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研究生： 鄭詠心
Cheng, Yung-Hsin
論文名稱： 由情境知覺的觀點探討高齡與青年行人穿越道路之行為差異
An Investigation on Differences of Crossing Behavior between Younger and Elder Pedestrians: From the Viewpoint of Situation Awareness
指導教授： 王明揚
Wang, Min-Yang
口試委員: 盧俊銘
Lu,Jun-Ming
黃育信
Huang, Yu-Hsing
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 工業工程與工程管理學系
Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
論文出版年： 2017
畢業學年度： 105
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 97
中文關鍵詞： 高齡行人 、情境知覺 、情境知覺評分技術(SART) 、情境知覺全面評估技術(SAGAT)
外文關鍵詞： Elder pedestrians, Situation awareness, Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART), Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT)
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    • 死亡於交通意外的行人中約64.7%為65歲以上的高齡者，然而台灣高齡人口的比例僅有11.5%。這兩項懸殊的比例凸顯了高齡行人的安全問題。本研究旨在使用主觀與客觀的方法比較高齡與青年行人情境知覺的差異，釐清高齡行人如此危險的原因，並促進其安全。
    本研究共招募30位青年與30位高齡參與者。青年參與者年齡介於20至30歲(平均數：23.43，標準差：1.76)；高齡參與者則至少65歲(平均數：73.77，標準差：7.7)。所有的參與者皆具備正常的視覺能力。情境知覺評分技術(SART)用於評估參與者主觀的情境知覺；情境知覺全面評估技術(SAGAT)則被使用於測量參與者的客觀情境知覺。結果顯示兩組參與者SART分數無明顯差異，本研究推論這項結果與高齡者自我覺察不足有關。他們可能未完全意識到自身功能的退化，或不認為這些改變會影響他們的安全，而這些變化的影響則反映在他們SAGAT作業的表現。青年在SAGAT作業的表現顯然優於高齡者，本研究認為造成此結果的原因是青年有較好的視覺搜尋與注意力分配。相關分析的結果也顯示SART與SAGAT的結果無顯著相關。
    根據研究結果，本研究認為高齡行人如此危險的理由是他們錯誤地評估自身能力，以及他們視覺搜尋與注意力分配的能力較差，對路況的觀察解讀無法同青年完整。因此，本研究建議高齡者應定期健檢，以理解自己的身體狀況。也可延長交通號誌紅燈與綠燈的時間，讓高齡者有充裕的時間觀察路況。此外，行人事故不單是行人的責任，駕駛也參與其中。所以本研究建議未來可進一步比較駕駛與行人的情境知覺，更加全面的了解與推論高齡行人穿越道路時會如此危險的原因。

    Nearly 64.7% of pedestrians killed in accidents are elder ones. However, elder people merely account for 11.5% of Taiwanese population. These disproportionate percentages rise the issue of elder pedestrians’ safety. And we think poor situation awareness (SA) maybe the cause of this tragedy. In order to deal with this, this study examines the differences of SA between younger and elder pedestrians.
    There were 30 younger and 30 elder participants with identical gender ratio attended to the experiment. The younger ones aged between 20 to 30 years (Mean = 23.43; SD = 1.76); elder ones were over 65 (Mean = 73.77; SD = 7.7). Each subjects had normal visual ability. Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART) was applied to measure their subjective situation awareness while Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) was used to evaluate objective one. Elder participants report similar SART scores with younger ones. It seems that insufficient self-awareness of elderly might be the reason of this result. Elder people might not be fully aware of their age-related declines, or they don’t think these deteriorations could threaten them. However, these deficits would actually impact their safety, so their performances on SAGAT task are apparently worse than younger group. Effective visual search and attention distribution might enable younger people to scrutinize road situation, and these could be another explanation of SAGAT results. Further, correlation analysis indicates that there is no significant correlation between SART and SAGAT.
    Accordingly, we conclude that elder pedestrians’ inaccurate estimation of their abilities might lead to their vulnerability. Their ineffective visual search and attention distribution have them fail to observe road situations as well as younger people. Hence we suggest elderly should have health examination regularly to track health condition. We also advise extending the duration of red and green lights. This could let elder people have much time to examine road situation, and thus enhance their safety. The future study could further compare the SA between drivers’ and pedestrians’. With this, the problem of elder pedestrians’ safety could be addressed much well.

    摘要 i Abstract ii 致謝 iv 目錄 v 圖目錄 viii 表目錄 ix 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究目的 2 1.3 研究架構 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1 老化的影響 5 2.1.1 感官能力 5 2.1.2 認知能力 6 2.1.3 身體能力 7 2.1.4 自我覺察 7 2.1.5 小結 9 2.2 高齡行人安全議題 9 2.2.1 步行與障礙物搜尋 10 2.2.2 路徑搜索 10 2.2.3 穿越道路 11 2.2.4 小結 13 2.3 潛在風險 13 2.3.1 潛在風險定義 14 2.3.2 潛在風險類型 15 2.3.3 小結 19 2.4 情境知覺 20 2.4.1 情境知覺理論 20 2.4.2 測量方法 23 2.4.3 SART與SAGAT介紹及比較 24 2.4.4 小結 26 2.5 總結 26 第三章 研究方法 28 3.1 實驗參與者 28 3.2 實驗器材 29 3.2.1 影片拍攝 29 3.2.2 影片編輯 30 3.2.3 器材設置 31 3.3 實驗前測 32 3.3.1 前測實驗目的與設計 32 3.3.2 前測實驗結果與修正 34 3.4 實驗流程 35 3.4.1 實驗介紹 35 3.4.2 風險知覺實驗與SART問卷 36 3.4.3 SAGAT作業 40 3.5 實驗分析 43 第四章 研究結果 44 4.1 實驗參與者 44 4.2 潛在風險偵測 44 4.3 SART問卷 45 4.4 SAGAT作業 46 4.5 小結 47 第五章 討論 49 5.1 潛在風險偵測 49 5.2 SART問卷 49 5.3 SAGAT作業 51 5.4 青年行人 52 5.5 與行人安全有關的其他因子 52 5.5.1 性別對情境知覺的影響 53 5.5.2 事故經驗的影響 56 5.5.3 駕駛與行人安全 56 5.6 小結 57 第六章 結論 58 6.1 結論 58 6.2 研究應用 58 6.3 研究限制與未來研究方向 59 中文參考文獻 60 英文參考文獻 61 附錄一、影片拍攝路段 68 附錄二、審查核可證明 77 附錄三、研究參與者基本資料表 78 附錄四、前測參與者訪談大綱 79 附錄五、潛在風險偵測 80 附錄六、情境知覺評分技術問卷 85 附錄七、情境知覺全面評估技術問卷 89

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