開發聚酸酐共聚物及表面改質之陶瓷複合材料於骨組織替代物之應用

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研究生：	古莞霖 Ku, Kuan-Lin
論文名稱：	開發聚酸酐共聚物及表面改質之陶瓷複合材料於骨組織替代物之應用 Development of Polyanhydride Copolymers/ Grafted Nanoceramic Composite for Bone Substitutes
指導教授：	朱一民 Chu, I-Ming
口試委員:	林峯輝 Lin, Feng-Huei 黃清安 Huang, Ching-An 蔡德豪 Tsai, De-Hao 賴伯亮 Lai, Po-Liang 姚少凌 Yao, Chao-Ling
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 化學工程學系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	88
中文關鍵詞：	聚酸酐、表面改質之氫氧基磷灰石、奈米複合材料、顆粒分散性、體外降解
外文關鍵詞：	polyanhydride, grafted hydroxyapatite, nanocomposite, particles dispersion, in vitro degradation
相關次數：	點閱：3 下載：0
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Poly (1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy hexane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)) (PANH)是一具有良好生物相容性的聚酸酐共聚物。聚酸酐共聚物以表面裂解的方式降解，降解後的產物不具有毒性且表面裂解的材料在降解過程中較可維持機械性質。氫氧基磷灰石 (hydroxyapatite, HAP)是一著名的生物陶瓷，因為其良好的骨傳導性，目前已被應用在骨組織修復上。然而，奈米尺寸HAP顆粒於有機溶劑中的分散性較差，因此HAP顆粒混合入高分子基質後易產生聚集，進而成為複合材料中的主要缺陷。在本研究中，將HAP以poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)進行表面改質的HAP顆粒 (PCL-gHAP) 改善顆粒表面貼覆性及其在PANH基質中的分散性。利用掃描式電子顯微鏡的背散射電子探測器 (scanning electron microscopy-backscattered electron，SEM-BSE)及結合聚焦電子束 (focused ion beam，FIB)和穿透式電子顯微鏡的技術 (transmission electron microscopy，TEM)提供一個非常有效的方法來觀察HAP顆粒在PANH基質中的分布情形。本研究結果顯示，以PCL修飾HAP表面可有效提升陶瓷顆粒在高分子基材中的分散性且改質後的顆粒會影響複合材料在降解過程中的特性，如降解速率，機械性質，材料表面特性等。增加HAP的比例，可提升複合材料的抗壓強度且會加速材料的降解速度，而以混摻PCL-gHAP顆粒的複合材料較混摻HAP顆粒的複合材料在降解過程中有較佳的機械性質。大鼠頭蓋骨的初步修復結果顯示PCL-gHAP/PANH較HAP/PANH有優越的修復效果。根據本研究結果，PCL-gHAP/PANH的複合材料具其淺力可在未來應用於骨組織替代物。

Poly(1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy hexane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)) (PANH), is a polyanhydride copolymer which has good biocompatibility, and degrades to non-toxic products with a predictable rate of degradation. Nano-sized hydroxyapatite (nHAP) is a well-known biomaterial which has been applied in bone regeneration due to its osteoconductivity. However, nano-sized HAP has poor colloidal stability which leads to agglomeration when incorporated into polymeric composites. In this work we describe the surface grafting of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) to HAP (PCL-gHAP) to improve the interfacial adhesion and dispersion of HAP particles in a PANH matrix to form a composite material.
The use of scanning electron microscopy-backscattered electron (SEM-BSE) detector and the combination of focused ion beam (FIB)/ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided a powerful approach for observing the dispersion of HAP particles in the polymer matrix. We show that surface modification of gHAP with PCL improved the homogeneity of the dispersion of PCL-gHAP particles in the composites and affected the composite morphology during hydrolytic degradation. Composites with high HAP content displayed high compressive strength and a fast rate of degradation. The PCL-gHAP/PANH composites showed superior maintenance of mechanical properties compared with nHAP/PANH composites during degradation. A preliminary in vivo study on rat calvaria repair, demonstrated the superior performance of PCL-gHAP/PANH composites. These results suggest that the newly developed PCL-gHAP/PANH composite materials may be a potential substrate for bone tissue engineering.

ABSTRATE    I
中文摘要    II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    III
CONTENT    V
TABLE CONTENT    XI
   INTRODUCTION    1
1 Research background    1
2 Objectives and motives    3
3 References    4
LITERATURE REVIEW    9
1    Biodegradable materials    9
1.1    Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based cements    9
1.2    Polyester materials    10
2    Polyanhydrides polymers    12
2.1    Aliphatic polyanhydrides    12
2.2    Aromatic polyanhydrides    13
2.3    Polyanhydrides copolymers    14
3    Bioactive ceramics    16
4    Polymer and ceramic nanocomposites    19
5    Characterization methods    20
5.1    Backscattered electrons (BSE) detector    20
5.2    Focused ion beam (FIB)/TEM technique    21
6    References    23
Materials and Methods    29
1    Preparation of polyanhydride copolymer    29
1.1    Synthesis of 1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane monomers (CPHM)    29
1.2    Synthesis of polyanhydride prepolymers    29
1.3    Synthesis of poly(1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane-co-sebacic anhydride) copolymer (PANH)    31
2    Analysis and polymers characterization    33
2.1    Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR    33
2.2    Gel permeation chromatography, GPC    33
2.3    Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC    33
3    Surface modification of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with ɛ-caprolactone    34
4    Characterizations of particle surface modification    35
4.1    Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR    35
4.2    Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA    35
4.3    Transmission electron microscopy, TEM    35
4.4    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS    35
5    Tablet scaffold fabrication    36
6    Characterization of particles dispersion in polymer matrix    38
6.1    Focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopy, FIB/TEM    38
6.2    Focused Ion beam/ backscattered electron images, FIB/BSE    38
7    In vitro degradation study    39
7.1    pH value    39
7.2    Mass loss    39
7.3    Mechanical properties    40
7.4    Scanning electron microscope, SEM    40
8    In vivo study    41
9    References    42
Results and Discussions    43
1    Improvement of 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane monomer (CPHM) purity    43
2    Characterizations of polyanhydrides    50
2.1    Characterizations of polyanhydride prepolymer    50
2.2    Characterizations of PANH    52
2.3    Stability of PANH after the process of hot press    53
3    Characterizations of the surface modified HAP    55
3.1    Compatibility of PCL and PANH    55
3.2    Grafting efficiency of PCL by TGA    56
3.3    Surface characterization by ATR-FTIR    57
3.4    The morphology of surface-modified HAP observed by TEM    58
3.5    Surface characterization by XPS    59
3.6    Grafting density of PCL-gHAP    61
3.7    Colloidal stability of HAP (PCL-gHAP) particles in dichloromethane    62
4    Characterizations of particles in PANH matrix    63
4.1    Presence of HAP by ATR-FTIR    63
4.2    Proportion of particles in PANH matrix    64
4.3    Dispersion of particles in PANH matrix –as evaluated by various imaging techniques    65
4.3.1    Images by SEM-BSE    65
4.3.2    Images by FIB/TEM    67
4.3.3    Images by FIB/SEM-BSE    68
5    Study of in vitro degradation    70
5.1    pH value and mass loss    70
5.2    Degradation of PANH with time    71
5.3    The changes of morphologies    72
5.3.1    The change of appearances    72
5.3.2    The change of surface    73
5.3.3    The change of particle proportions in composite tablets    75
5.3.4    The change of cross-section    76
5.4    Mechanical properties    77
6    In vivo study    80
7    References    82
CONCLUSIONS    85
FUTURE PLAN    86
APPENDIX    87
                                

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
[1] Lai PL, Hong DW, Liu TH, Lai ZT, Cheng MH, Chen LH, et al. Validity of poly(1, 6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy hexane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)) copolymer in biomedical application. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;128(6):3687-95.
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Chapter 4
[1] Lai PL, Hong DW, Liu TH, Lai ZT, Cheng MH, Chen LH, et al. Validity of poly(1, 6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy hexane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)) copolymer in biomedical application. J Appl Polym Sci. 2013;128(6):3687-95.
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