Manufacturing strategy focuses on manufacturing activities that have pervasive and long-term impact on a company and thus requires dynamic conformance with corporate strategy, business strategy, and marketing strategy. Manufacturing strategy decomposes manufacturing objectives into measurable metrics and corresponding manufacturing practices through strategy formulation and further implements alternatives chosen, measures performances, and achieves objectives so as the profitability and sustainability of a company can be closely linked with the company’s resources and capability. This research aims to propose a framework for structuring manufacturing strategy decisions and conduct empirical studies in semiconductor backend manufacturing for validation. Manufacturing strategy decisions constitute manufacturing strategy through a series of decision making processes and corresponding problem-solving. Indeed, the underlying decision-making sub-problems that can be formulated in a wide spectrum of forms with regards of the problem natures involved in manufacturing strategy decisions. Firstly, this study utilizes an extended influence diagram to structure various problem types and proposes different solution strategies. Then, a UNISON decision analysis framework is employed for the problem-structuring process, in which important characteristics of real problems can be extracted step by step. Finally, semiconductor backend problems in real settings are introduced to validate the proposed framework. The research findings have shown that different problem structures demand different methodologies for solutions in part of them involving decision-maker’s preferences. The proposed framework can assist the decision makers to structure complex manufacturing strategy decisions while considering causal relationships among the decision elements and variables.

製造策略致力於製造活動的改進並對企業的影響廣泛且長遠，因此必須不斷動態調整以配合公司策略、營運策略與服務策略。製造策略藉由策略形成的過程以展開製造目標、衡量尺度間關係至製造實務，並進一步執行方案、衡量績效與目標的達成，將企業獲利與永續發展的命脈與企業能力與資源結合。本研究目的係建構製造策略決策分析架構，做為一般化製造策略架構的工具，並發展對應的方法論，然後藉由半導體後端生產的實證研究來驗證本研究的效度。事實上，製造策略決策則是藉由一系列決策制訂過程的評估與問題解答的提供來擬訂製造策略。其中，包括以不同形式呈現的子決策問題。本研究首先探討製造策略中製造目標、績效評估與製造實務的重要特徵，並解釋各元素間因果關係的重要性與鑑定規則。接著，本研究根據事實前提、價值前提與因果關係定義與分類問題架構。除此之外，本研究利用所擴充的影響圖工具架構上述不同種類決策問題並說明不同問題的解決方法。本研究並根據紫式決策分析架構（UNISON）來解釋問題架構的過程，以從真實問題萃取重要特徵。最後，本研究藉由對半導體後端生產的實際問題的討論來說明驗證整合問題架構的相關議題及本研究所提出的解決方案。本研究發現針對不同程度的問題架構將需要不同的工具進行求解，部份問題則需要參考決策者的偏好關係，對於複雜的決策問題則需要同時結合因果關係與偏好關係的架構。

Agra, A. and Constantino, M. (1999), “Lotsizing with backlogging and start-ups: the case of Wagner-Whitin costs,” Operations Research Letters, Vol. 25, pp. 81-88.
Andrews, K.R. (1971), The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Ansoff, H.I. (1965), Corporate Strategy: An Analytic Approach to Business Policy for Growth and Expansion, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Armitage, H.M. and Atkinson, A.A. (1990), “The choice of productivity measured in organizations,” in R.S. Kaplan (eds.), Measures for Manufacturing Excellence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, pp. 91-126.
Arunkumar N, Karunamoorthy L, Anand S, Ramesh Babu ST (2005), “Linear approach for solving a piecewise linear vendor selection problem of quantity discounts using lexicographic method,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 28, No. 11-12, pp. 27-34.
Atherton, L.F. and Atherton. R.W. (1995), Wafer Fabrication: Factory Performance and Analysis, Kluwer Academic Purblishers, Norwell.
Auches, B., Grewal, G., and Silverman, P. (1995), “Managing multi-chamber tool productivity,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 240-247.
Banker, R.D., Charnes, A., and Cooper, W.W. (1984), “Some models for estimating technical and scale efficiencies in data envelopment analysis,” Management Science, Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1078-1092.
Banks, R.L. and Wheelwright, S.C. (1979), “Operations versus strategy – trading tomorrow for today,” Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 112-120.
Barney, J.B. (1986), “Type of competition and the theory of strategy: Toward an integrative framework,” Academy of Management Review, Vol.11, No4, pp.791-800.
Benson, R.F., Cunningham, S.P. and Leachman, R.C. (1995), “Benchmarking manufacturing performance in the semiconductor industry,” Production and Operations Management, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 201-216.
Berry, W.L., Hill, T. and Klompmaker, J.E. (1995), “Customer driven manufacturing,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 4-15.
Bevilacqua, M. and Petroni, A. (2002), “From traditional purchasing to supplier management: A fuzzy logic-based approach to supplier selection,” International Journal of Logistics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 235–255.
Bhutta, K.S. and Huq, F. (2002), “Supplier selection problem: A comparison of the total cost of ownership and analytic hierarchy process approaches,” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 126-135.
Billington, C., Lee, H.L., and Tang, C.S. (1998), “Successful strategies for product rollovers,” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 23-30.
Bititci, U.S. and Turner, T. (2000), “Dynamics of performance measurement systems,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 6, pp. 692-704.
Blackburn, J.D. (1991), Time-Based Competition – The Next Battleground in American Manufacturing, Business One Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Blake, R.R. and Mouton, J.C. (1964), The Managerial Grid, Gulf, Houston.
Bockerstette, J.A. and Shell, R.L. (1993), Time Based Manufacturing, Institute of Industrial Engineers and McGraw-Hill, Norcross, GA.
Boer, L. de, Labro, E., and Morlacchi, P. (2001), “A review of methods supporting supplier selection.” European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, Vol. 7, No. 75-89.
Boer, L. de, van der Wegen, L., and Telgen, J. (1998), “Outranking methods in support of supplier selection,” European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, Vol. 4, No. 2-3, pp. 109-118.
Bourne, M., Mills, J., Wilcox, M., Neely, A., and Platts, K. (2000), “Designing, implementing and updating performance measurement systems,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 754-771.
Brown, S. (1998), “Manufacturing strategy: manufacturing seniority and plant performance in quality,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 565-587.
Buffa, E.S. (1984), Meeting the Competitive Challenge: Manufacturing Strategy for U.S. Companies, Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Buffa, F.B. and Jackson, W.M. (1983), “A goal programming model for purchase planning,” Journal of Purchasing Material Management, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 27-34.
Bungay, S. and Goold, M. (1991), “Creating a strategic control system,” Long Range Planning, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 32-39.
Business Week (1988), “The productivity paradox,” Special Report, Business Week, 16 June, pp. 100-108.
Cagliano, R. and Spina, G. (2000), “How improved programmes of manufacturing are selected: The role of strategic priorities and past experience,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 772-791.
Camp, R.C. (1989), Benchmarking – The Search for Industry Best Practices that Lead to Superior Performance, ASQS Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI.
Cánez, L.E., Platts, KW, Probert, D.R. (2000), “Developing a framework for make-or-buy decisions,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20, No. 11, pp. 1313-1330.
Cartwright, N. (2003), “Two theorems on invariance and causality,” Philosophy of Science, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 203-224.
Cartwright, N. (2004), “Causation: One word, many things,” Philosophy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 805-819.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., and Rhodes, E. (1978), “Measuring the efficiency of decision making units,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 429-444.
Cheng, T.C.E. and Sin, C.C.S. (1990), “A state-of-the-art review of parallel-machine scheduling research,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 47, pp. 271-292.
Chien, C. (2002), “A portfolio-evaluation framework for selecting R&D projects,” R&D Management, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 359-368.
Chien, C. (2005), Decision Analysis: A UNISON Framework for Total Decision Quality Enhancement, Yeh Yeh Book Gallery, Taipei. (in Chinese)
Chien, C. and Wu, J. (2003), “Analyzing repair decisions in the site imbalance problem of semiconductor test machines,” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 704-711.
Chien, C., Chen, H., Wu, J., and Hu, C. (2007a), “Constructing the OGE for promoting tool group productivity in semiconductor manufacturing,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 509-524.
Chien, C., Chen, S., and Lin, Y. (2002), “Using Bayesian network for fault location on distribution feeder,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 17, No. 13, pp. 758–793.
Chien, C., Hsiao, A., and Wang, I. (2004), “Constructing semiconductor manufacturing performance indexes and applying data mining for manufacturing data analysis,” Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 313-327. (in Chinese)
Chien, C., Shih, Y., Lin, C., and Chen, J. (2005), Handbook for Semiconductor Manufacturing Technologies and Management (Eds.), National Tsing Hua University Press, Hsinchu, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
Chien, C., Wang, H., and Wang, M. (2007b), “A UNISON framework for analyzing alternative strategies of IC final testing for enhancing overall operational effectiveness,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 20-30.
Choi, T.Y. and Hartley, J.L. (1996), “An exploration of supplier selection practices across the supply chain,” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 14, pp. 333-343.
Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2004), Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operations, 2nd ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Christiansen, T., Berry, W. L., Bruun, P., and Ward, P. (2003), “A mapping of competitive priorities, manufacturing practices, and operational performance in groups of Danish manufacturing companies,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 23 No. 10, pp. 1163-1183.
Christie, M.E.R. and Wu, S.D. (2002), “Semiconductor capacity planning: stochastic modeling and computational studies,” IIE Transactions, Vol. 34, pp. 131-143.
Clark, A.R. (2003), “Optimization approximations for capacity constrained material requirements planning,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 84, pp. 115-131.
Clemen, R.T. (1996), Making Hard Decision, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA.
Cowan, D.A. (1990), “Developing a classification structure of organizational problems: an empirical investigation,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 366-390.
Cox, J.F. III and Blackstone, J.H. (1998), APICS Dictionary, 9th ed., Fall Church, VA.
Craig, C.E. and Harris, R.C. (1973), “Total productivity measurement at the firm level,” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 14, pp. 14-29.
Cross, K.F. and Lynch, R.L. (1988-1989), “The SMART way to define and sustain success,” National Productivity Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 23-33.
CSM-52 (2002), Competitive Semiconductor Manufacturing: Final Report on Findings from Benchmarking Eight-Inch, Sub-350nm Wafer Fabrication Lines, CSM Program (52), University of California at Berkeley.
Dabbas, R.M., Fowler, J.W., Rollier, D.A., and Mccarville, D. (2003), “Multiple response optimization using mixture-designed experiments and desirability functions in semiconductor scheduling,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 936-961.
Dangayach, G.S. and Deshmukh, S.G. (2001), “Manufacturing strategy: literature review and some issues,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 884-932.
Decision making (2008, January 9), In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16:19, January 11, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decision_making&oldid=183130190.
Degraeve, Z., and Roodhooft, F. (2000), “A mathematical programming approach for procurement using activity based costing,” Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, pp. 69-98.
Degraeve, Z., Labro, E., Roodhooft, F. (2000), “An evaluation of vendor selection models from a total cost of ownership perspective,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 125, No. 1, pp. 34-58.
Delbecq, A.L., Ven, A.H. van de, Gustafson, D.H. (1986), Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes, Green Briar Press, Middleton.
Delp, D.R. (2004), “A new X-factor contribution measure for identifying machine level capacity constraints and variability,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 334-338.
Delp, D.R., Si, J., Hwang, Y., and Pei, B. (2003), “A dynamic system regulation measure for increasing effective capacity: The X-factor theory,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 81-88.
Delp, D.R., Si, J., Hwang, Y., Pei, B., and Fowler, J.W. (2005), “Availability-adjusted X-factor,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 43, No. 18, pp. 3933-3953.
Dickson, G..W. (1966), “An analysis of vendor selection systems and decisions,” Journal of Purchasing, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 5-17.
Dixon, J.R., Nanni, A.J. and Vollmann, T.E. (1990), The New Performance Challenge – Measuring Operations for World-class Competition, Irwin, Homewood.
Drucker, P. (1954), The Practice of Management, Harper & Brothers, New York.
Eccles, R.G. and Pyburn, P.J. (1992), “Creating a comprehensive system to measure performance,” Management Accounting (US), Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 41-44.
Edosomwan, J.A. (1985), Integrating Productivity and Quality Management, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY.
Edwards, W. and Barron, F.H. (1994), “SMARTS and SMARTER: Improved simple methods for multiattribute utility measurement,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 306-325.
Edwards, W. and Fasolo, B. (2001), “Decision technology,” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52, No. , pp. 581-606.
Ellram, L.M. (1995), “Total cost of ownership: An analysis approach for purchasing,” International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 4-23.
Expert Choice (2005), Expert Choice®, Expert Choice Inc.
Ferdows, K.J. and de Meyer, A. (1990) “Lasting improvement in manufacturing performance: In search of a new theory,” Journal of Operation Management, Vol.9, No2, pp.168-184.
Fine, C.H. and Hax, A.C. (1985), “Manufacturing strategy: a methodology and an illustration,” Interfaces, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 28-46.
Flynn, B.B., Schroeder, R.G., and Flynn, E.J. (1999), “World class manufacturing : An investigation of Hayes and Wheelwright’s Foundation,” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, pp. 249-269.
Fowler, J.W., Brown, S., Gold, H., and Schoemig, A. (1997), “Measurable improvements in cycle-time-constrained capacity,” IEEE International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing, pp. A21–A24, 1997.
Frohlich, M.T. and Dixon, J.R. (2001), “A taxonomy of manufacturing strategy revisited,” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 19, pp. 541-558.
Garvin, D.A. (1986), “Quality problems, policies, and attitudes in the United States and Japan: An exploratory study,” Academy Management Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 653-673.
Garvin, D.A. (1987), “Competing on the eight dimensions of quality,” Harvard Business Review, November-December, pp. 101-109.
Gerwin, D. (1987), “An agenda for research on the flexibility of manufacturing processes,” International Journal of Operation & Production Management, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 38-49.
Gerwin, D. (1993), “Manufacturing flexibility: A strategic perspective,” Management Science, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 395-410.
Ghalayini, A.M. and Noble, J.S. (1996), “The changing basis of performance measurement,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 63-80.
Globerson, S. (1985), “Issues in developing a performance criteria system for an organisation,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 639-646.
Gold, B. (1980), “Practical productivity analysis for management accountants,” Management Accounting, Vol. 62, pp. 31-44.
Goldratt, E.M. (1990), Theory of Constraints, North River Press, Croton-on-Hudson, NY.
Goldratt, E.M. (1992), The Goal, North River Press, Great Barrington, MA.
Granger, C.W. J. (1969), “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods,” in R.E. Lucas Jr. and T.J. Sargent (eds.), Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1981, pp. 371-386.
Granger, C.W. J. (1980). “Testing for causality: A personal viewpoint,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 329-52.
Gregory, M.J. (1993), “Integrated performance measurement: a review of current practice and emerging trends,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 30-31, pp. 281-296.
Größler, A. and Grübner, A. (2006), “An empirical model of the relationships between manufacturing capabilities,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 485-485.
Gunasekaran, A., Patel, C., and Tirtiroglu, E. (2001), “Performance measures and metrics in a supply chain environment,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 21 No. 1/2, pp. 71-87.
Gupta, M.C. (1995), “Environmental Management and Its Impact on the Operations Function,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 34-51.
Hall, R.W. (1983), Zero Inventories, Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL.
Harding, M.L. (1998), “How to calculate total purchase cost,” Hospital Materiel Management Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 9-13.
Hayes, R.H. (1985), “Strategic planning - Forward in reverse,” Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec., pp. 111-119.
Hayes, R.H. and Garvin, D.A. (1982), “Managing as if tomorrow mattered,” Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 70-79.
Hayes, R.H. and Wheelwright, S.C. (1984), Restoring our Competitive Edge-Competing Through Manufacturing, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
Hayes, R.H., Wheelwright, S.C., and Clark, K.B. (1988), Dynamic Manufacturing: Creating the Learning Organization, Free Press, New York.
Hill, C.W.L. and Jones, G.R. (2004), Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, 6th edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Hill, T. (1994), The Strategy Quest, Pitman Publishing, London.
Hill, T. (2000), Manufacturing Strategy: Text and Cases, 2nd ed., Palgrave, Basingstoke.
Hill, T. J. (1987), “Teaching manufacturing strategy,” International Journal of Operations & Production, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 10-20.
Holland, P.W. (1986), “Statistics and causal inference,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 81, No. 396, pp. 945-960.
Hopp, W.J. and Spearman, M.L. (2001), Factory Physics: Foundations of Manufacturing Management, 2nd edition, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA.
Howard, R.A. and Matheson, J.E. (2005), “Influence diagrams,” Decision Analysis, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 127-143.
Huang, S.H., Dismukes, J., Shi, J., Su, Q., Razzak, M.A., Bodhale, B. and Robinson, E. (2003), “Manufacturing productivity improvement using effectiveness metrics and simulation analysis,” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 513-527.
ILOG (2005), ILOG OPL® development studio, ILOG Inc.
Imai, K. (1986), KAIZEN-The Key to Japan’s Competitive Success, Random House, New York, N.Y.
Jayaraman, V., Srivastava, R., Benton, W.C. (1999), “Supplier selection and order quantity allocation: A comprehensive model,” Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 50-58.
Jeong, K. and Philips, D.T. (2001), “Operational efficiency and effectiveness measurement,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 1404-1416.
Kaplan, R.S. (1983), “Measuring manufacturing performance – a new challenge for managerial accounting research,” The Accounting Review, Vol. 58 No. 4, pp. 686-705.
Kaplan, R.S. (1984a), “The evolution of management accounting,” The Accounting Review, Vol. 59 No. 3, pp. 390-418.
Kaplan, R.S. (1984b), “Yesterday’s accounting undermines production,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 62, pp. 95-101.
Kaplan, R.S. (1986), “Accounting lag – the obsolescence of cost accounting systems,” California Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 174-99.
Kaplan, R.S. (1990), Measures for Manufacturing Excellence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (1992a), “Putting the balanced scorecard to work,” Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp. 114-147.
Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (1992b), “The balanced scorecard – measures that drive performance,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 70, January-February, pp. 71-79.
Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2001), The Strategy-Focused Organization: How Balanced Scorecard Companies Thrive in the New Business Environment, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2006), “How to implement a new strategy without disrupting your organization,” Harvard Business Review, March.
Karpak, B., Kumcu, E., Kasuganti, R. (1999), “An application of visual interactive goal programming: a case in vendor selection decisions,” Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Vol. 8, pp. 93-105.
Keegan, D.P., Eiler, R.G., and Jones, C.S. (1989), “Are your performance measures obsolete?,” Management Accounting, Vol. 70, No. 12, pp. 45-50.
Keeney, R.L. (1981), “Measurement scales for quantifying attributes,” Behavior Science, Vol. 26, pp. 29-36.
Keeney, R.L., Raiffa, H. (1993), Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Kishimoto, M., Ozawa, K., Watanabe, K., and Martin, D.P. (2001), “Optimized operations by extended X-factor theory including unit hours concept,” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 187-195.
Korhonen, P., and Wallenius, J. (1988), “A PARETO Race,” Naval Research Logistics, Vol. 35, pp. 615-623.
Krupka, D.C. (1992), “Time as a primary system metric,” in J.A. Heim and W.D. Compton (eds), Manufacturing Systems: Foundations of World-Class Practice, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC, pp. 167-172.
Lakenan, B., Boyd, D., Frey, E. (2001), “Why Cisco fell: Outsourcing and its perils,” Strategy + Business, Vol. 24, Third Quarter.
Leachman, R.C. (1993), “Modeling techniques for automated production planning in the semiconductor industry,” in T.A. Ciriani and R.C. Leachman (eds.), Optimization in industry: Mathematical programming and Modeling Techniques in Practice, Jonh Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1-30.
Leachman, R.C. and Hodgess, D.A. (1996), “Benchmarking semiconductor manufacturing,” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 158-169.
Leachman, R.C., (1997), “Closed-loop measurement of equipment efficiency and equipment capacity,” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 84-97.
Leong, G.K. and Ward, P.T. (1995), “The six Ps of manufacturing strategy,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 32-45.
Leong, G.K., Snyder, D.L., and Ward, P.T. (1990), “Research in the process and content of manufacturing strategy,” Omega, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 109-122.
Lingle, J.H. and Schiemann, W.A. (1996), “From balanced scorecard to strategy gauge: is measurement worth it?,” Management Review, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 56-62.
Linstone, H.A. and Turoff, M. (2002), The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, from http://www.is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/.
Lippman, S.A. and Rumelt, R.P. (1982), “Uncertain imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency under Competition,” The Bell Journal of Economics, Vol.13, pp.2418-438.
MacCrimmon, K.R., Taylor, R.N. (1975), “Problem solving and decision making,” in M.C. Dunnette (eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Rand McNally, New York.
Mackie, J.L. (1980), The Cement of the Universe: A Study in Causation, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Mao, C. (2003), Decision, Common Wealth Magazine, Inc., Taipei. (in Chinese)
March, J.G. and Simon, H.A. (1958), Organizations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Markowitz, H. (1952), “Portfolio selection,” The Journal of Finance, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 77-91.
Markowitz, H. (1959), Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments, John Wiley, New York, NY.
Martin, D.P. (1996), “Optimizing Manufacturing Asset Utilization,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, tutorial presentation.
Martin, D.P. (1997), “How the low of unanticipated consequences can nullify the Theory of Constraints: The case for balanced capacity in a semiconductor manufacturing line,” Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 380-385.
Martin, D.P. (1998), “The advantage of using short cycle time manufacturing (SCM) instead of continuous flow manufacturing (CFM),” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 43-49.
Martin, D.P. (1999a), “Total operational efficiency (TOE): The determination of 2 capacity and cycle time components and their relationship to productivity improvements in a semiconductor manufacturing line,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 37-41.
Martin, D.P. (1999b), “Capacity and cycle time throughput understanding system,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 127-131.
Martin, D.P. (2000), “Maximizing productivity improvements using short cycle time manufacturing (SCM) concepts in a semiconductor manufacturing line,” IEEE/SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference, pp. 63-67.
Maskell, B. (1989a), “Performance Measurement for World Class Manufacturing,” Management Accounting. Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 32-33.
Maskell, B. (1989b), “Performance Measurement For World Class Manufacturing 2,” Management Accounting, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 32-33.
Maskell, B. (1989c), “Performance Measurement for World Class Manufacturing – 3,” Management Accounting, Vol. 67, No. 7, pp. 48-49.
Maskell, B. (1989d), “Performance Measurement For World Class Manufacturing – 4,” Management Accounting. Vol. 67, No. 8, p. 64-66.
Mason, R.O. (1979), “A general system theory of productivity,” International Journal of General Systems, Vol. 5, pp. 17-30.
McGrath, M.E. and Bequillard, R.B. (1989), Integrated Manufacturing Strategies, Managing International Manufacturing, North Holland, New York, NY.
McIvor, R.T., Humphreys, P.K., and McAleer, W.E. (1997), “A strategic model for the formulation of an effective make or buy decision,” Management Decision, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 169-178.
McMann, P. and Nanni, A.J. (1994), “Is your company really measuring performance,” Management Accounting, Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 55-58.
Medori, D. and Steeple, D. (2000), “A framework for auditing and enhancing performance measurement systems,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 520-533.
Meyer, A. de, Nakane, J., Miller, J.G. and Ferdows, K. (1989), “Flexibility: The next competitive battle – The manufacturing futures survey,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 135-44.
Miller, J.G. and Roth, A. (1994), “A taxonomy of manufacturing strategies,” Management Science, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 285-304.
Miltenburg, J. (1995), Manufacturing Strategy: How to Formulate and Implement a Winning Plan, Productivity Press, Portland, OR.
Minor, E.D., R. L. Hensley, and D. R. Wood, “A Review of Empirical Manufacturing Strategy Studies,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol.14, No. 1, 1994, pp. 5-25.
Mintzberg, H. (1978), “Patterns in strategy formulation,” Management Science, Vol. 24 No. 9, pp. 934-948.
Mintzberg, H. (1987), “The strategy concept I: five Ps for strategy,” California Management Review, Fall, pp. 11-24.
Mintzberg, H. and Waters, J.A. (1985), “Of strategies, deliberate and emergent,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 257-272.
Nakajima, S. (1988), Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance, Productivity Press, Cambridge, MA.
Narasimhan, R., Talluri, S., Mendez, D. (2001), “Supplier evaluation and rationalization via data envelopment analysis: An empirical examination,” Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 28-37.
Neely, A., Mills, J., and Platts, K. (1995), “Performance measurement system design: A literature review and research agenda,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 80-116.
Neely, A., Mills, J., Gregory, M., Richards, H., Platts, K. and Bourne, M. (1996), Getting the Measure of your Business, Manufacturing Engineering Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
Neely, A., Mills, J., Platts, K., Gregory, M. and Richards, H. (1994), “Realizing strategy through measurement,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 143-155.
Neely, A.D. and Wilson, J.R. (1992), “Measuring product goal congruence: an exploratory study,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 45-52.
Noble, J.S. and Lahay, C.W. (1994), “Cycle time modeling for process improvement teams,” 3rd Industrial Engineering Research Conference, Atlanta, GA, May, pp. 372-377.
Northey, P. and Southway, N., (1993) Cycle Time Management – The Fast Track to Time-Based Productivity Improvement, Productivity Press, Portland, OR.
Oechsner, R., Pfeffer, M., Pfitzner, L., Binder, H., Müller, E., and Vonderstras, T. (2003), “From overall equipment efficiency (OEE) to overall Fab effectiveness (OFE),” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol. 5, pp. 333-339.
Olhager, J. and Rudberg, M. (2003), “Manufacturing strategy and e-business: an exploratory study,” Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 334-345.
Paweł, K. (2004), “Cartwright's theorem and procedural approach to causality,” PhilSci-Archive, No. 1801, pp. 1-24.
Pearl, J. (2000), Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Peteraf, M.A. (1993), “The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 179-192.
Porter, M.E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press, New York, NY.
Quinn, J.B. and Sviokla, J.J. (1994), “Strategic outsourcing,” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 43-55.
Riggs, J.L. and Felix, G.H. (1983), Productivity by Objectives: Results-Oriented Solutions to the Productivity Puzzle, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Ron, A.J. de and Rooda, J.E. (2005), “Equipment effectiveness: OEE revisited,” IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 190-196.
Roodhooft, F. and Konings, J. (1997), “Vendor selection and evaluation: an activity based costing approach,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 96, No. 1, pp. 97-102.
Roth, A.V. and Miller, J.G. (1989), “A taxonomy of manufacturing strategy,” 9th Conference of the Strategic Management Society, San Francisco, C.A.
Rudberg, M. and Olhager, J. (2003), “Manufacturing networks and supply chains: an operations strategy perspective,” Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 29-39.
Rumelt, R.P. (1987), “Theory, strategy and entrepreneurship,” in D. Teece (eds.), The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 137-158.
Saaty, T.L. (1980), The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw Hill, New York.
Saaty, T.L. (1990), “How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 9-26.
Sadrian, A.A. and Yoon, Y.S. (1994), “A procurement decision support system in business volume discount environments,” Operations Research, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 14-23.
Samson, D. (1991), Manufacturing and Operations Strategy, Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
Sargent, R.G. (2005), “Verification and validation of simulation models,” Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 130-143.
Sarkis, J. and Talluri, S. (2002), “A model for strategic supplier selection,” Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 38, pp. 18-28.
Schmenner, R.W. (1988), “Escaping the black holes of cost accounting,” Business Horizons, January-February, pp. 66-72.
Schoemig, A.K. (1999), “On the corrupting influence of variability in semiconductor manufacturing,” Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 837-842.
Schonberger, R.J. (1990), Creating a Chain of Customers, Guild Publishing, London.
Schroeder, R.G., Anderson, J.C. and Cleveland, G. (1986), “The Content of Manufacturing: An Empirical Study,” Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 405-415.
Sellonheim, M.R. (1991), “Case Company Performance Measurement,” Management Accounting, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp.50-53.
SEMATECH (1997), Capital Productivity Program Review, SEMATECH, Austin, TX.
SEMI E10-0701 (2001), “Specification for definition and measurement of equipment Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM),” Semiconductor Equipment and Material International, Mountain View, CA.
SEMI E79-0200 (2000), “Standard for definition and measurement of equipment productivity,” Semiconductor Equipment and Material International, Mountain View, CA.
Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P., and Simchi-Levi, E. (2005), Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Simon, H.A. (1953), “Causal ordering and identifiability,” in H.A. Simon (eds.), Models of Man, Wiley, New York, 1957.
Simon, H.A. (1973), “The structure of ill-structured problems,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 181-201.
Simon, H.A. (1977), The New Science of Management Decision, revised edition, Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York.
Simon, H.A. (1997), Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations, 4th edition, The Free Press, New York.
Simon, H.A. and Nicholas R. (1966), “Causes and counterfactuals,” Philosophy of Science Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 323-340.
Skinner, W. (1969). “Manufacturing - missing link in corporate strategy,” Harvard Business Review, May-June, pp. 136-145.
Skinner, W. (1971), “The anachronistic factory,” Harvard Business Review, January-February, pp. 61-70.
Skinner, W. (1974), “The focused factory,” Harvard Business Review, May – June, pp. 114-121.
Skinner, W. (1978), Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
Skinner, W. (1996), “Manufacturing strategy on the ‘S’ curve,” Production and Operations Management, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 3-14.
Slack, N. (1987), “The flexibility of manufacturing systems,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 35-45.
Slack, N. (1997), The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Operations Management, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA.
Smith, G.F. (1988), “Towards a heuristic theory of problem structuring,” Management Science, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 1489-1506.
Soukup, W.R. (1987), “Supplier selection strategies,” Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 7-12.
Stalk, G. (1988), “Time – the next source of competitive advantage,” Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 41-51.
Stamm, C.L. and Golhar, D.Y. (1993), “JIT purchasing: attribute classification and literature review,” Production Planning and Control, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 273-282.
Strategy (2008, February 3), In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 05:33, February 9, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy&oldid=188859413.
Strategy (disambiguation) (2008, January 12), In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 05:56, February 9, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_%28disambiguation%29&oldid=183888400.
Sullivan, E. (1986), “OPTIM: linking cost, time, and quality,” Quality Progress, 19 April, pp. 52-55.
Swamidass, P.M. and Newell, W. T. (1987), “Manufacturing strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance: A path analytical model,” Management Science, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 509-524.
Swaminathan, J.M. (2000), “Tool capacity planning from semiconductor fabrication facilities under demand uncertainty,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 545-558.
Swink, M. and Way, M.H. (1995), “Manufacturing strategy: propositions, current research, renewed directions,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 4-26.
Taal, M. and Wortmann, J.C. (1997), “Integrating MRP and finite capacity planning,” Production Planning & Control, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 245-254.
Tam, M.C.Y. and Tummala, V.M.R. (2001), “An application of the AHP in vendor selection of a telecommunications system,” Omega, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 171-182.
Taylor, R.C. (1974), “Nature of problem ill-structuredness: implications for problem formulation and solution,” Decision Sciences, Vol. 5, No.4, pp. 632-643.
Teague, J. and Eilon, S. (1973), “Productivity measurement: a brief survey,” Applied Economics, Vol. 5, pp. 133-45.
Thompson, J.D. (1964), “Decision-making, the firm, and the market,” in W.W. Cooper et al. (eds.), New Perspectives in Organization Research, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Thompson, J.D. (1967), Organizations in Action, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Thompson, J.D. and Tuden, A. (1959), “Strategies, structures, and processes of organizational decision,” in J.D. Thompson et al. (eds.), Comparative Studies in Administration, The University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
Turney, P.B.B. and Anderson, B. (1989), “Accounting for continuous improvement,” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 37-48.
Uzsoy, R., Lee, C., and Martin-Vega, L., (1994), “A review of production planning and scheduling models in the semiconductor industry – part II: Shop-floor control. IIE Transactions, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 44-55.
Vitale, M.R. and Mavrinac S.C. (1995), “How effective is your performance measurement system?,” Management Accounting, August, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 43-7.
Voss, C.A. (1988), “Implementation, a key issue in manufacturing technology; the need for a field of study,” Research Policy, Vol. 17, pp. 55-63.
Voss, C.A. (2005), “Alternative paradigms for manufacturing strategy,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 25 No. 12, pp. 1211-1222.
Wang, H. (2004), Multicriteria Decision Analysis – From Certainty to Uncertainty, Ting Lung Book Co., Taipei.
Wang, H., Chien, C., and Kuo, C. (2003), “Analyzing alternative strategies of semiconductor final testing,” in T. Tanino (eds.), Multi-Objective Programming and Goal Programming: Theory & Applications, Physica-Verlag.
Ward, P.T., Miller, J.G., and Vollmann, T.E. (1988), “Mapping manufacturing concerns and action plans,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 5-18.
Weber, C.A. (1996), “A data envelopment analysis approach to measuring vendor performance,” Supply Chain Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 28-39.
Weber, C.A. and Current, J.R. (1993), “A multiobjective approach to vendor selection,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 173-184.
Weber, C.A. and Current, J.R. (1993), “A multiobjective approach to vendor selection,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 173-184.
Weber, C.A., Current, J.R., and Benton, W.C. (1991), “Vendor selection criteria and methods,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 2-18.
Wheelwright, S.C. (1984), “Manufacturing strategy: Defining the missing link,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 77-91.
Wheelwright, S.C. and Clark, K. (1992), Revolutionising Product Development, Free Press, New York, NY.
Winterfeldt, D. von (1980), “Structuring decision problems for decision analysis,” Acta Psychologica, Vol. 45, pp. 71-93.
Wisner, J.D. and Fawcett, S.E. (1991), “Link firm strategy to operating decisions through performance measurement,” Production and Inventory Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 5-11.
Womack, J, Jones, D., and Roos, D. (1990), The Machine that Changed the World, Rawson Associates, New York, NY.
Woodward, J. (1997), “Explanation, invariance and intervention,” Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. S26-S41.
Wu, J. and Chien, C. (2007), “Modeling semiconductor testing job scheduling and dynamic testing machine configuration,” Expert Systems with Applications. (in press, available online 20 July 2007)
Wu, J. and Chien, C. (2008), “Modeling strategic semiconductor assembly outsourcing decisions and an empirical study,” OR Spectrum. (in press)
Wuttipornpun, T. and Yenradee, P. (2004), “Development of finite capacity material requirement planning system for assembly operations,” Production Planning & Control, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 534-549.
Youndt, M.A., Snell, S.A., Dean, J.W., and Lepak, D.P. (1996), “Human resource management, manufacturing strategy and firm performance,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 836-866.
Youssef, M.A. (1994), “Design for manufacturability and time to market – Part I,” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol.14, No. 12, pp. 6-21.
Zhang, Z., Lei, J., Cao, N., To, K., and Ng, K. (2004), “Evolution of supplier selection criteria and methods,” in The Second Globelics Conference Innovation Systems and Development: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges.