一般要了解一個產業的關鍵技術，會有從市場角度切入的市場分析，和有從專利文件預測未來可能興新科技此兩大類。市場分析只能分析現有的技術，資訊的價值時效性很短，但是專利可以作為分析技術發展趨勢、掌握重要廠商基礎專利、繪製技術生命週期現況和預測技術未來的興衰等。一般專利分析找出該大廠可能發展的技術趨勢，卻仍對該公司技術與商業化應用的連結所知有限。觀察現在大多的廠商，不僅提供實體產品之銷售，而結合整體價值鏈對其顧客提供整合式服務來創造最大的商業價值。
本研究以領域知識本體論之定義為基礎，建構了結合創新商業流程模型於專利佈局及技術創新的分析架構與方法。運用電腦輔助進行服務流程模型分析，並依據領域本體論及商業流程，進行系統化策略性專利技術之分類及全球競爭者分析。本研究使用隱形牙套產業作為研究範例，透過建立研究廠商的商業流程，了解每個環節可能使用的技術，架構本體論，並將該產業其他競爭對手的重要專利對應技術環節，了解各家廠商在相同商業流程環節上的異同，也了解各家廠商在整套商業流程上的布局，間接了解每一個流程技術可能有的未來走向，預估其專利佈局可能發展的趨勢。此方法亦可以提供在一般企業研究對手技術時，一個較微觀的視角，了解自己和其他廠商的專利佈局，有效降低研發成本、提升研發方向的正確性，更進一步做為其決定研發策略的參考依據。

To study the critical technology in the industry, two approaches are frequently used. One is by using the statistic approach to find the general market trend analysis. Another is by analyzing the patent files to predict the future technology trend. However, there are two disadvantaged of the market trend analysis. First, the result is only valid in the current technology. Second, the data have limited timeliness. The patent analysis can be used to predict emerging trends and identify research opportunities. But the connection between technology and the commercialized applications are still limited. Moreover, companies nowadays not only provide the actual products but the whole business service process to offer the customer total solution package.
This research uses the ontology as the basis of the knowledge domain and incorporates innovative business process modeling with patent portfolio analysis. With the computer supported tools, the strategic patent technology classification and the global competitors’ analysis are studied. The invisible orthodontic brace industry is used to demonstrate the proposed methodology. The critical technologies are classified into the business process. The other competitors’ patent are, then, benchmarked in the same business process patent portfolios. The comparison shows the technology focus of each company, which also indicates the technology trends of the companies and their patent portfolios. The methodology provides micro-analytics for comparing the patent portfolios from the business process perspectives to enhance the efficiency of the R&D research.

英文文獻
1. Abbas, A., Zhang, L., and Khan, S. U. (2014), “A literature review on the state-of-the-art in patent analysis,” World Patent Information, Vol.37, pp. 3-13.
2. Adriaans, P., and Zantinge, D. (1996). “Data Mining,” Harlow. England: Addison Wesley.
3. Ajay, D., and Sangamwar, A. T. (2014). “Identifying the patent trend, licensing pattern and geographical landscape analysis of the Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) of India between 2000 and 2011,” World Patent Information, Vol. 38, pp. 42-49.
4. Al Mortadi, N., Eggbeer, D., Lewis, J., and Williams, R. J. (2012). “CAD/CAM/AM applications in the manufacture of dental appliances,” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 142, No. 5, pp. 727-733.
5. Alberts, M. (1993). “YMIR: An Ontology of Engineering Design,” Universiteit Twente.
6. Berman, B. (2012). “3-D printing: The new industrial revolution,” Business horizons, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp.155-162.
7. Berson, A., Smith, S., and Thearling, K. (2004). “An Overview of Data Mining Techniques. Building Data Mining Application for CRM.”
8. Beuer, F., Schweiger, J., and Edelhoff, D. (2008). “Digital dentistry: an overview of recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations,” British dental journal, Vol. 204, No. 9, pp. 505-511.
9. Budak, I., Kosec, B., and Sokovic, M. (2012). “Application of contemporary engineering techniques and technologies in the field of dental prosthetics,” Journal of achievements in materials and manufacturing engineering, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 233-241.
10. Bunge, M. (1977). “Treatise on basic philosophy: Ontology I: the furniture of the world,” Vol. 1, Springer Science & Business Media.
11. Camp, R. C. (2000), “Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance,” New York, American Society for Quality Control (ASQC).
12. Chandrasekaran, B., Josephson, J. R., and Benjamins, V. R. (1999). “What are ontologies, and why do we need them?,” IEEE Intelligent systems, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 20-26.
13. Chang, K. C., Chen, D. Z., and Huang, M. H. (2012). “The relationships between the patent performance and corporation performance,” Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 6, No.1, pp. 131-139.
14. Chen, R. (2009). “Design patent map visualization display,” Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36, No.10, pp. 12362-12374.
15. Choi, C., Kim, S., and Park, Y. (2007). “A patent-based cross impact analysis for quantitative estimation of technological impact: The case of information and communication technology,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 74, No. 8, pp. 1296-1314.
16. Choi, J., and Hwang, Y. S. (2014). “Patent keyword network analysis for improving technology development efficiency,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 83, pp. 170-182.
17. Corrado, C., and Valentine, G. (2013). “Information Visualization Analysis of Patent Filing and Non-Patent Literature Publication Trends in the Field of Bioenergy.”
18. Crump, S. S. (1992). Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects. US patent, 5121329.
19. de Miranda Santo, M., Coelho, G. M., dos Santos, D. M., and Fellows Filho, L. (2006). “Text mining as a valuable tool in foresight exercises: A study on nanotechnology,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 73, No. 8, pp.1013-1027.
20. Decker, M., Che, H., Oberweis, A., Sturzel, P., and Vogel, M. (2010) “Modeling Mobile Workflows with BPMN,” In Mobile Business and 2010 Ninth Global Mobility Roundtable (ICMB-GMR), 2010 Ninth International Conference,IEEE,p.272-279.
21. Dijkman, R. M., Dumas, M., and Ouyang, C. (2008) “Semantics and analysis of business process models in BPMN,” Information and Software Technology, 50(12), p.1281-1294.
22. Ernst, H.,(1996). “Patent portfolios for strategic R&D planning,” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 279-308., 1998.
23. Fayyad, U. M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., Smyth, P., and Uthurusamy, R. (1996). “Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining.”
24. Feldman, R., and Sanger, J. The Text Mining Handbook.
25. Gao, L., Porter, A. L., Wang, J., Fang, S., Zhang, X., Ma, T., and Huang, L. (2013). “Technology life cycle analysis method based on patent documents.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,” Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 398-407.
26. Gebhardt, A., Schmidt, F. M., Hötter, J. S., Sokalla, W., and Sokalla, P. (2010). “Additive manufacturing by selective laser melting the realizer desktop machine and its application for the dental industry.” Physics Procedia, Vol. 5, pp. 543-549.
27. Geum, Y., Lee, S., Yoon, B., & Park, Y. (2013). “Identifying and evaluating strategic partners for collaborative R&D: Index-based approach using patents and publications,” Technovation, Vol. 33, No.6, pp. 211-224.
28. Gress, B. (2010). “Properties of the USPTO patent citation network: 1963-2002,” World Patent Information, Vol. 32, No.1, pp. 3-21.
29. Guarino, N. (1997) “Understanding, building and using ontologies,” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies archive, Vol. 46, No. 2-3, pp. 293-310.
30. Halloran, J. W., Tomeckova, V., Gentry, S., Das, S., Cilino, P., Yuan, D., and Long, D. (2011). “Photopolymerization of powder suspensions for shaping ceramics,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 31, No.14, pp. 2613-2619.
31. Han, J., Kamber, M., and Pei, J. (2006). “Data mining, southeast asia edition: Concepts and techniques,” Morgan kaufmann.
32. Holmström, J., Partanen, J., Tuomi, J., and Walter, M. (2010). “Rapid manufacturing in the spare parts supply chain: alternative approaches to capacity deployment,” Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 21, No.6, pp. 687-697.
33. Huang, M. H., Dong, H. R., and Chen, D. Z. (2012). “Globalization of collaborative creativity through cross-border patent activities,” Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 6, No.2, pp. 226-236.
34. Huang, S. H., Liu, P., Mokasdar, A., and Hou, L. (2013). “Additive manufacturing and its societal impact: a literature review,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 67, No.5-8, pp. 1191-1203.
35. Hull, C. (1988). “StereoLithography: Plastic prototypes from CAD data without tooling,” Modern Casting, Vol.78, No.8, pp. 38
36. Jiawei, H., and Kamber, M. (2001). “Data mining: concepts and techniques,” San Francisco, CA, itd: Morgan Kaufmann, 5.
37. Kravitz, N. D., Kusnoto, B., BeGole, E., Obrez, A., and Agran, B., “How well does Invisalign work?” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 135, No. 1, pp. 27–35, 2009.
38. Kruth, J. P., Leu, M. C., and Nakagawa, T. (1998). “Progress in additive manufacturing and rapid prototyping. CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,” Vol. 47, No.2, pp. 525-540.
39. Lee, P. C., and Su, H. N. (2014). “How to forecast cross-border patent infringement?—The case of US international trade,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 86, pp. 125-131.
40. Levitas, E. F., McFadyen, M. A., and Loree, D.(2006). “Survival and the introduction of new technology: a patent analysis in the integrated circuit industry,” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 23, No. 3, p.182-201
41. Luhn, H. P. (1958). “The automatic creation of literature abstracts,” IBM Journal of research and development, Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 159-165.
42. MacQueen, J. (1967). “Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations,” In Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability (Vol. 1, No. 14, pp. 281-297).
43. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., and Marrs, A. (2013).”Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy,” Vol. 180, San Francisco, CA: McKinsey Global Institute.
44. Markets and Markets (2014), “Dental Equipment Market (Dental, Radiology, CAD/CAM, Dental Chairs, Dental Lasers) Global Forecasts Until 2019,” available at: http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/dental-equipments-market-784.html
45. Markillie, P. (2012). “A Third Industrial Revolution: Special Report Manufacturing and Innovation,” Economist Newspaper.
46. Marshall, J. G., and Buchanan, H. S. (1995), “Benchmarking Reference Services: An Introduction,” Medical Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 59-73.
47. Mellor, S., Hao, L., and Zhang, D. (2014). “Additive manufacturing: A framework for implementation,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 149, pp. 194-201.
48. Merkl, D. (1998). “Text classification with self-organizing maps: Some lessons learned,” Neurocomputing, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 61-77.
49. Metzger, M. C., Hohlweg-Majert, B., Schwarz, U., Teschner, M., Hammer, B., and Schmelzeisen, R. (2008). “Manufacturing splints for orthognathic surgery using a three-dimensional printer,” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, Vol. 105, No.2, e1-e7.
50. Nam, Y., and Barnett, G. A. (2011). “Globalization of technology: Network analysis of global patents and trademarks,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 78, No. 8, pp. 1471-1485.
51. Pham, D. T., and Gault, R. S. (1998). “A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 38, No.10, pp. 1257-1287.
52. Renap, K., and Kruth, J. P. (1995). “Recoating issues in stereolithography,” Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 1, No.3, pp. 4-16.
53. Richard, J. R., and Michael, W. G. (2003). “Data Mining: A Tutorial-Based Pri Additive manufacturing and its societal impact a literature review mer,” Vol. 10, No.4, pp. 165-168.
54. Roser, S., and Bauer, B. (2005) “A categorization of collaborative business process modeling techniques,” In E-Commerce Technology Workshops, 2005. Seventh IEEE International Conference, IEEE ,p. 43-51.
55. Salton, G., and Buckley, C. (1988). “Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval,” Information processing & management, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 513-523.
56. Salton, G., and Yang, C. S. (1973). “On the specification of term values in automatic indexing,” Journal of documentation, Vol. 29, No.4, pp. 351-372.
57. Salton, G., Singhal, A., Mitra, M., and Buckley, C. (1997). “Automatic text structuring and summarization,” Information Processing & Management, Vol. 33, No.2, pp. 193-207.
58. Sandal, N., and Kumar, A.(2015). “Integrated Silicon Photonics: Visualisation of Patent Datasets for Mapping Technology,” DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 35, No. 2
59. Sebastiani, F. (2002). “Machine learning in automated text categorization,” ACM computing surveys (CSUR), Vol. 34, No.1, pp. 1-47.
60. Sparck Jones, K. (1972). “A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval,” Journal of documentation, Vol. 28, No.1, pp. 11-21.
61. Sternitzke, C., Bartkowski, A., and Schramm, R. (2008). “Visualizing patent statistics by means of social network analysis tools,” World Patent Information, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 115-131.
62. Sullivan, D. (2001). “Document warehousing and text mining: techniques for improving business operations, marketing, and sales,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
63. Tang, H. H., Chiu, M. L., and Yen, H. C. (2011). “Slurry-based selective laser sintering of polymer-coated ceramic powders to fabricate high strength alumina parts,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 31, No.8, pp. 1383-1388.
64. The invisalign system. Quintessence, 2006.
65. Trappey, A. J., Hsu, F. C., Trappey, C. V., and Lin, C. I. (2006). “Development of a patent document classification and search platform using a back-propagation network,” Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 31, No.4, pp. 755-765.
66. Trappey, A. J., Trappey, C. V., Wu, C. Y., and Lin, C. W. (2012). “A patent quality analysis for innovative technology and product development,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol. 26, No.1, pp. 26-34.
67. Trappey, C. V., Trappey, A. J., Peng, H. Y., Lin, L. D., and Wang, T. M. (2014). “A knowledge centric methodology for dental implant technology assessment using ontology based patent analysis and clinical meta-analysis,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, Vol. 28, No.2, pp.153-165.
68. Uschold, M., and King, M. (1995). “Towards a methodology for building ontologies,” Edinburgh: Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute, University of Edinburgh.
69. van Noort, R. (2012). “The future of dental devices is digital,” Dental Materials, Vol. 28, No.1, pp. 3-12.
70. Viswanath, B., Post, A., Gummadi, K. P., and Mislove, A. (2011). “An analysis of social network-based sybil defenses,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 41, No.4, pp. 363-374.
71. Wohlers, T. (2013). “Additive manufacturing and 3D printing State of the industry,” Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins, CO.
72. Wong, B. H. (2002). “Invisalign a to z,” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 121, No.5, pp. 540-541.
73. Wu, C. C., and Leu, H. J. (2014). “Examining the trends of technological development in hydrogen energy using patent co-word map analysis,”International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, No. 33, pp.19262-19269.
74. Xiang, X. Y., Cai, H., Lam, S., and Pei, Y. L. (2013). “International knowledge spillover through co-inventors: An empirical study using Chinese assignees' patent data,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp.161-174.
75. Yoon, B. U., Yoon, C. B., and Park, Y. T. (2002). “On the development and application of a self–organizing feature map–based patent map,” R&D Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 291-300.

中文文獻
76. 王瓊婉 (2005)。「以時間序列將專利文件視覺化的研究」(指導教授：楊維邦/柯皓仁)，碩士論文，國立交通大學資訊科學系。
77. 張曉珍 (2013)。「運用文字探勘技術在社群行為上之人格預測」(指導教授：李永銘)，碩士論文，國立交通大學，管理學院資訊管理學程。
78. 柯禹伸 (2011)。「使用文字探勘技術預測股票漲跌之研究」(指導教授：陳尚蓉)，碩士論文，北臺灣科學技術學院，電子商務研究所。
79. 張家寧、陳信源、葉鎮源、黃明居、柯皓仁、楊維邦(2008)。「以概念萃取為基礎之文件分群與視覺化」，2008資訊科技國際研討會。
80. 彭馨儀 (2013)。「結合專利與臨床研究之整合分析 探討植牙領域之發展趨勢」(指導教授：張瑞芬)，碩士論文，國立清華大學，工業工程與工程管理學系。
81. 黃盈碩 (2007)。「非耗盡分群方法為基之可重疊專利分群方法論研究」(指導教授：張瑞芬)，碩士論文，國立清華大學，工業工程與工程管理學系。
82. 范慧蘭 (2003)。「以本體論建構疾病分類知識庫系統」(指導教授：林珮珺)，碩士論文，國立高雄第一科技大學，資訊管理所。
83. 科技部 (2014)。「工程司103年度積層製造-材料領域研究專案計畫公告」，Available at: http://www.most.gov.tw/eng/fp.asp?xItem=23595&ctNode=1287