本研究旨在透過言語流暢性與事件相關腦電位測試，探討雙語者的心理詞彙建構。兩個實驗皆包含華語和客語兩種語言，實驗一言語流暢性測試依據日常生活常用的範疇，歸納出十六項類別，受試者以口述方式在30秒內盡可能說出與該語義類別相關聯的詞彙，為避免跨語言干涉的影響，兩次測試需間隔一個月，而蒐錄所得的詞彙，將作為實驗二事件相關腦電位測試的實驗語料。實驗二事件相關腦電位測試以N400腦波成分作為詞彙觸接和語義整合的指標，實驗以聽覺方式呈現，實驗語料依實驗一的結果低分為高典型性詞彙、中典型性詞彙、低典型性詞彙和不同類詞彙。為平衡測試順序所引起的效果，兩個實驗中的奇數號受試者先做華語測試，偶數號受試者先做客語測試。
實驗一的實驗結果顯示客華雙語的受試者，在同一語義類別中，因測試語言的不同而引出不同的高典型性詞彙與低典型性詞彙。這樣的反應在實驗二進一步得到驗證，同一個語義類別所聯結的高典型性詞彙與低典型性詞彙會在不同的語言中呈現不同的結果。實驗二基於原型理論操弄實驗語料，受試者的腦波反應顯現出其心理詞彙依語別而建構，就同一個語義類別來說，客語所聯結的高典型性詞彙，在華語為低典型性詞彙；反之，客語所聯結的低典型性詞彙，在華語為高典型性詞彙。以上兩個實驗的結果分別從產出和接受兩方面，反映出客華雙語人心理詞彙庫中的對譯詞項具有不同的建構。

The purpose of this study is to explore the construct of bilingual mental lexicon through the tests of verbal fluency and event-related potentials. Both experiments are tested with the languages of Hakka and Mandarin. The partipants of the two experiments are Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals.
In Experiment 1, the verbal fluency test, the subjects are asked to produce as many examples as possible for some semantic category in 30 seconds. There are 16 categories included. In experiment 2, the ERP test, the subjects are asked to decide if the word, which is presented to him auditorily, belongs to some certain semantic category or not. The category is given beforw the target word as a prime. The N400 component is used as an indicator of lexical access and semantic integration in Experiment 2.
The results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 converge to demonstrate that the construct of one individuutal language in the bilingual lexicon is different form that of the other. With the delicate manipulations of the experiment stimuli, the results show that the typical examples of some semantic category in Hakka are the atypical ones in Mandarin. That points out the correspondent words in translation are by no means constructed the same in the mental lexicon of the Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals, based on the interpretation of the prototype theory.

中文文獻
吳文春、陳俊、麥穗妍(2015)。熟練潮-普雙言者的語義通達機制：來自通道比較的證據。心理科學，38(3)，521-528。
呂勇、沈德立、杜英春、韓宗義 (2004)。聽覺呈現條件下漢語雙字詞語義漢語音啟動的 ERP 研究。心理科學，27（1），8-12。
李如蕙、曾志朗 (2016)。雙語處理的腦神經理論：舊題新探. Language and Linguistics，17(2)，147-193。
林泳海、杜立操、閔蘭斌(2009)。瑤族兒童雙語語義表徵方式的研究。廣西師範大學學報 (哲學社會科學版)，45(4)，69-72。
桂詩春（2000）。新編心理語言學 [M]。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
崔占玲、王德強。(2012)。少數民族雙語者的語言表徵和語言聯繫。心理科學進展，20(8)，1222-1228。
張積家、張鳳玲。(2014)。熟練粵語-普通話雙言者聽覺詞的語言表徵。心理與行為研究，12(4)，433-440。
梁建娥、李華。(2014)。維-漢雙語語義認知的事件相關電位特徵研究。生理學報，4，009。
盛瑞鑫、熱比古麗・白克力、郭桃梅。(2007)。熟練維-漢雙語者漢語語義的通達機制。心理學探新，1。
麥穗妍、陳俊。(2014)。非熟練潮-粵雙言者的語義通達：來自聽覺詞加工的證據。心理學報，46(2)，227-237。
彭聃齡。（2004）。普通心理學。北京：北京師範大學出版社。
趙豔芳。(2000)。認知語言學的理論基礎及形成過程。外國語，1，29-36。
魏景漢、羅躍嘉。(2002)。認知事件相關腦電位教程。北京：經濟日報出版社。
陸愛桃、張積家。(2006)。言語流暢性與雙語研究。現代生物醫學進展，6(8)，73-75。

西文文獻
Aitchison, J. （1987）. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Oxford：Blackwell.
Aitchison, J. （2012）. Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. John Wiley & Sons.
Bentin, S., McCarthy, G., & Wood, C. C. (1985). Event-related potentials, lexical decision and semantic priming. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 60(4), 343-355.
Carrol, D. W.（2008）. Psychology of Language (5th edition) [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chen, H. C., & Ng, M. L. (1989). Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory & cognition, 17(4), 454-462.
Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 8(2), 240-247.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological review, 82(6), 407.
Cruse, D. A. (1990). Prototype theory and lexical semantics. Meanings and prototypes: Studies in linguistic categorization, 402.
de Groot, A. M. (1992). Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(5), 1001.
Ellis, R. (2005). Principles of instructed language learning. System, 33(2), 209-224.
Federmeier, K. D., & Kutas, M. (1999). A rose by any other name: Long-term memory structure and sentence processing. Journal of memory and Language, 41(4), 469-495.
Fjaellingsdal, T. G., Ruigendijk, E., Scherbaum, S., & Bleichner, M. G. (2016). The N400 Effect during Speaker-Switch—Towards a Conversational Approach of Measuring Neural Correlates of Language. Frontiers in psychology, 7.
Forster, K. I. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. in rj wales & ew walker (eds.), New approaches to language mechanisms (pp. 257-287）.
Forster, K. I. (1979). Levels of processing and the structure of the language processes. Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merril Garret, 27-84.
Francis, W. S. (2005). Bilingual semantic and conceptual representation. Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, 251-267.
French, R. M., & Jacquet, M. (2004). Understanding bilingual memory: models and data. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 87-93.
Gaskell, M. G., & Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1997). Integrating form and meaning: A distributed model of speech perception. Language and cognitive Processes, 12(5-6), 613-656.
George, M. S., Mannes, S., & Hoffman, J. E. (1997). Individual differences in inference generation: An ERP analysis. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 9(6), 776-787.
Grosjean, F. (1988). Exploring the recognition of guest words in bilingual speech. Language and cognitive processes, 3(3), 233-274.
Hagoort, P., Brown, C., & Groothusen, J. (1993). The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and cognitive processes, 8(4), 439-483.
Holcomb, P. J. (1993). Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for the role of the N400 in language processing. Psychophysiology, 30(1), 47-61.
Hyland, K., & Hyland, F. (Eds.). (2006). Feedback in second language writing: Contexts and issues. Cambridge university press.
Illes, J., Francis, W. S., Desmond, J. E., Gabrieli, J. D., Glover, G. H., Poldrack, R., ... & Wagner, A. D. (1999). Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain and language, 70(3), 347-363.
Kerkhofs, R., Dijkstra, T., Chwilla, D. J., & De Bruijn, E. R. (2006). Testing a model for bilingual semantic priming with interlingual homographs: RT and N400 effects. Brain research, 1068(1), 170-183.
Kormos, J. (2014). Speech production and second language acquisition. Routledge.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1990). Concept mediation in bilingual translation.
Kroll, J. F., & Sholl, A. (1992). Lexical and conceptual memory in fluent and nonfluent bilinguals. Advances in psychology, 83, 191-204.
Kroll, J. F., & De Groot, A. (1997). Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual: Mapping form to meaning in two languages.
Kroll, J. F., & Dijkstra, A. F. J. (2002). The bilingual lexicon. Kaplan, RA (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 301-321.
Kroll, J. F., Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., & Dufour, R. (2002). The development of lexical fluency in a second language. Second language research, 18(2), 137-171.
Kroll, J. F., Van Hell, J. G., Tokowicz, N., & Green, D. W. (2010). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 373-381.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., & Hoshino, N. (2014). Two languages in mind: Bilingualism as a tool to investigate language, cognition, and the brain. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 159-163.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of memory and language, 33(2), 149-174.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Event-related brain potentials to semantically inappropriate and surprisingly large words. Biological psychology, 11(2), 99-116.
Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual review of psychology, 62, 621-647.
Kutas, M., Neville, H. J., & Holcomb, P. J. (1987). A preliminary comparison of the N400 response to semantic anomalies during reading, listening and signing. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement, 39, 325-330.
Lakoff, G. (2008). Women, fire, and dangerous things. University of Chicago press.
Lau, E. F., Phillips, C., & Poeppel, D. (2008). A cortical network for semantics:(de) constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 920-933.
Li, P. (2013). Computational modeling of bilingualism: How can models tell us more about the bilingual mind?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(2), 241-245.
Malt, B. C., Sloman, S. A., & Gennari, S. P. (2003). Universality and language specificity in object naming. Journal of memory and language, 49(1), 20-42.
Marian, V. (2009). Audio-visual integration during bilingual language processing. The bilingual mental lexicon: Interdisciplinary approaches, 52-78.
Marslen-Wilson, W. (1990). Activation, competition, and frequency in lexical access.
Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1984). Function and process in spoken word recognition: A tutorial review. In Attention and performance: Control of language processes (pp. 125-150). Erlbaum.
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive psychology, 10(1), 29-63.
Matsumoto, A., Iidaka, T., Haneda, K., Okada, T., & Sadato, N. (2005). Linking semantic priming effect in functional MRI and event-related potentials. Neuroimage, 24(3), 624-634.
Menenti, L., & Indefrey, P. (2006). L2-L1 word association in bilinguals: Direct evidence. Nijmegen CNS, 1(1), 17-24.
Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological review, 76(2), 165.
Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition, 11, 264-336.
Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism (Vol. 18). John Benjamins Publishing.
Potter, M. C., So, K. F., Von Eckardt, B., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 23(1), 23-38.
Poulisse, N., de Groot, A. M. B., & Kroll, J. F. (1997). Language production in bilinguals. Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives, 201, 224.
Rips, L. J., Shoben, E. J., & Smith, E. E. (1973). Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 12(1), 1-20.
Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 104(3), 192.
Rubin, G. S., Becker, C. A., & Freeman, R. H. (1979). Morphological structure and its effect on visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 757-767.
Rubin, G. S., Becker, C. A., & Freeman, R. H. (1979). Morphological structure and its effect on visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18(6), 757-767.
Ruz, M., Madrid, E., Lupianez, J., & Tudela, P. (2003). High density ERP indices of conscious and unconscious semantic priming. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(3), 719-731.
Schuberth, R. E., & Eimas, P. D. (1977). Effects of context on the classification of words and nonwords. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(1), 27.
Schuberth, R. E., Spoehr, K. T., & Lane, D. M. (1981). Effects of stimulus and contextual information on the lexical decision process. Memory & cognition, 9(1), 68-77.
Sitnikova, T., Holcomb, P. J., Kiyonaga, K. A., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2008). Two neurocognitive mechanisms of semantic integration during the comprehension of visual real-world events. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 20(11), 2037-2057.
Thomas, M. S. (1998). Distributed representations and the bilingual lexicon: One store or two?. In 4th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop, London, 9–11 April 1997 (pp. 240-253). Springer, London.
Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I. (2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1–L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(6), 1412.
Treisman, A. M. (1960). Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(4), 242-248.
West, W. C., & Holcomb, P. J. (2000). Imaginal, semantic, and surface-level processing of concrete and abstract words: an electrophysiological investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 1024-1037.
Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching. E. Arnold, 1973.
Zeelenberg, R., & Pecher, D. (2003). Evidence for long-term cross-language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(1), 80-94.