冷凍鑄造是近年來備受矚目的多孔材製造技術。利用溶液固化所形成的冰晶作為模板產生複雜的多孔結構，但同時保有製程簡單、結構多樣與廣泛的材料適用性等特質，使其在眾多多孔材料製程中擁有特殊的地位。然而，傳統冷凍鑄造以冰晶為模板也有其侷限，單一樣品之孔洞通常形貌單一且孔徑多分布在微米等級。本研究由自然界常見的多階層孔洞結構以及三期週期最小曲面（TPMS）為啟發，將多孔螺旋(gyroid)如周期性、對稱性、高滲透率以及孔洞連通性等優勢，整合於冷凍鑄造法使孔隙形態多樣化，從而實現更廣泛的應用並改善材料性能。
因其耐腐蝕、無毒和成本效益高等顯著特點，我們選用316L不鏽鋼作為原料。在冷凍鑄造過程中，我們結合了3D列印技術，使用高分子犧牲模板，試圖製備出孔徑可調控的多功能雙尺度多孔螺旋結構材料。透過掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）和電腦斷層掃描（Micro-CT）確認了這種多階層結構的穩定性和週期性。壓縮測試和滲透率分析也證明了這種材料的多樣性和調控能力，並且在滲透率方面優於單一尺度的結構，顯示出其在生醫等領域的應用潛力。

Freeze casting is a foundational technique in porous scaffold fabrication, leveraging the solidification of liquid phases to craft intricate porous architectures. Benefiting from the simplicity, diversity, and broad material applicability that comes from using frozen liquids as sacrificial templates, it has distinct advantages over other porous material manufacturing processes. However, a notable constraint is that the conventional freeze casting method often results in scaffolds with a singular pore morphology, predominantly constrained to the micrometer scale, due to the inherent limitations of the ice template. Drawing inspiration from the hierarchical porous structures observed in natural systems and the triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) structure, we sought to overcome the limitations of traditional freeze casting techniques. The intricate nature of the TPMS, especially the gyroid structure, offers properties such as periodicity, symmetry, high permeability, and seamless interconnectivity of pores. By integrating these designs into our fabrication approach, we aimed to diversify pore morphologies, allowing for a broader range of applications and improved material properties.
In our study, we chose 316L stainless steel for its notable attributes: corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, we incorporated additive-manufactured polymeric templates into the freeze casting process to develop a dual-templating technique. The scaffolds were characterized by SEM, showing micrometer-scale lamellar structures and micro-CT highlighting millimeter-scale TPMS-inspired porosity. For further characterization, Mechanical properties were analyzed through compressive testing, highlighting the tunability of dual-scale scaffolds through the choice of polymeric templates. Observations were made on the thermal properties of the dual-scale scaffolds. Subsequently, permeability assessments revealed that these scaffolds exhibited enhanced fluid dynamics, significantly surpassing the performance of single-scale designs, promising broader applications in diverse fields and optimized performance.

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