本實驗使用點盤法定量起始菌液濃度，使用接近於人體環境的RPMI+10%FBS作為培養液，在微液滴中培養金黃色葡萄球菌，並添加AlamarBlue染劑檢測螢光亮度，藉此檢測金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性。在添加SRM 1648a、SRM 2585和SRM 2711a的水相成分後，實驗組別的螢光強度與控制組相比皆較低(-2.1%~-10.6%)，可見添加顆粒物質的水相成分會降低金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性。但在培養1小時候，實驗組的螢光強度變化趨勢隨著添加的顆粒物質改變，SRM 2585的組別在第1個小時平均螢光強度高於控制組(+7.9%)，SRM 1648a的組別在第2個小時平均螢光強度高於控制組(+0.6%)，但SRM 2711a在第6個小時扔低於控制組(-2.2%)，原因在SRM 2585與SRM 1648a於含有的低分子量(低環數)PAHs可能被金黃色葡萄球菌降解成為額外的養分，因此金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性增加，而 SRM 2711a中的低環數PAHs則可能會抑制金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性。在有限的觀測時間下，三種顆粒物質的水相成分皆會造成族群分布的擴大，推測原因為不同細胞對相同添加成分的耐受性不同，因此造成族群分布的差異。在微液滴中也可觀察到不同顆粒物質油相成分對於金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝能力有不同的影響。在實驗起始時，實驗組別的螢光強度與控制組相比皆較低(-1.8%~-5.3%)，但加入SRM 2711a的組別在第2個小時超越控制組(+3.3%)，但加入SRM 1648a和SRM 2585的組別分別在第2個小時的平均螢光強度相對於控制組來的低(-4.2%,-11.5%)，原因在於SRM 2711a油相成分中的高分子PAHs可能提供了額外的養分給金黃色葡萄球菌，因此能增加其代謝活性，而SRM 1648a和SRM 2585中的高分子PAHs可能對金黃色葡萄球菌有抑制作用，使其代謝活性有顯著的下降趨勢。加入三種顆粒物質油相成分後，族群分布也隨著培養時間增加而有不同的變化，推測為不同細胞對相同添加成分的耐受性不同，因此造成族群的變異度隨時間而改變。
另外在巨觀實驗中，亦探討了未處理的顆粒物質本身，以及移除水相以及油相成分後的的固體成分，對金黃色葡萄球菌代謝活性的影響。在固體成分實驗中，SRM 1648a中的金黃色葡萄球代謝活性在第4個小時低於控制組(P<0.0001)，SRM 2585中的金黃色葡萄球菌代謝活性在第4個小時高於控制組(P<0.0001)，而SRM 2711a中的金黃色葡萄球菌代謝活性在第4個小時與控制組沒有差別(P=0.0604)。這些差異顯示了不同顆粒物質的固體成分對金黃色葡萄球菌代謝能力的影響不盡相同。SRM 1648a與SRM 2711a含有不可溶的金屬氧化物可能對於金黃色葡萄球菌來說可能具有毒性，因此金黃色葡萄球菌代謝活性降低，SRM 2585中所含的金屬氧化物成分則毒性不高，且可能固體顆粒上有殘留有機成分，使得金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性增加。最後，加入未處理的顆粒物質後，SRM 1648a與SRM 2585組別的代謝活性高於控制組，P-value在第4個小時的數值分別為P=0.0444和P<0.0001，而SRM 2711a與控制組差異不大(P-value在第4個小時的數值為0.9805)。根據先前上述實驗結果總結，SRM 1648a與SRM 2585中水相成分的代謝促進作用大於油相成分與固體成分的抑制作用，因此會使金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性增加，而SRM 2711a中油相成分的代謝促進作用與水相與固體成分的抑制作用相互抵銷，因此金黃色葡萄球菌的代謝活性與控制組相似。比較巨觀實驗與微觀實驗的結果，可發現微觀系統可觀察不同時間點的族群分布，對於了解外在環境因素對於不同細胞代謝活性影響的探討更具有參考價值。

This study aims to investigate the components of particulate matter (PM) on the metabolic activity of Staphylococcus aureus and uses microfluidic droplet and 96-well plate as research tool to compare the differences. The bacterial number inoculated in the microdroplet was determined and controlled by the dot plate experiment, and RPMI+10%FBS was chosen as the culture medium to mimic human body condition. A fluorogenic dye, AlamarBlue, was added in the droplet to examinate the metabolic activity of S. aureus.
Immediately after droplet formation, the fluorescence intensity of the experimental group adding water-soluble components of PM is lower than that of the control group (-2.2%~-11.3%). The data show that S. aureus metabolic activity decreased after adding aqueous phase components of PM. The average fluorescence intensity of SRM 2585 group became higher (+7%) than the control in 1 hours, while the SRM 1648a group was higher (+0.6%) than control in 2 hours. Nonetheless, the SRM 2711a group had a fluorescence intensity lower (-1.5%) than the control till the 6th hours. These results indicated that the low molecular weight PAHs (LMW PAHs) in SRM1648a and SRM 2585 dissolved in water can be used by S. aureus as carbon sources. However, a higher than ideal concentration of PAHs can also inhibit the metabolic activity of S. aureus. Therefore, SRM 2585 had the highest enhancement on the metabolic activity even though SRM 1648a had a higher amount of LMW PAHs. On the other hand, the LMW PAHs in SRM 2711a decrease S. aureus metabolic activity. Under the limited observation duration, the aqueous phase elements of the three PMs cause the expansion of the population distribution. It is presumed that the tolerance toward LMW PAHS of different cells various, thus causing the widened population distribution.
The microfluidic droplet experiments also observe that different oily phase elements of PM have different effects on the metabolic activity of S. aureus. At the beginning of the experiment, the fluorescence intensities of experimental groups are lower than that of the control group (-1.8%~-5.3%). The fluorescence intensity of SRM 2711a group become higher (+3.3%) than the control in 2 hours, while the SRM 1648a (-4.2%) and SRM 2585 (-11.5%) groups are lower than control in 2 hours. It is supposed that the high molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) in SRM 2711a can be easily used by S. aureus as the carbon source and increase the metabolic activity of S. aureus. According to the results, the HMW PAHs in SRM 1648a and SRM 2585 have inhibitive effects on S. aureus, so the metabolic activity of S. aureus decreases. After adding the oily phase components, the population distribution of experimental groups fluctuates along culture duration. It is presumed that the tolerances of different cells to the same oily phase components are different, thus causing the variation of populations to change with time.
Furthermore, in the macroscopic experiment, we discuss the influence of insoluble components of PM on the metabolic activity of S. aureus. The metabolic activity of SRM 1648 group is lower than the control in 4 hours (P<0.0001), while the metabolic activity of SRM 2585 group is higher than the control in 4 hours (P<0.0001). Nonetheless, the SRM 2711a group had a fluorescence intensity similar with the control group till the 4th hour (P=0.0604). These differences show that the solid components of different PMs have different effects on the metabolic activity of S. aureus. The solid content may contain insoluble metal oxides, and the metal oxides contained in SRM 1648a and SRM 2711a can be toxic to S. aureus, reducing the metabolic activity of S. aureus. From these results, the solid component of SRM 2585 is not highly toxic to S. aureus, and there might be residual organic components on the solid particles, leading to the increased metabolic activity of S. aureus. Finally, under the influence of total particulate matters, the metabolic activities of the SRM 1648a and SRM 2585 groups are higher than that of the control group (P-value at the 4th hour was P=0.0444 and P<0.0001). However, the SRM 2711a group is not significantly different from the control group (P-value at 4 hours was 0.9805). In summary, the metabolism-promoting effect of aqueous phase components in SRM 1648a and SRM 2585 is greater than the inhibitory effect of oily phase and solid components, thus increasing the metabolic activity of S. aureus. On the other hand, the promoted effects of oily phase component in SRM 2711a is counteracted by the inhibitory effect of aqueous phase and solid compounds, and the metabolic activity of S. aureus is similar to that of the control group.
Comparing the microfluidic and macroscale experiments, the microscopic experiments observe the population distribution at different time points, which is more informational for understanding the influence of external environmental factors on the metabolic activity of different cell populations.

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