隨著醫療技術的發展，大幅提高醫療品質和延長人類的壽命，但隨之而來的代價卻是產生許多醫療廢棄物。處理醫療廢棄物的方法有很多，傳統上常用焚化來處理醫療廢物。但是焚化後所產生的飛灰排放是另一個環境問題。
此研究主要針對醫療焚化爐飛灰的化學成分及其對肺癌上皮細胞(A549)的生物效應（細胞生存率，發炎因子釋放和活性氧化因子的生成）之間的相關性進行探索。依據空氣粒徑大小不同，將粒子分類為全粒子(TP;未進行粒徑分析粒子)、PM10-2.5（2.5-10微米）、PM2.5-1（2.5-1微米），以及PM1（粒徑<1微米）。探討（一）不同粒徑顆粒的物理化學特性如非水溶性元素成分、水溶性離子和多環芳香烴。 （二）飛灰萃取物(水溶性離子和多環芳香烴)對A549細胞的細胞毒性。(三)粒徑大小、成分和細胞毒性的關聯性。並利用二元分析和Student檢驗（t檢驗）研究化學成分和生物反應之間的關係。
結果顯示水溶性離子(陽離子+陰離子）的佔總成分80％左右。空氣粒徑較小的粒子，含有較多的多環芳烴。低分子量的多環芳香烴（環數2和3;分子量：128-178）比中（環數4;分子量：202-228）和高（HMW 5和6多環芳烴結構的環數;分子量：252-278）分子量多環芳烴含量還要高，尤其是Nap和PA。然而，非水溶性的重金屬和主族元素的含量在PM10-2.5和PM2.5-1比PM1高。在TP、PM10-2.5、PM2.5-1和PM1中，PM10-2.5誘導較多的ROS產生和IL-8的分泌，而PM1導致較高的細胞凋亡。在化學成分方面，多環芳香烴所造成的細胞死亡率比水溶性離子成分高，水溶性離子成分主要造成ROS產生和IL-8的分泌，故PM1所產生較高細胞死亡率可能來自於多環芳香烴。

With the development of medical technology, the quality for caring and prolonging human’s life is greatly improved, but the price is a lot of hospital wastes are produced. Incineration is a traditional method used in disposal of hospital waste. However, the emission of fly ashes is another environmental issue.
In this work, the correlations between chemical components of PM in various particle sizes with the biological effects (cell viability, cytokine release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generate) generated from human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line A549 exposing to PM emitted from a hospital solid waste were studied. According to aerodynamic diameter, four categories of PM were classified namely, “Total Particle” (TP; without particle size classification), “PM10-2.5”(diameter 2.5–10 μm), “PM2.5-1”(diameter 1–2.5 μm), and “PM1 “(diameter <1μm). We investigate (i) the physicochemical characteristics of particles (PM) such as elements, size distribution, water-soluble ions, and PAHs. (ii) the cytotoxicity of particles (PM) and the extract from PM e.g. water-soluble ions (i-PM)and PAHs(p-PM) towards A549 cell. Bivariate analysis and Student’s test (t-test) were applied to study the relationship between the PM chemical composition and the biological responses.
The results show that water-soluble ions (cation + anion) were constituted about 80% in fractions. The smaller aerodynamic diameter of PM is observed, the higher PAHs content is found. Low molecular weight PAH (2 and 3 ring number of PAHs structure; MW: 128-178) was higher than the other medium (MMW; 4 ring number of PAHs structure; MW: 202-228) and high (HMW; 5 and 6 ring number of PAHs structure; MW: 252-278) molecular weight PAHs in each particles size, especially NaP and PA. In contrast, the content of heavy metal and major element in PM10-2.5 and PM2.5-1 are more than in PM1. Among TP, PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1 and PM1, PM10-2.5 induced more ROS and IL-8 secretion, and PM1 caused higher cell apoptosis. Compare the cytotoxicity of water-soluble inorganic ions and the organic PAHs, organic PAHs induced more significant cytotoxicity.

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