本研究利用微流體系統探討流場變化及溫度場變化對於Staphylococcus aureus的生長影響。研究中使用Hele-Shaw Flow在流道中心(y/W=0)產生速度線性變化，並使用ANSYS Fluent模擬流場及溫度場變化來選取實驗參數(雷諾數及加熱功率)，選定實驗參數後再使用微粒子影像測速法(Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry, Micro-PIV)及溫度螢光感測技術(Temperature-Sensitive Paint, TSP)進行速度場及溫度場的量測，且與模擬結果進行驗證。利用雷諾數10的流速在微流道內可製造出0.88 Pa至3.76 Pa的剪應力區間，若同時使用0.3 W加熱功率可產生27.34˚C到41.98˚C的溫度區間。測量到的速度場以及溫度場與模擬的誤差皆在5%以下。將上述結果應用在Hele-Shaw型微流道內進行細菌培養，得知Staphylococcus aureus在室溫下承受剪應力影響生長時，在剪應力為1.4 Pa到1.6 Pa可以得到最高的平均生長率135%。在同時受到剪應力及溫度影響時，在剪應力為1.4 Pa到1.6 Pa及溫度區間為36.4˚C ~ 38.4˚C時細菌平均成長率為193%，可看出36.4˚C ~ 38.4˚C較室溫適合Staphylococcus aureus生長。
　　為了在未來進行壁溫量測，本研究亦進行螢光分子Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, EuTTA (Acros Organics, USA)的衰退測試，成功測得在120分鐘的實驗時間，衰退值僅為2.4%。

In this research, we exploit the microchannel system to discuss the effect of variety of flow-field and of temperature-field on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The Hele-Shaw Flow used in this research in the center of flow-field causes the linear variety of velocity. And we also utilizes the simulated flow-field and the variety of temperature-field of ANSYS Fluent to decide the experimental parameters. Furthermore, the Micro-PIV and TSP are adopted right after the parameters are determine to measure the velocity and temperature field. In the meantime, the result of simulation verifies the result of experiment. The flow velocity of Reynold number 10 can produce the interval of shear stress of 0.88 Pa through 3.76 Pa. In addition of, 0.3 W heating power used on microchannel can produce the temperature interval of 27.34˚C through 41.92˚C. As the research shows, the error value among velocity, temperature and simulation is less than 5%. The aforementioned results which apply on Hele-Shaw microchannel to cultivate the bacteria show that under shear stress, 1.4 Pa through 1.6 Pa, the average highest growth rate of Staphylococcus aureus growing at room temperature reaches 135%. On the other hand, the growth rate of bacteria affected by shear stress, 1.4 Pa through 1.6 Pa, and temperature, 36.4˚C through 38.4˚C reaches 193%. As the result of this research, the temperature interval, 36.4˚C through 38.4˚C, is much available for Staphylococcus aureus growth. In the future, in order to measure the wall temperature that the decline of Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, EuTTA (Acros Organics, USA) has been measured and successfully obtains the 2.4% of decline value in 120 hrs.

[1] R. G.Hart, J. W.Foster, M. F.Luther, andM. C.Kanter, “Original Contributions Stroke in Infective Endocarditis,” Stroke, 1986.
[2] Taipei: Department of Health, “Taiwan Public Health Report,” no. March, 2010.
[3] J.Gary D. Friedman.;Robert A.Hiatt.;Charles P. Quesenberry, “Case-control study of screening for prostatic cancer by digital rectal examinations,” vol. 335, pp. 1521–1526, 1985.
[4] R. R.Isberg andP.Barnes, “Dancing with the host: Flow-dependent bacterial adhesion,” Cell, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 1–4, 2002.
[5] C. J.Rupp, C. J.Rupp, C. aFux, C. aFux, P.Stoodley, andP.Stoodley, “Viscoelasticity of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in Response to Fluid Shear Allows Resistance to Detachment and Facilitates Rolling Migration,” Society, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 2175–2178, 2005.
[6] R. A.Herbert andC. R.Bell, “Growth characteristics of an obligately psychrophilic Vibrio sp.,” Arch. Microbiol., vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 215–220, 1977.
[7] G.Feller and etcoll., “Temperature dependence of growth, enzyme secretion and activityof psychrophilic Antarctic bacteria.,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 41(4), p. :477-479, 1994.
[8] K.Adamberg, S.Kask, T. M.Laht, andT.Paalme, “The effect of temperature and pH on the growth of lactic acid bacteria: A pH-auxostat study,” Int. J. Food Microbiol., vol. 85, no. 1–2, pp. 171–183, 2003.
[9] C.Bakermans andK. H.Nealson, “Relationship of critical temperature to macromolecular synthesis and growth yield in Psychrobacter cryopegella,” J. Bacteriol., vol. 186, no. 8, pp. 2340–2345, 2004.
[10] J. P.Sutherland, A. J.Bayliss, andT. A.Roberts, “Predictive modelling of growth of Staphylococcus aureus: the effects of temperature, pH and sodium chloride,” Int. J. Food Microbiol., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 217–236, 1994.
[11] B.Li et al., “Gradient microfluidics enables rapid bacterial growth inhibition testing,” Anal. Chem., vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 3131–3137, 2014.
[12] J. a.Wouters, F.Rombouts, W.deVos, O.Kuipers, andT.Abee, “Cold shock proteins and low-temperature response of strptococcus thermophilus CNRZ301,” Am. Soc. Microbiol., vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 4436–4442, 1999.
[13] John J. Landolo, Z. J.Ordal, andL. D.Witter, “The effect of incubation temperature and controlled pH on the growth of staphylococcus aureus MF 31 at various concentrations of NaCl,” vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 808–811, 1964.
[14] R. C. Magrin, J.Chirife, andJl. L. Parada, “A Study of Staphylococcus Aureus Growth in Model Systems and Processed Cheese,” vol. 48.
[15] D. L.Scheusner, L. L.Hoon, andL. G.Harmon, “Effect of Temperature and pH on growth and Enterotoxin production by <i>Staphylococcus aureus,” Food Technol, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 249–252, 1973.
[16] M. C.Robach andC. L.Stateler, “Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by Potassium Sorbate in Combination with Sodium Chloride , Tertiary Butylhydroquinone , Butylated Hydroxanisole or Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid,” vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 208–211, 1980.
[17] G. C.Walker, L. G.Harmon, F.Science, andE.Lansing, “The Growth and Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Broth Substrates,” 1961.
[18] W. J.Scott, “Water relations of staphylococcus aureus at 30°C,” Aust. J. Biol. Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 549–564, 1953.
[19] M.SHAPERO, D. A.NELSON, andT. P.LABUZA, “ETHANOL INHIBITION OF Staphylococcus aureus AT LIMITED WATER ACTIVITY,” J. Food Sci., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1467–1469, 1978.
[20] A.NISKANEN, “Release of Enterotoxin a and Thermonuclease From Growing and Non-Growing,” vol. 1, no. 1973, pp. 119–128, 1977.
[21] D. A.Ratkowsky, J.Olley, T. A.McMeekin, andA.Ball, “Relationship between temperature and growth rate of bacterial cultures.,” J. Bacteriol., vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 1982.
[22] “中央氣象局全球資訊網.” .
[23] B. H.Kim, R.Ramanan, D. H.Cho, H. M.Oh, andH. S.Kim, “Role of Rhizobium, a plant growth promoting bacterium, in enhancing algal biomass through mutualistic interaction,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 69, pp. 95–105, 2014.
[24] A. C.Tolonen, T.Cerisy, H.El-Sayyed, M.Boutard, M.Salanoubat, andG. M.Church, “Fungal lysis by a soil bacterium fermenting cellulose,” Environ. Microbiol., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 2618–2627, 2015.
[25] M. J.Kim andK. S.Breuer, “Use of Bacterial Carpets to Enhance Mixing in Microfluidic Systems,” J. Fluids Eng., vol. 129, no. 3, p. 319, 2007.
[26] H.-H.Jeong, S.-G.Jeong, A.Park, S.-C.Jang, S. G.Hong, andC.-S.Lee, “Effect of temperature on biofilm formation by Antarctic marine bacteria in a microfluidic device.,” Anal. Biochem., vol. 446, pp. 90–95, 2014.
[27] J. K.Min andK. S.Breuer, “Controlled mixing in microfluidic systems using bacterial chemotaxis,” Anal. Chem., vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 955–959, 2007.
[28] A.Rochex, J. J.Godon, N.Bernet, andR.Escudié, “Role of shear stress on composition, diversity and dynamics of biofilm bacterial communities,” Water Res., vol. 42, no. 20, pp. 4915–4922, 2008.
[29] A.Park, H.-H.Jeong, J.Lee, K.Kim, andC.-S.Lee, “Effect of shear stress on the formation of bacterial biofilm in a microfluidic channel,” BioChip J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 236–241, 2011.
[30] D. P.Gaver andS. M.Kute, “A theoretical model study of the influence of fluid stresses on a cell adhering to a microchannel wall.,” Biophys. J., vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 721–33, 1998.
[31] P.Stoodley, Z.Lewandowski, J. D.Boyle, andH. M.Lappin-Scott, “Structural deformation of bacterial biofilms caused by short-term fluctuations in fluid shear: An in situ investigation of biofilm rheology,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 83–92, 1999.
[32] Y.Sun andC.Huang, “國立清華大學動力機械學系 碩士論文 城垛型微流道內流體之速度與溫度場分析及生醫應用.”
[33] R. J.Adrian, “Particle-image techniques for experimental fluid mechanics,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 23, pp. 261–304, 1991.
[34] C. D.Meinhart, a K.Prasad, andR. J.Adrian, “A parallel digital processor system for particle image velocimetry,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 619–626, 1999.
[35] J. G.Santiago, S. T.Wereley, C. D.Meinhart, D. J.Beebe, andR. J.Adrian, “A particle image velocimetry system for microfluidics,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 316–319, 1998.
[36] C. D.Meinhart, S. T.Wereley, andJ. G.Santiago, “PIV measurements of a microchannel flow,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 414–419, 1999.
[37] R.Lima, S.Wada, andK.Tsubota, “Confocal micro-PIV measurements of three-dimensional profiles of cell suspension flow in a square microchannel,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, pp. 797–808, 2006.
[38] J.Kim, Y.Jang, D.Byun, M.Kim, S. W.Nam, andS.Park, “Quantitative measurement of dynamic flow induced by Tetrahymena pyriformis (T. pyriformis) using micro-particle image velocimetry,” J. Vis., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361–370, 2011.
[39] X.Zhang, H.Choi, A.Datta, andX.Li, “Design, fabrication and characterization of metal embedded thin film thermocouples with various film thicknesses and junction sizes,” J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 900, 2006.
[40] H. G.Park, D.Dabiri, andM.Gharib, “Digital particle image velocimetry/thermometry and application to the wake of a heated circular cylinder,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 327–338, 2001.
[41] H.Hu andM. M.Koochesfahani, “Molecular tagging velocimetry and thermometry and its application to the wake of a heated circular cylinder,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1269–1281, 2006.
[42] A.Omrane, P.Petersson, M.Aldén, andM. A.Linne, “Simultaneous 2D flow velocity and gas temperature measurements using thermographic phosphors,” Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt., vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 99–102, 2008.
[43] S.Grafsronningen andA.Jensen, “Simultaneous PIV/LIF measurements of a transitional buoyant plume above a horizontal cylinder,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 55, no. 15–16, pp. 4195–4206, 2012.
[44] J.Vogt andP.Stephan, “Using microencapsulated fluorescent dyes for simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity fields,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 23, no. 10, 2012.
[45] S.Funatani, N.Fujisawa, andH.Ikeda, “Simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity using two-colour LIF combined with PIV with a colour CCD camera and its application to the turbulent buoyant plume,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 983–990, 2004.
[46] S.Someya, S.Yoshida, Y.Li, andK.Okamoto, “Combined measurement of velocity and temperature distributions in oil based on the luminescent lifetimes of seeded particles,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 2, 2009.
[47] P. T.Liou, “碩士論文 以溫度與速度同步量測技術探討突縮擴結構流場與熱 傳增益 The development of simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements and applications on heat transfer 系所別 ： 動力機械工程學系.”
[48] T. J.Praisner, D. R.Sabatino, andC. R.Smith, “Simultaneously combined liquid crystal surface heat transfer and PIV flow-field measurements,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2001.
[49] J. L.Kinsey, “Laser-Induced Fluorescence,” vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 349–72, 1977.
[50] T.Liu, “Pressure- and Temperature-Sensitive Paints,” Encycl. Aerosp. Eng., pp. 1–11, 2011.
[51] K. W.Lee et al., “Photophysical properties of tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) thin films and devices,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 5, no. 12, p. 2706, 2003.
[52] J.Crafton, N.Lachendro, M.Guille, J. P.Sullivan, andJ. D.Jordan, “Application of Temperature and Pressure Sensitive Paint to an Obliquely Impinging Jet,” AIAA Pap. no. AIAA-99-0387, no. c, pp. 1–13, 1999.
[53] J. J.Lee, J. C.Dutton, andA. M.Jacobi, “Application of Temperature-Sensitive Paint for Surface Temperature Measurement in Heat Transfer Enhancement Applications,” J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 21, pp. 1253–1262, 2007.
[54] R.Samy, T.Glawdel, andC. L.Ren, “Method for microfluidic whole-chip temperature measurement using thin-film poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Rhodamine B,” Anal. Chem., vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 369–375, 2008.
[55] C.-Y.Huang, C.-A.Li, H.-Y.Wang, andT.-M.Liou, “The application of temperature-sensitive paints for surface and fluid temperature measurements in both thermal developing and fully developed regions of a microchannel,” J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 037001, 2013.
[56] T.Liu, B. T.Campbell, S. P.Burns, andJ. P.Sullivan, “Temperature-and pressure-sensitive luminescent paints in aerodynamics,” 1997.
[57] B.Campbell, T.Liu, andJ.Sullivan, “Temperature sensitive fluorescent paint systems,” 25th Plasmadynamics Lasers Conf., 1994.
[58] B. W. Noel, B.R. Marshall, S.W. Allison, andM. R. Cates, “A Proposed Method for Remote Thermometry in Turbine Engines,” 1985.
[59] S.Alaruri, D.McFarland, A.Brewington, M.Thomas, andN.Sallee, “Development of a fiber-optic probe for thermographic phosphor measurements in turbine engines,” Opt. Lasers Eng., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17–31, 1995.
[60] B.G. McLachlan andJ.H. Bell, “Boundary Layer Transition Detection by Luminescence Imaging,” 1993.
[61] L. N.Cattafesta, J. G.Moore, I.June, S.Diego, andJ. G.Moore, “Uncertainly estimates for lumines- cent temperaturesensitive paint intensity measurements,” 1995.
[62] S.Usami, H. H.Chen, Y.Zhao, S.Chien, andR.Skalak, “Design and construction of a linear shear stress flow chamber,” Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 77–83, 1993.
[63] J.Lin, T.Liou, andC.Huang, “The investigation of flow field and heat transfer in 90° bend microchannels using micro paticle image velocimetry and temperature senstive paint,” 2014.
[64] T.Scientific, “microarray-customer-communication-tw.” .
[65] S.Taniselass, Z.Sauli, I.Mansor, V.Retnasamy, andP.Poopalan, “Entrance length observation for water flow in microchannels with surface irregularities,” Proc. - 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Intell. Model. Simulation, CIMSim 2010, pp. 570–572, 2010.