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研究生： 李家慶
Lee, Chia-Ching
論文名稱： Design of a 4x4 MIMO-OFDM Down-Link Receiver for 3GPP-LTE
指導教授： 黃元豪
Huang, Yuan-Hao
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2009
畢業學年度： 97
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 90
中文關鍵詞： 第三代合作夥伴計畫 、長期演進技術 、分頻多工 、多天線 、接收機
外文關鍵詞： 3GPP, LTE, OFDM, MIMO, Receiver
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    • 隨著大眾對於通訊設備的需求不斷地提升，通訊設備的傳送技術持續地發展以及創新。第三代合作夥伴計畫-長期演進技術(3GPP-LTE)和移動式全球互通微波存取(Mobile WiMAX)在第四代通訊市場中，是兩大競爭對手。多輸入多輸出分頻正交(MIMO-OFDM)則是目前無線通訊主要的傳送技術。在本論文中，我們提出適用於3GPP-LTE的4x4多輸入多輸出分頻正交下傳接收器之設計，包含了分頻正交符元偵測、載波頻率偏移之估測與補償、取樣時脈偏移之估測與補償、通道估測、碼簿的選擇及多輸入多輸出解碼器。由於碼簿的選擇及多輸入多輸出解碼器有4x4矩陣乘法及除法運算，此運算有相當高的電路複雜度，因此我們使用Strassen’s演算法來簡化其複雜度。另外我們整合了可感知通道低功率快速傅立葉轉換器，此轉換器可以支援FFT大小由128點到1024點。此外，我們使用兩個FFT來處理四根接收天線的訊號，以減少硬體上的消耗。根據效能及預先編碼的效率，我們選擇MMSE-OSIC和Capacity-SC作為多輸入多輸出解碼器及碼簿的選擇標準。最後，根據cell-based設計流程，我們使用UMC 90nm cell library將系統實現到合成階段。

    As peoples demand for communications devices continue increasing, transmission technology of communications devices is developed and created constantly. 3GPP-LTE and
    Mobile WiMAX are two main competitors in the 4G mobile communication market. In this thesis, we propose the design of a 4x4 MIMO-OFDM downlink receiver for 3GPPLTE. The receiver consists of symbol decision, CFO estimation, SCO estimation, compensation, channel estimation, MIMO detection and codebook selection. Since MIMO detection and codebook selection have 4×4 matrix operations which is high complexity circuit, we use the Strassen’s algorithm to reduce its complexity. We integrate a channel-aware low power FFT processor in the system and the FFT processor can support the FFT size from 128-points to 1024-points. Besides, we use two FFT processor to process the received signal of four receive antennas in order to reduce hardware cost. According to the performance and precoding efficiency, we select the MMSE-OSIC and capacity-SC for MIMO detection and codebook selection. Finally, we use the cell-based design flow to implement the system design for gate level with UMC90nm cell library.

    1 Introduction 1.1 Research Motivation 1.2 Organization of This Thesis 2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and 3GPP LTE Standard 2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 2.1.1 Characteristics of OFDM Signal 2.1.2 Cyclic Prefix 2.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output Technology 2.3 3GPP LTE Standard 2.3.1 Frame structure and parameter 2.3.2 Slot structure and physical resource 2.3.3 General structure for downlink transmitter 2.3.4 Modulation Mapper 2.3.5 Layer Mapping 2.3.6 Precoding 2.3.7 Reference Signals 2.3.8 Synchronization Signals 3 Baseband Channel Model 3.1 3GPP Spatial Channel 3.1.1 BS and MS Array Topologies 3.1.2 General definitions and parameters 3.1.3 Environments 3.1.4 Channel Coefficients 3.2 Additive White Gaussian Noise 3.3 Carrier Frequency Offset 3.4 Sampling Clock Offset 4 Baseband Downlink MIMO Receiver System Design and Algorithm 4.1 Symbol Decision 4.2 Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation and Compensation 4.2.1 Fractional Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation 4.2.2 Integral Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation 4.2.3 Carrier Frequency Offset Compensation 4.3 Sampling Clock Offset Estimation and Compensation 4.4 Channel Estimation 4.5 Codebook Selection 4.6 MIMO Detector 5 Baseband Downlink MIMO Receiver System Implementation 5.1 Piecewise Linear Approximation Algorithm 5.2 Strassen’s Algorithm 5.3 Channel Aware Low-Power FFT Processor 5.4 Circuit Design 5.4.1 Symbol Decision Circuit 5.4.2 Fractional CFO Estimation Circuit 5.4.3 Integer CFO Estimation Circuit 5.4.4 CFO Compensation Circuit 5.4.5 SCO Estimation Circuit 5.4.6 Channel Estimation Circuit 5.4.7 Codebook Selection Circuit 5.4.8 MIMO Detector Circuit 5.5 Fixed-point Simulation 5.6 Gate Simulation 6 Conclusion

    [1] WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile, WiMAX Forum Std., Rev. 1.2.0, Sep. 2006.
    [2] Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(UTRA)(Rel.7), 3GPP Std. TR 25.814, Rev. 7.1.0, Sep. 2006.
    [3] Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Mudulation(Rel.8), 3GPP Std. TS 36.211, Rev. 8.3.0, May 2008.
    [4] Extending Codeword to Layer Mapping for Efficient Support of Restransmission, 3GPP Std. R1-074 382 Ericsson, 2007.
    [5] Spatial channel model for Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO) simulations(Rel.7), 3GPP Std. TR 25.996, Rev. 7.0.0, Jun. 2007.
    [6] J. Salo and G. Del Galdo and J. Salmmi, et al., “MATLAB implementation of the 3GPP Spatial Channel Model(3GPP TR 25.996),” Online, Jan. 2005, available: http://www.tkk.fi/Units/Radio/scm.
    [7] E. Zhou, X. Zhang, H. Zhao, and W.Wang, “Synchronization Algorithm for MIMO OFDM Systems,” in IEEE Proc. WCNC, vol. 1, Mar. 2005, pp. 18–22.
    [8] D. J. Love and R. W. H. Jr., “Limited Feedback Unitary Precoding for Spatial Multiplexing Systems,” in IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 51, no. 8, Aug. 2005.
    [9] Investigations on Precoding Schemes for MIMO in E-UTRA Downlink, 3GPP Std. R1-063 311 NTT DoCoMo, 2006.
    [10] G. S. Lin, “Design of a Baseband Receiver for DVB-T Standard,” Master’s thesis, Graduate of Institute Electrical Enginerring,Nation Taiwan University, Taipei,Taiwan.
    [11] V. Strassen, “Gaussian elimination is not optimal,” in Numer. Math, 1969, vol. 13, pp. 354–356.
    [12] S. M. Balle and P. C. Hansen, Advances in Parallel Algorithms. IOS Press, 1994, pp. 22–30.
    [13] C. M. Chen, “Channel-Aware Low-Power FFT Processor for 3GPP-LTE OFDMA Transmission,” Master’s thesis, Graduate of Institute Electrical Enginerring,Nation
    Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,Taiwan.
    [14] Basic Schemes of Downlink MIMO Channel Transmissions for E-UTRA, 3GPP Std. R1-060 990 NTT DoCoMo, 2006.
    [15] Multi-Degree Cyclic Delay Diversity with Frequency-domain Channel Dependent Scheduling, 3GPP Std. R1-060 991 NTT DoCoMo, 2006.
    [16] Final Details on CDD Precoding, 3GPP Std. R1-073 274 QUALCOMM Europe, 2007.
    [17] Primary Synchronization Signal Design, 3GPP Std. R1-071 583 Ericsson, 2007.
    [18] Secondary Synchronization Signal Design, 3GPP Std. R1-071 584 Ericsson, 2007.
    [19] C. W. Chu, “Design of a Baseband Down-Link Receiver for 3GPP-LTE,” Master’s thesis, Graduate of Institute Electrical Enginerring,Nation Tsing Hua University,
    Hsinchu,Taiwan.

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