屬元素如砷及銻雖然在自然界中普遍存在，但在工業上的使用卻促使環境中部份區域的濃度明顯增加，造成土壤或地下水汙染；了解砷及銻在環境中的流布、遷移以及在生物體內與地質圈中的化學特性對於防治相關汙染極其重要。銻儘管具有毒性，但對比於其他重金屬仍未受到足夠的重視，且相關的分析技術仍有待精進。化學分析中的物種分析技術可有效了解環境中類金屬的相關毒性與宿命流布，但在使用如感應耦合電漿技術或液相層析質譜技術時常會受限於待測物不同的氧化態或是有限的穩定有機物種，若可分析或檢測較不穩定且相對低濃度的物種，將可更全面的了解類金屬元素在環境中的傳輸及分布狀況。研究上有多種光譜分析技術可量測砷及銻之總濃度與環境中不同的物種濃度，但通常這些儀器體積龐大、昂貴且不適合在樣品現場進行分析；而電化學方法具有價格合理、可移動、體積小、操作便利且可在樣品現場進行分析，特別是應用金微線圈電極，可有效分析無機砷及銻的物種，具有成本優勢、可於採樣現場分析且能偵測較不穩定的物種。
本研究嘗試了解類金屬物種的最終穩定型態與其對應的傳輸流布過程，研究目的包括應用電化學伏安法了解砷及銻在羧酸類溶液—木質部樹液之主要成分內的傳輸情形。此技術也預期能了解銻與無機物或有機物的錯合模式，更深一層認識銻的微弱、易解離物種及穩定錯合物，特別是目前還未有相關電化學方法探討砷及銻在酸鹼值5的環境下之物種資訊，因為這些物種在此環境下多半形成微弱的有機錯化物而無法以傳統層析方法偵測，伏安法預期將可有效補充傳統層析法或其他混合技術未能取得之資訊。

Metalloids like arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) are naturally present at low concentrations but the increased use of this metalloids in the environment has led to environmental soil and groundwater contamination issues and understanding their biogeochemical cycling is of prime importance to predict potential contamination issues. Despite its toxicity, Sb received little analytical attention compared to other toxic heavy metals. However, speciation analysis is necessary to understand the toxicity and fate of each metalloid species in the environment. The speciation of metalloids is however often limited to the differentiation of oxidation states and identification of stable organic species by techniques such as ICP and LC-MS. The detection and identification of more reactive, relatively weak complexes that can play a preponderant role in the transport of these elements are however much less known. There is a wide range of available spectroscopic techniques for total Sb and As determination and speciation in real environment samples. But the equipment often used for such analysis are bulky, expensive, and immobile. The necessity for a cheap, portable, smaller and simpler analytical technique that can be used in the field were all the reasons for using electrochemical methods. One of the techniques is by using a gold microwire electrode that is well suited for the speciation of inorganic arsenic and antimony that has the advantage of low cost, portability, and may detect weak complex.
The main focus of this study is trying to understand where metalloid species are ending up and how they are being transported. This thesis investigated the bio-uptake of metalloids (inorganic antimony and arsenic) by plants and the development of electroanalytical methods for antimony detection and speciation.
Bio-uptake of metalloids were using a hydroponic experiment of cucumber plant chosen as a model plant to assess the impact of As or Sb species, plant age, exposure duration and metalloid concentration to overall plant morphology. A new method of microdialysis was developed. Being less destructive and less invasive, it can be a useful tool for xylem sap sampling allowing researchers to simulate nutrient/toxic metal uptake, translocation and absorption while taking into consideration the effect of transpiration.
The other aim of this study is to use voltammetry to study complexation of such elements with e.g. carboxylic acids, preponderant components of xylem sap that might strongly affect the translocation of As and Sb. Voltammetric methods were developed for (1) complexation studies of Sb(III) with xylem sap samples and determination of stability constants of Sb(III) with low molecular weight ligands and cation mediated reduction of Sb(V) using monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations. We have demonstrated the feasibility to quantitatively study the complexation of the presence of Sb(III) complex with low molecular weight ligands, specifically EDTA, DTPA, TA, and GSH using a voltammetric method (pseudopolarography on Au electrode) at ppb levels. The technique may also be that will be used to gain insights into the complexation patterns of inorganic and organic bound Sb and highlight the formation of weak, fast dissociating species as well as inert, stable, complexes. Voltammetry may complement nicely the commonly that will be used chromatographic and hyphenated techniques.

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