當透過容易發生錯誤的網路傳送壓縮視頻時，由於頻道錯誤或擁塞的狀況發生時，封包可能會遺失。為了恢復遺失的資訊，錯誤修補(Error Concealment)是一種被廣泛使用的技術。本篇論文藉由改變GOP(Group of Pictures)中不同畫面間的編碼相依性來重建出一種新型的GOP結構。不同於一般的二元預測編碼，我們提出了一種新的支援錯誤回復(Error Resilience)功能的時域預測結構。在我們所提出的演算法中，在一個GOP中的所有畫面(frame)被劃分為奇數及偶數畫面，並且建立各別獨立的編碼相依性。如果在傳輸過程中發生封包遺失或封包損毀時，藉由現有大多數的錯誤修補技術都可以把損壞的畫面修補回來。舉例來說，利用以前或未來相鄰畫面的時域資訊，我們可以重建出相似的移動(motion)及像素資訊。此外，因畫面間的編碼相依性所造成的錯誤增值(Error Propagation)也會減少。另外，我們還使用了適應性GOP大小的機制，動態調整GOP的大小，以提高修補後畫面的品質。從實驗結果顯示，本篇論文所提出GOP結構，比起一般討論的二元預測編碼，我們可以提供至0.5dB的錯誤修補改善。

[1] K.-C. Yang, C.-M. Huang, J.-S. Wang, "Error Resilient GOP Structures on Video Streaming," Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, Vol. 18, pp. 151-161, April 2007.
[2] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, "Hierarchical B Pictures," Joint Video Team, Doc. JVT-P014, 2005.
[3] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, "Analysis of Hierarchical B Pictures and MCTF," IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1929-1932, July 2006.
[4] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, "Overview of The Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 17, September 2007
[5] Minglei Liu, Ce Zhu, "Multiple Description Video Coding Using Hierarchical B Pictures," IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 1367-1370, July 2007.
[6] C.-W. Chiou, C.-M. Tsai, and C.-W. Lin, "Fast Mode Decision Algorithms for Adaptive GOP Structure in the Scalable Extension of H.264/AVC," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. 3459-3462, May 2007.
[7] M.-W. Park, G.-H. Park, S. Jeong, D.-Y. Suh, and K. Kim, "Adaptive GOP Structure for Joint Scalable Video Coding," IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E90-B(2), pp. 431-434, 2007.
[8] J. Zheng, L.-P. Chau, "A Temporal Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264 Using Lagrange Interpolation," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 133-136, May 2004.
[9] B. Jung, B. Jeon , M.-D. Kim, B. Suh, and S.-I. Choi, "Selective Temporal Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264/AVC," IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol. 1, pp. 411-414, June 2004.
[10] W.-L. Chen, J.-J. Leou, "A New Hybrid Error Concealment Scheme for H.264 Video Transmission," International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pp.61-66, July 2006.
[11] R.-F. Zhang, Y.-H. Zhou, and X.-D. Huang, "Content-Adaptive Spatial Error Concealment for Video Communication," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 50, pp. 335-341, February 2004.
[12] Iain E.G. Richardson, "H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression: Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia," Wiley 2003.
[13] C.-Y. Cho, Y.-T. Chuang, P.-C. Chu, S.-Y. Huang, and J.-S. Wang, "Efficient Motion-Vector-Based Video Search Using Query By Clip," IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, Vol. 2, pp. 1027-1030, June 2004.
[14] Y. Zhao, D. Tian, M.M. Hannukasela, and M. Gabbouj, "Spatial Error Concealment Based on Directional Decision and Intra Prediction," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 2899-2902, May 2005.
[15] K.-L. Chung, T.-H. Huang, and P.-H. Liao, "Efficient hybrid error concealment algorithm based on adaptive estimation scheme," Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, Vol. 18, pp. 331-340, August 2007.
[16] D. Alfonso, B. Biffi, L. Pezzoni, "Adaptive GOP size control in H.264/AVC encoding based on Scene Change Detection," Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Signal Processing Symposium, pp. 86-89, June 2006.
[17] Y.-G. Wnag, and F. Liang, "Improved adaptive group of pictures structure," Electronics letters, Vol. 42, pp. 1210-1211, October 2006.
[18] JM 13.2, http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/
[19] Y. Wang, J. Ostermann, and Y.-Q. Zhang, "Video Processing and Communications," Prentice Hall, 2002.