二氧化錫是一種n型半導體，已廣泛的被應用在氣體感測器方面，對於某些氣體不但具有高的靈敏度而且準確性高，在液晶顯示方面也常被應用在透明導電膜ITO上，而奈米氧化鐵顆粒也常被應用在光電材料、顏料與醫藥上。本實驗是以PVP與PVA為分散劑，以四氯化錫、三氯化鐵與尿素為前驅物，應用微波加熱的方式合成奈米級氧化錫與氧化鐵，當氧化物吸收來自微波熱量，由於微波具有快速加熱、加熱均勻且瞬間造成微胞內部壓力增大而微爆，再加上本身分散劑的分散作用，所製備出來的奈米微粒不但顆粒可到達10 nm而且分佈均勻，經由各儀器SEM、TGA、DTA、FTIR、NMR、粒徑分析等之分析結果，能更了解合成出之奈米粉的特性，對往後的應用具有其貢獻。
而實驗顯示出以微波加熱與分散劑包覆的作用下，製備出的氧化錫顆粒大小約為10 nm且分佈均勻，而其中對於不同類型的粉末有不同的分散效果，對氧化錫而言PVA比PVP有更好的分散效果，對PVP而言其對氧化鐵的分散性比氧化錫好，但由於奈米顆粒具有高的表面能，即使在分散劑的作用下，分散劑只能暫緩其凝團的現象，稍後仍然會有團聚的狀況出現。而一開始的微波時間與微波功率也是影響因素之一，因此在控制適當的分散劑量，微波功率與時間將能製備出均勻、大小顆粒約10 nm的奈米氧化錫顆粒。

Stannic oxide (SnO2) is widely applied for the detection of various types of gases with high sensitivity and fast response. It has also been widely used in the LCD industry as the transparent electric conductor coating. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) is conventionally adopted in the manufacturing of opto-electronic devices, pigments and electric transformers. Synthesis of nano-SnO2 and some other oxides were reported elsewhere with serious aggregation problems. If agglomeration of the synthesized nano-particles could not been avoided, it is meaningless for any nano-oxide forming process no matter how small the particle size could be reached initially.
Objective of the studies has been focused on the synthesis of uniform nano-oxides via a microwave irradiation process. Stannic chloride and iron chloride were selected as the starting materials for the synthesis of nano-SnO2 and Fe2O3, respectively. Urea was used as the in-situ pH adjustor in the process. The main procedures for forming nano-oxides include: i) dissolution of metal chlorides in water, ii) formation of micelle by introducing polymeric surfactants such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and iii) microwave irradiation of the reactants stabilized in the micelles and formation of nano-oxides without agglomeration. Experimental results show that uniform nano-SnO2 can be prepared by the microwave-micelle process with particle size down to 10 nm.
The experimental results were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transformed infred spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer (NMR), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential thermal analyzer (DTA).

[1] Kubo R,J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.,17,pp.975,1962.
[2] 張立德、牟季美，〝奈米材料和奈米結構〞，初版，滄海出版社，2002。
[3] 張立德，〝奈米材料〞，初版，五南出版社，2002。
[4] Halperin W P,Rev.of Modern Phs.,58,pp.532,1986.
[5] 蘇品書，〝超微粒子材料技術〞，復漢出版社，1989。
[6] 蕭明校、羅義興、徐芳義，〝高科技奈米化工技術的開發〞，工業材料197期，pp.147∼148，2003.5。
[7] 沈興海，〝奈米液滴□的世界—奇妙的微乳液〞，pp.6、10、16、55∼56，一版，湖南教育出版社，2001.8。
[8] Yang Liu,Jihua Yang,Wensheng Yang,Tengfeng Xie,Yubai Bai and Tiejin Li,Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2：pp.309∼313,2000.
[9] Yung-Jen Lin, Ching-Jiunn Wu,Surface and Coatings Technology 88, pp.239∼247,1996.
[10] The Merk Index, 9 Edition,Published by Merk ﹠CO.,INC. Rahway.N.J.,USA, pp.1134∼1135.,1976.
[11] J.M.Herrmann,J.Disdier,A.Fernandez,V.M.Jimenez,and J.C.Sanchez-Lopez,NanoStructured Materials, Vol.8, No.6, pp.675∼686,1997.
[12] Sutapa Roy Ramanan,Thin Solid Films 389,pp.207∼212,2001.
[13] 陳威倩，〝以γ→α-Fe2O3相變機制製作alpha-Fe2O3微粒.〞國立成功大學碩士論文，2000。
[14] L.Suber,D.Fiorani,P.Imperatori,S.Foglia,A.Montone,R.
Zysler, PII S0965-9773(99)00369-4.
[15] Dr.E.Siores,Mr.D.Do Rego,Journal of Materials Processing Technology 48, pp.619∼625,1995.
[16] Jun-Jie Zhu,Jian-Min Zhu,Xue-Hong Liao,Jiang-Lin Fang, Miao-Gao Zhou, Hong-Yuan Chen, Material Letters 53, pp.12∼19, 2002.
[17] Xuehong Liao,Junjie Zhu,Wei Zhong,Hong-Yuan Chen, Materials Letters 50, pp.341∼346,2001.
[18] 和田太忠著、劉明成譯，〝機械構造解剖圖鑑〞，pp.26，初版，世茂出版社，1999。
[19] 張仁麟，〝兩性型界面活性劑與聚乙烯四氫比咯酮對高嶺土濃懸浮液流變性之影響〞，靜宜大學碩士論文，2002。
[20] 陳得三，〝界面活性劑在高嶺土表面之吸附及其對膠體分散穩定性之影響〞，國立屏東科技大學碩士論文，1995。
[21] Rong He,Xue-feng Qian,Jie Yin,Hong-an Xi,Li-juan Bian, Zi-kang Zhu, Colloids and Surface A:Physicochem.Eng. Aspects 220, pp.151∼157,2003.
[22] Hongjiang Liu,Yonghong Ni,Fei Wang,Gui Yin,Jianming Hong,Qiang Ma,Zheng Xu,Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem.Eng. Aspect 235, pp.79∼82,2004.
[23] Wenjie Wang,Mingyuan Gu,Yanping Jin,Materials Letters 57, pp.3279∼3281,2003.
[24] C.A.Finch,”Polyvinyl Alcohol;Properties and Applications” Jan., pp.1∼13,1973.
[25] 黃瑋堯，〝PVA 對微波合成法製備SnO2奈米微粒之影響〞，國立台灣科技大學碩士論文，2004。
[26] G.Bognolo,Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 106, pp.169∼181,2003.
[27] 紀皓元，〝表面活性劑對漿狀燃料液滴蒸發及微爆機構之影響〞， 國立清華大學碩士論文，pp.1∼6、27∼28、50∼52，1990。
[28] Wei-Wei Wang ,Ying-Jie Zhu,Inorganic Chemistry Communications 7, pp.1003∼1005,2004.
[29] Y.NI,H.LIU,F.WANG,G.YIN,J.HONG,X.MA,Z.XU,Applied Physics A Materials Science & Processing, 2003.
[30] Ming Shen,Yu-Kou Du,Hui-lin Rong,Jin-ru Li Long Jiang, Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng Aspects, pp.257∼258,439∼443,2005.
[31] Hengbo Yin,Tetsushi Yamamoto,Yuji Wada,Shozo Yanagida, Materials Chemistry and Physics 83, pp.66∼70,2004.
[32] Hai-tao Zhu,Can-ying Zhang,Yan-sheng Yin,Journal of Crystal Growth 270, pp.722∼728,2004.
[33] Shuyuan Zhang,Zhiwen Chen,Shun Tan,Jian Wang and Sizhao Jin,NanoStructured Materials. Vol.8, No.6, pp.719∼723, 1997.
[34] B.J. Clark, T. Frost, and M.A. Russell.〝UV spectroscopy : techniques, instrumentation, data handling〞 1st ed. London ;Chapman & Hall.New York, 1993.
[35] J.R. Durig. 〝Applications of FT-IR spectroscopy 〞Amsterdam : Elsevier,1990.
[36] L.D. Field, S. Sternhell.〝Analytical NMR〞Chichester ; Wiley.New York,1989.
[37] S.H.Liu,X.F.Qian,J.Yin,X.D.Ma,J.Y.Yuan,Z.K.Zhu.Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 64, pp.455∼458,2003.
[38] John J. Fitzgerald,〝Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of inorganic materials 〞Washington, DC :American Chemical Society,1999.
[39]曹茂盛、關長斌、徐甲強，〝奈米材料導論〞，初版，學富文化出版社，2002.
[40] M.J.Alam,D.C.Cameron,Thin Solid Films 00, pp.455∼459, 2000.
[41] Ki Young Kim,Seung Bin Park,Materials Chemistry and physics 86, pp.210∼221,2004.
[42] 葉承、王先宇、張自忠、黃素清,〝化學(上冊)（含普通、有機、生物化學）〞，表7.2，pp.167，再版，藝軒圖書出版社，1990.8。
[43] 成都科技大學無機化學教研室，〝無機化學〞，表5-2，第二版,成都科技大學出版社，1991。