隨著美國「棱鏡門」爆發，世界各國紛紛以各種理由，努力推動數據在地化之政策，包括中國大陸，原本自由跨境、自由流動之數據受到嚴重限制。儘管數據之流動對於包括跨境電子商務在內之現代數字經濟極其重要，各國之數據在地化政策以國境為範圍，阻礙數據之自由流動，然而無論批評之也好，肯定之亦罷，數據在地化已然成為現實，未來如何面對其挑戰將成為重點。本文以兩岸跨境電子商務為視角，努力一方面在保有兩岸政府之政策空間之基礎上，努力為兩岸之跨境電子商務數據之自由流動嘗試做出政策見解，構建數據自由流動之協議。
本文首先以全球數據在地化之視角，做數據在地化之一般研究。以數據之四個階段，包括蒐集、處理、儲存、傳輸為切割點，梳理各國政策，分析其背後所包含之政策發動之誘因，整理學術對其討論之重點。進而以此為理論基礎，研究兩岸跨境電子商務所面臨之數據在地化之困境，嘗試從目前WTO既有之框架解決，亦試圖借鑒多邊貿易協議，最後回歸兩岸雙邊談判，以目前中國大陸相關法規為內容，以歐美數據傳輸協議為借鑒，試圖構建兩岸電子傳輸之便宜架構。本文認為中國大陸之數據在地化措施儘管嚴重影響電子商務數據，然通過兩岸之貿易協定，某種程度上從「傳輸」端為突破口，將極大改善兩岸跨境電子商務所面臨之數據在地化之困境。

With the explosion of the “PRISM”,various countries in the world have been working hard to promote the policy of the data localization for various reasons,including China.The data on freely cross-border flowing has been severely restricted.Although the flow of data ,including cross-border e-commerce ,is extremely important for the modern digital trade.The data of countries in the localization policy is based on the national border,which hinders the free flow of data .However,whether it is criticized or not,the data localization is become a reality and how to face its changes in the future will become the a key point.This study takes the cross-strait cross-border e-commerce as a perspective,and strives to cross-border e-commerce on the one hand while maintaining the policy space of the cross-strait government.This study attempts to make a policy insights and build an agreement on the free flow of data.
This study attempts to make a general study of data localization from the perspective of global data localization.We sort out national policies and analyze the incentives behind the policy launches and organize the focus of academic discussions by taking the stages of data collection ,processing ,storage and transmission as the cutting points.In turn ,as the theoretical basis ,this study discusses the dilemma of data localization in cross-strait cross-border e-commerce,tries to solve it under the WTO,and tries to learn from multilateral trade agreements,and finally return to the bilateral negotiations on both sides of the strait .Relevant regulations are the content,whit the European and American data transmission protocol as a reference,trying to build a cheap architecture for cross-strait transmission agreement.This study argues that although the data localization measures in China seriously affect e-commerce data ,through the cross-strait trade agreement ,to some extent,from the “transport” side as a breakthrough ,it will greatly improve the difficulties of data faced by cross-border e-commerce on both sides of the straits.

一、中文文獻

1.中文書籍

財團法律金融聯合徴信中心（2017），《歐盟個人資料保護規則》，台北：金融聯合徴信。
格倫·格林沃爾德（著），米拉，王勇譯（2014）。《無處可藏》，北京：中信。
李國安（2006），《WTO服務貿易多邊規則》，北京：北大。
劉佐國、李世德（2015），《個人資料保護法釋義與實務：如何面臨個資保護的新時代》,台灣:碁峰。
羅昌發（2010），《國際貿易法》，台北：元照。
韓立余（2001），《WTO案例及評析》，北京：人大。
卡爾·施密特（著），蘇慧婕譯（2012），《論法學思維的三種模式》，北京：中國法制。

2.期刊論文

曹杰，王晶（2017）。<跨境數據流動規則分析——以歐美隱私盾協議為視角>，《國際經貿探索》，33卷4期，頁108。
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崔聰聰（2017），<網絡關鍵信息基礎設施範圍研究>，《東北師大學報（哲學社會科學版）》，4期，頁125-177。
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胡建國（2007），<安提瓜訴美國賭博案評析>，《武大國際法評論》，2期，頁264。
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李淑華（2015），<俄羅斯加強網絡審查狀況分析>，《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》，6期，頁64。
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彭德雷（2015），<國際服務貿易協定（TISA）談判與中國路徑選擇>，《亞太經濟》，2期，頁39。
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3.學位論文

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Esteban Israel & Alonso Soto, Brazil's Anti-Spying Internet Push Could Backfire, Industry Says.Available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-internet/brazils-anti-spying-internet-push-could-backfire-industry-says-idUSBRE9910F120131002（last visited Jul16,2018）
Ewan Mac Askill,James Ball & katharine Murphy,Revealed:Australian spy agency offered to share data about ordinary citizens,The Guardian.Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/02/revealed-australian-spy-agency-offered-to-share-data-about-ordinary-citizens（last visited Jul16,2018）
Floor Boon,Steven Derix & Huib Modderkolk,NAS Infected 50,000 Computer Networks with Malicious Software,NRC.NL.Available at https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2013/11/23/nsa-infected-50000-computer-networks-with-malicious-software-a1429487（last visited Jul.16,2018）
Gabriel Borrud,Germany Looks to Erect IT Barrier,Deutsche Welle.Available at http://www.dw.de/germany-looks-to-erect-it-barrier/a-17203480（last visited Jul.16,2018）
Heidt, Franz ,The Harms of Forced Data Localization.Available at https://www.leviathansecurity.com/blog/the-harms-of-forced-data-localization/（last visited Jul16,2018）
IBN Live ,Delhi HC Asks Government to Formulate an Email Policy Within 4-weeks.Available at https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-high-court-on-email-647974.html.（last visited Jul16,2018）
International Trade Administration,Issuance of Safe Harbor Principles and Transmission to European Commission.Available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/07/24/00-18489/issuance-of-safe-harbor-principles-and-transmission-to-european-commission（last visited Jul16,2018）
JakartaGlobe,Hacker’s Paradise or Host Nation?Indonesian Officials Weigh Cyber Threat.Available at http://jakartaglobe.id/news/hackers-paradise-or-host-nation-indonesian-officials-weigh-cyber-threat/（last visited Jul.16,2018）
James Ball,NSA Monitored Calls of 35 World Leaders After US Official Handed Over Contacts ,The Guardian.Available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/24/nsa-surveillance-world-leaders-calls（last visited Jul16,2018）
James Manyika,Michael Chui,Bad Brown,Jacques Bughin,Richard Dobbs,Charles Roxburgh & Angela Hung Byers,Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity，Mikinsey&Company.Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/big-data-the-next-frontier-for-innovation（last visited Jul.16,2018）
Jérôme Colombain, La France Veut Son “Cloud Souverain” ，France Info.Available at https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/nouveau-monde/la-france-veut-son-cloud-souverain_1730515.html（last visited Jul16,2018）
Jonn Swartz,NSA Surveillance Hurting Tech Firms’ Business,USA TODAY.Available at http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/02/27/nsa-resistant-products-obama-tech-companies-encryption-overseas/5290553（last visited Jul.16,2018）
Loretta Chao & Paulo Trevisani, Brazil Legislators Bear Down on Internet Bill, The Wall Street Journal .Available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-legislators-bear-down-on-internet-bill-1384384450（last visited Jul16,2018）
Martina F.Ferracane,Restrictions to Cross-Border Data Flows:a Taxonomy,ECIPE WORKING PAPER.Available at http://ecipe.org/publications/restrictions-to-cross-border-data-flows-a-taxonomy/ （last visited Jul16,2018）
Matthias Bauer,Martina F.Ferracane,Hosuk Lee-Makiyama & Erik van der Marel,Unleashing Internal Data Flows in the EU: An Economic Assessment of Data Localisation Measures in the EU Member States,ECIPE WORKING PAPER.Available at http://ecipe.org/publications/unleashing-internal-data-flows-in-the-eu/（last visited Jul.16,2018）
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Matthisa Bauer,Hosuk Lee-Makiyama,Erik Van der Marel & Bert Vershelde,The Costs of Data Localisation: Friendly Fire on Economic Recovery ,ECIPE Occasional Paper.Available at http://ecipe.org/publications/dataloc/（last visited Jul16,2018）
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Monika Kuschewsky,Data Localization Requirements Through the Backdoor? Germany’s “Federal Cloud”, and New Criteria for the Use for Cloud Services by the German Federal Administration, The National Law Review.Available at https://www.natlawreview.com/article/data-localization-requirements-through-backdoor-germany-s-federal-cloud-and-new（last visited Jul16,2018）
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Thu Huong, VN Digital Content Firms Find Home Disadvantage, Viet Nam News.Available at http://vietnamnews.vn/economy/business-beat/180617/vn-digital-content-firms-find-home-disadvantage.html （last visited Jul16,2018）
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Vivek Kundra,Federal Cloud Computing Strategy .The White House 2011.Available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/vivek-kundra-federal-cloud-computing-strategy-02142011.pdf（last visited Jul16,2018）

4.GATS/WTO Cases

Appellate Body Report ,Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry,WT/DS139/AB/R,31May,2000.
Appellate Body Report,European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products,WT/DS135/AB/R,12March,2001.
Appellate Body Report,European Communities- Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas Ⅲ,WT/DS277/AB/R,9September,1997.
Appellate Body Report,Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh,Chilled and Frozen Beef,WT/DS161/AB/R,11December,2000.
Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products,WT/DS58/AB/RW,22October,2001,para144.
Appellate Body Report,United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services ,WT/DS285/AB/R,7April,2005.
Panel Report,Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry,WT/DS139/R,11February,2000.
Panel Report,China-Certain Measures Affecting Electronic Payment Services,WT/DS413/R,16July,2013.
Panel Report , China — Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products,WT/DS363/R,12August,2009.
Panel Report,European Communities-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing ,WT/DS135/R,18September,2001.
Panel Report,European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of BananasⅢ,WT/DS27/R/USA,22May,1997.
Panel Report , Mexico-Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services ,WT/DS204/R,2April,2004.
Panel Report,United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services,WT/DS285/RW,10Novrmber,2007.

5. Treaties/Norms

Bank of Russia Regulation No. 397-П of 21 February 2003
Binding Corporate Rules(EU)
Bokföringslag(1999),Sweden
Criminal Code(Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)Germany,1998
Decree No. 72/2013/ND-CP of July 15, 2013, on the management, provision and use of Internet services and online information,Vietnam
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(1947)
General Agreement on Trade in Services(1995)
General Data Protection Regulation (2016)
Internet Code of Practice(2012)Singapore
Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters(2003)
Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital 2014
Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2012 Concerning
EU-U.S.Privacy Shield(2016)
Electronic System and Transaction Operation
The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement(2015)
The Public Records Act, No. 69 of 1993(India)
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(1994)
Treaty between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Germany on Mutual
Trade in Services Agreement-Localization Provisions(2016)
Standard Contractual Clauses(2010)EU
Substitutivo ao Projeto de Lei n. 2126 de 2011(Brazil)