變頻器相當廣泛地應用於許多電力電子設備，如不斷電電源供應器、電子式照明設備及馬達驅動系統等，因應不同負載用電特性及要求，變頻器須妥善控制其輸出品質，有些場合甚至須規範具有良好之輸出電壓波形。本論文旨在從事變頻器之強健波形控制及由單相模組組接成 -接三相變頻器研究。首先探究變頻器之電路、切換控制、關鍵參數之影響及補償控制，以及其他一些實務考量事宜。接著組立建構單相變頻器模組，其電路組成元件、輸出濾波器、保護電路等之分析與設計於文中均有詳細介紹。在控制方面，先設計一雙可調度電流控制脈寬調制切換機構，使濾波電感電流具有緊密之命令追控特性。再研擬提出一電壓強健波形控制機構，由於精密之動態模式難以獲得，所提控制機構各組成部份之參數係以直覺式定之。在決定了迴授控制器之後，先在所定工作點線上調整命令前向控制器之轉移函數以得到最佳之波形追控特性，再將此轉移函數複製設定成強健擾動前向控制器之反模式，藉擾動消去補償控制技術以得強健之波形控制。為進一步精進波形控制，最後又輔加所提之強健波形補償控制。
在建構了具有優越輸出特性之單相變頻器後，將其模組組接成一V-接三相變頻器，除上述之控制組態之外，再輔加一強健平衡波形控制器。由合成第三相之波形與其命令間之誤差，經加權後產生之補償信號加至另兩相之命令從事平衡補償。實測評估顯示，在線性負載下所得之三相變頻器輸出電壓品質尚可。唯隨非線性負載成份之增加，波形之失真亦漸加大，此方面之改善研究值得繼續從事。

The inverter is extensively employed in many power electronic systems, such as uninterruptible power supplies, electronic ballasts and motor drives. To meet the required characteristics of different kinds of loads, suitable power quality control for inverter output is indispensable, even for its, voltage waveform. This thesis is mainly concerned with the study of robust waveform control of inverter and the establishment of a V-connected three-phase inverter using two single-phase modules. First, the circuit, switching control and some practical consideration issues of the inverter are studied. Then the single-phase inverter is designed and implemented. The designs of circuit constituted components, protection circuit and output filter are all introduced in detail. As to the control aspect, a two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) current-controlled PWM scheme is first designed to let the filter inductor current closely follow its command. Then a voltage robust waveform control scheme is designed. After determining the feedback controller parameters by trial-and-error, the intuitive approach is employed to design the other constituted controllers. Under the chosen operating point, the transfer function of voltage command feedforward controller is on-line adjusted to yield excellent waveform tracking performance. Then this transfer function is used as the inverse model being set in the robust disturbance feedforwad controller. Finally, a robust waveform controller is proposed to eliminate the waveform tracking error.
Having established the single-phase inverter with good voltage waveform control performance, two modules are connected to form a V-connected three-phase inverter. In addition to the control schemes developed for single-phase module, a robust balance waveform controller is further proposed. A weighted robust compensation signal yielded from the voltage waveform tracking error of the third phase, and it is added to the waveform commands of the other two phases for performing the imbalance compensation control. The experimental results show that rather good three phase output voltage waveforms can be obtained under linear load, but the distortion will become heavier for the increase of nonlinear load component. The improvement control is considered rather difficult and thus worth further studying.

A. Single phase inverter
[1] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
[2] B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC Drive, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2002.
[3] T. L. Skvarenina, W. E. DeWitt, Electrical Power and Controls, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.
[4] D. W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1997.
[5] J. Vithayathil, Power Electronics: Principles and Applications, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1995.
[6] J. M. D. Murphy and F. G. Turnbull, Power Electronic Control of AC Motors, New York: Pergamon Press, 1988.
[7] J. Arrillaga, D. Bradley and P. Bodger, Power System Harmonics, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
[8] P. M. J. Heskes and J. H. R. Enslin, “Powerquality behavior of different photovoltaic inverter topologies,” International conference PCIM-2003, pp. 263-268, 2003.
[9] H. Broeck and M. Miller, “Harmonics in DC to AC converters of single phase uninterruptible power supplies,” Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 653-658, 1993.
[10] P. A. Dahono, A. Purwadi and Qamaruzzaman, “An LC filter design method for single-phase PWM inverters,” Proceedings of 1995 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 2, pp. 571-576, 1995.
[11] J. Kim, J. Choi and H. Hong, “Output LC filter design of voltage source inverter considering the performance of controller,” International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 3, pp. 1659-1664, 2000.
[12] S. Vukosavic, L. Peric, E. Levi and V. Vuckovic, “Reduction of the output impedance of PWM inverters for uninterruptible power supply,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 757-762, 1990.
[13] J. Sakly, P. Delarue and R. Bausiere, “Rejection of undesirable effects of input DC-voltage ripple in single-phase PWM inverters,” Fifth European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, vol. 4, pp. 65-70, 1993.
[14] P. N. Enjeti and W. Shireen, “A new technique to reject DC-link voltage ripple for inverters operating on programmed PWM waveforms,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 65-70, 1993.
[15] A. C. dos Reis, V. J. Farias, L. C. de Freitas and J. B. Vieira, “A full-bridge three-level single phase inverter with stressless commutation cell and special PWM technique,” APEC '98, vol. 7, pp. 171-180, 1992.
[16] E. A. Coelho, P. C. Cortizo and P. F. D. Garcia, “Small signal stability for single phase inverter connected to stiff AC system,” Industry Applications Conference Record of the 1999 IEEE, vol. 4, pp. 2180-2187, 1999.
B. PWM and current controls
[17] P. N. Enjeti, P. D. Ziogas and J. F. Lindsay, “Programmed PWM techniques to eliminate harmonics: a critical evaluation,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 302-316, 1990.
[18] J. Holtz, “Pulse modulation: a survey,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 410-420, 1992.
[19] G. Venkataramanan, D. M. Divan and T. M. Jahns, “Discrete pulse modulation strategies for high-frequency inverter systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 279-287, 1993.
[20] F. Blaabjerg, J. K. Pedersen and P. Thoegersen, “Improved modulation techniques for PWM-VSI drives,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 87-95, 1997.
[21] H. Dehbonei, L. Borle and C. V. Nayar, “A review and a proposal for optimal harmonic mitigation in single-phase pulse width modulation,” IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 1, pp. 408-414, 2001.
[22] D. Czarkowski, D. V. Chudnovsky and I. W. Selesnick, “Solving the optimal PWM problem for single-phase inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 465-475, 2002.
[23] P. A. Dahono and I. Krisbiantoro, “A hysteresis current controller for single-phase full-bridge inverters,” IEEE Proceedings Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 1, pp. 415-419, 2001.
[24] N. Abdel-Rahim and J. E. Quaicoe, “Three-phase voltage-source UPS inverter with voltage-controlled current-regulated feedback control scheme,” International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, vol. 1, pp. 479-502, 1994.
[25] S. K. Chung, “Steady-state error minimisation technique for single-phase PWM inverters,” Electronics Letters, vol. 38, no. 22, pp. 1043-1048, 2002.
[26] M. P. Kazmierkowskzi and L. Malesani, “Current control techniques for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters: A survey,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 691-703, 1998.
[27] M. Prodanovic, T. C. Green and H. Mansir, “A survey of control methods for three-phase inverters in parallel connection,” Eighth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, vol. 475, pp. 472-477, 2000.
[28] Y. Xing, L. P. Huang and Y. G. Yan, “A decoupling control method for inverters in parallel operation,” International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 2, pp. 1025-1028, 2002.
[29] M. E. Fraser and C. D. Manning, “Performance of average current mode controlled PWM UPS inverter with high crest factor load,” Fifth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable-Speed Drives, pp. 661-667, 1994.
[30] G. Alarcon, V. Cardenas, S. Ramirez, N. Visairo, C. Nunez, M. Oliver and H. Sira-Ramirez, “Nonlinear passive control with inductor current feedback for an UPS inverter,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1414-1418, 2000.
[31] J. Gao, X. Zhao, X. Yang and Z. Wang, “The research on avoiding flux imbalance in sinusoidal wave inverter,” Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1122-1126, 2000.
[32] T. Senjyu, H. Kamifurutono and K. Uezato, “Robust current control method with disturbance voltage observer for voltage source PWM inverter,” Proceedings of 1995 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 1, pp. 379-384, 1995.
[33] T. H. Chen and C. M. Liaw, “Vibration acceleration control of an inverter-fed electrodynamic shaker,” IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 60 –70, 1999.
[34] B. J. Kang and C. M. Liaw, “Robust hysteresis current-controlled PWM scheme with fixed switching frequency,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 148, no. 6, pp. 503-512, 2001.
C. Voltage and waveform control
[35] C. Rech, H. Pinheiro, H. A. Grundling, H. L. Hey and J. R. Pinheiro, “Analysis and design of a repetitive predictive-PID controller for PWM inverters,” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 2, pp. 986-991, 2001.
[36] K. Guo, W. Xuejuan and J. Chen, “PWM VSI waveform control based on feedback and feedforward technology,” International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 2, pp. 638-642, 2001.
[37] J. M. Guerrero, L. G. de Vicuna, J. Miret, J. Matas, and M. Castilla, “Integral control technique for single-phase UPS inverter,” International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, vol. 4, pp. 257-261, 2002.
[38] M. Lopez, J. L. Garcia de Vicuna, M. Castilla, J. Matas and O. Lopez, “Control design for parallel-connected DC-AC inverters using sliding mode control,” Eighth International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, vol. 475, pp. 457-460, 2000.
[39] K.Y. Cho, “Control method of PWM inverter for driving LSM to reduce the burden of output transformer,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 88-96, 2003.
[40] S. J. Chiang, T. L. Tai and T. S. Lee, “Variable structure control of UPS inverters,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 145, no. 6, pp. 559-567, 1998.
[41] O. Kukrer, H. Komurcugil and N. S. Bayindir, “Control strategy for single-phase UPS inverters,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 150, no. 6, pp. 743-746, 2003.
[42] H. C. Chen, S. H. Li and C. M. Liaw, “Switch-mode rectifier with digital robust ripple compensation and current waveform controls,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 560-566, 2004.
[43] X. Sun, M. H. L. Chow, F. H. F. Leung, D. Xu, Y. Wang and Y. S. Lee, “Analogue implementation of a neural network controller for UPS inverter applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 305-313, 2002.
[44] O. Kukrer and H. Komurcugil, “Deadbeat control method for single-phase UPS inverters with compensation of computation delay,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 123-128, 1999.
[45] J. M. Guerrero, L. Garcia de Vicuna, J. Miret, J. Matas and M. Castilla, “A nonlinear feed-forward control technique for single-phase UPS inverters,” Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, vol. 1, pp. 257-261, 2002.
[46] M. J. Ryan, W. E. Brumsickle and R. D. Lorenz, “Control topology options for single-phase UPS inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 493-501, 1997.
[47] T. Senjyu and K. Uezato, “Sinusoidal voltage controller for uninterruptible power supply by robust control,” Conference Record of the Power Conversion Conference, pp. 200-205, 1993.
D. Dead time compensation
[48] D. Leggate, and R. J. Kerkman, “Pulse-based dead-time compensator for PWM voltage inverters,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 73-81, 1990.
[49] T. Sukegawa, K. Kamiyama, K. Mizuno, T. Matsui and T. Okuyama, “Fully digital, vector-controlled PWM VSI-fed AC drives with an inverter dead-time compensation strategy,” Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 552-559, 1991.
[50] J. W. Choi and S. K. Sul, “New dead time compensation eliminating zero current clamping in voltage-fed PWM inverter,” Conference Record of the 1994 IEEE Industry Applications, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 977-984, 1994.
[51] W. C. Jong, Sung I l Yong and K. S. Seung, “Inverter output voltage synthesis using novel dead time compensation,” Conference Record of the 1994 IEEE Industry Applied Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 100-106, 1994.
[52] S. O. Won, T. K. Yong and J. K. Hee, “Dead time compensation of current controlled inverter using space vector modulation method,” Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 374-378, 1995.
[53] D. Leggate and R. J. Kerkman, “Pulse based dead time compensator for PWM voltage inverters,” Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Industrial Electronics, vol.1, no. 4, pp. 474-481, 1995.
[54] C. B. Jacobina, A. M. N. Limal and A. C. Oliveira, “Enhanced PWM voltage waveform and dead time compensation for AC drive systems,” Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 694-697, 1997.
[55] J. Llaquet, D. Gonzalez, A. Arias, J. L.Romeral and D. Bedford, “EMI effects of hard-less dead time compensated PWM voltage inverter,” Conference Record of the 1998 IEEE Harmonics and Quality of Power , vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 516-520, 1998.
[56] A. R. Munoz and T. A. Lipo, “On-line dead-time compensation technique for open-loop PWM-VSI drives,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 683-689, 1999.
[57] X. Yu, M. W. Dunnigan and B. W. Williams, “Phase voltage estimation of a PWM VSI and its application to vector-controlled induction machine parameter estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1181-1184, 2000.
[58] A. C. Oliveira, A. M. N. Lima and C. B. Jacobina, “Varying the switching frequency to compensate the dead-time in pulse width modulated voltage source inverters,” Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Power Electronics, vol.1, no. 2, pp. 244-249, 2001.
[59] C. Attaianese, D. Capraro and G.. Tomasso, “A low cost digital SVM modulator with dead time compensation,” Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.158-163, 2001.
[60] X. Jiang, W. Shen and X. Huang, “High performance space-vector PWM inverters using nonlinear voltage gain correction,” Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.534-537, 2001.
[61] H. S. Kim, H. W. Kim and M. J. Youn, “A new on-line dead-time compensation method based on time delay control,” Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industrial Electronics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.1184-1189, 2001.
[62] J. L. Lin, “A new approach of dead-time compensation for PWM voltage inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 476-483, 2002.
[63] A. C. Oliveira, C. B. Jacobina, A. M. N. Lima, E. R. C. D. Silva, “Dead-time compensation in the zero-crossing current region,” Conference Record of the 2003 IEEE Power Electronics Specialist, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1937-1942, 2003.
[64] H. S. Kim, H. T. Moon and M. J. Youn;, “On-line dead-time compensation method using disturbance observer,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1336-1345, 2003.
E. Multi-modular connection and three phase inverter
[65] F. Barzegar and S. Cuk, “A new switched-mode amplifier produces clean three-phase power,” TESLAco, Pasadena, Advances in Switched-Mode Power Conversion, vol. 3, pp. 179-193, 1983.
[66] K. Matsui, Y. Murai, M. Watanabe, M. Kaneko and F. Ueda, “A pulsewidth-modulated inverter with parallel connected transistors using current-sharing reactors,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 186-191, 1993.
[67] F. Ueda, K. Matsui, M. Asao and K. Tsuboi, “Parallel-connections of pulsewidth modulated inverters using current sharing reactors,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 673-679, 1995.
[68] F. V. P. Robinson, “The interleaved operation of power amplifiers,” Seventh International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, vol. 456, pp. 606-611, 1998.
[69] B. H. Li, S. S. Choi and D. M. Vilathgamuwa, “Transformerless dynamic voltage restorer,” IEE Proceedings- Generation, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 263-273, 2002.
[70] A. Chibani and M. Nakaoka, “A new state-feedback control based 3 phase PWM inverter with improved parallel resonant DC link,” Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 801-808, 1992.
[71] G. Yao, S. Phillips and L. Norum, “Three-phase inverters-analysis of ability to maintain symmetrical output voltages,” International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation, vol. 2, pp. 1033-1039, 1993.
[72] V. M. Cardenas, S. Horta and R. Echavarria, “Elimination of dead time effects in three phase inverters,” IEEE International Technical Proceedings of Power Electronics Congress, pp. 258-262, 1996.
[73] R. Stoicescu, K. Miu, C. O. Nwankpa, D. Niebur and Xiaoguang Yang, “Three-phase converter models for unbalanced radial power-flow studies,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1016-1021, 2002.
F. Commercialized AC Power Source
[74] “Programmable AC source specification 6590,” CHROMA ATE INC.
[75] “Single and three phase AC power sources models from 500 VA to 12,000 VA,” PACIFIC INC.
[76] “Single and three phase AC power sources models from 1 kVA to 12 kVA manual or programmable control,” PACIFIC INC.
[77] “P series 800 VA to 2000 VA output power,” California Instruments.
[78] “IX Series 3000 VA to 30000 VA of AC output power,” California Instruments.

[79] “Elgar 1001SL 1000VA AC Power Source,” Test Equipment Corporation.
[80] “Elgar 1203SL 3 phase 1200VA AC Power Source,” Test Equipment Corporation.