Multiple-Modal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A View from Cartography and MP

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研究生：	黃小柚 Huang, Xiao-You Kevin
論文名稱：	Multiple-Modal Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A View from Cartography and MP 漢語的多重情態助動詞結構:以製圖理論和微言主義論之
指導教授：	蔡維天 Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	95
中文關鍵詞：	漢語、情態助動詞、製圖理論、微言主義
外文關鍵詞：	Mandarin Chinese, Modals, Cartographic Approach, Minimalist Program
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This thesis aims to give a thorough account of the ordering restrictions on multiple-modal constructions in Mandarin Chinese (henceforth MC). We observe that MC allows two or more modals to cooccur within a clause; however, some ordering restrictions seem to be at work. As demonstrated below, if we reverse the relative order between yinggai and hui or between bixu and neng, the sentences will turn ungrammatical:

(1) a. ta yinggai hui chuxi.
he should will present
‘It should be the case that he will be present.’
b.*ta hui yinggai chuxi.
he will should present

(2) a. ta bixu neng chuxi.
he must can present
‘He is required to be able to be present.’
b.*ta neng bixu chuxi.
he can must present

There are two main analyses to the above phenomena: a“modals as verbs”(MAV) approach (Lin and Tang 1995, Lin 2006b), which regards modals as verbs taking a clausal complement and deals with the sequencing constraints through the finiteness property of the causal complement that a modal takes, and a cartographic approach (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999), which assumes that modals are directly merged in functional projections and there exists a rigid hierarchy of modals. We will carefully examine the MAV approach and raise some questions. Then, we address several arguments to claim that the cartographic approach achieves better explanatory adequacy than the MAV approach. Finally, we will compare relative distributions among modals and establish a fine-gained modal hierarchy in MC, thereby elucidating the ordering restrictions on multiple-modal constructions.

本文旨在深入探討漢語多重情態助動詞(multiple-modal constructions)的語序限制。我們發現漢語雖然允許兩個以上的助動詞出現在同一個句子，但其中似乎有某些語序上的限制。如下列的例句所示，若將「應該」和「會」的順序對調、或將「必須」和「能」的順序對調，句子都會變得不好：

(1) a. 他應該會出席。
b.*他會應該出席。

(2) a. 他必須能出席。
b.*他能必須出席。

針對以上的現象，主要有兩派理論：“動詞理論(modals-as-verbs approach)”(Lin and Tang 1995, Lin 2006b)將助動詞視為接子句的純動詞，並以其子句的限定性(finiteness property)來決定助動詞之間的語序限制; “製圖理論(cartographic approach)”(Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999)認為助動詞是直接合併在功能投射(functional projections)上，且有一個嚴格的助動詞層次(modal hierarchy)存在著。我們將仔細檢視動詞理論並提出一些相關疑問。接著，我們將提出幾個論點證明製圖理論有著較佳的解釋合適性(explanatory adequacy)。最後，我們將比較助動詞彼此之間的相對分布位置，以建立一個詳盡的漢語助動詞層次，並藉此解釋多重助動詞結構的語序限制。

Chinese Abstract...........................................i
English Abstract..........................................ii
Acknowledgement..........................................iii
Table of Contents.........................................iv
Abbreviations.............................................vi

Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................1
1.1 Multiple-Modal Constructions and the Ordering
    Restrictions...........................................1
1.2 An Overview of Modality in MC..........................2
    1.2.1 Classification of Modality.......................3
    1.2.2 Grammatical Properties of Typical Modals.........4
    1.2.3 Distinguishing Modal Auxiliaries from Modal
          Adverbs.........................................11
1.3 Outline...............................................14

Chapter 2 Traditional Treatments of Multiple-Modal
          Constructions...................................15
2.1 Introduction..........................................15
2.2 Semantic and Pragmatic Solutions......................15
2.3 The “Modals as Verbs”Approach.......................18
    2.3.1 Sentence-final Modals...........................19
    2.3.2 Sentence-initial Modals.........................22
    2.3.3 Modals and Reason Clauses.......................25
    2.3.4 Adjacent Modals.................................28
    2.3.5 Modals and Topic Sentences......................29
2.4 Finiteness Properties of the Clausal Complements of
    Modals................................................29
2.5 Conclusion............................................35

Chapter 3 The Cartographic Approach and its Explicative
          Advantages......................................36
3.1 Introduction..........................................36
3.2 Sentence-initial/final Modals and Normal Subject-modal
    Order.................................................36
3.3 Resistance to Passivization and Transparency
    Effects...............................................42
3.4 Restriction against Modal-aspect Adjacency............45
3.5 Scope Interaction between le2 and Modals..............47
3.6 Scope Interaction between TP-layer Adverbs and
    Modals................................................50
3.7 Scope Interaction between yinggai and Different Layers
    of Adverbs............................................52
3.8 Scope Interaction between Symmetric Predicates and
    Modals................................................54
3.9 Disputation about the Raising and Control
    Analysis..............................................56
3.10 Conclusion...........................................61

Chapter 4 Modal Hierarchy in MC...........................63
4.1 Introduction..........................................63
4.2 Topography of Modals..................................63
4.3 Topography of Evidentials and Evaluatives.............72
4.4 Some Residual Issues..................................74
    4.4.1 Universal or Language-specific Functional
          Hierarchies?....................................74
    4.4.2 Syntax, Semantics, and Lexicon..................76
    4.4.3 Hierarchy among Obligation Modals...............79
    4.4.4 Dual Orientation of Deontic Modals..............81
    4.4.5 The Exact Position of Dynamic Modals: above vP or
          below vP?.......................................86
4.5 Conclusion............................................88

Chapter 5 Conclusion......................................90

References................................................92

                                

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