N/A

The basic linguistic description of Tense Aspect, Mood, and/or Modality in hiBena is provided in this thesis. Because tense and aspect serve various purposes, the analysis takes the verb's place in the whole discourse into account. The use of the present perfect tense illustrates the relationship in time and space between the speech time—the moment the statement is made—and the reference time—the event time when occurred. The Remote Past and Remote Future tenses differ from their Recent/Immediate counterparts in that they speak about events that happened in a time and/or place that was very different from the speech moment and/or things that happened in the surrounding discourse. Aspect doesn't merely demonstrate the durational relationship between a real-world occurrence and the speaker's chosen reference period. The Perfective aspect expresses an event as a single change of state at a single point on the timeline that also serves as the reference time. The imperfective aspect, on the other hand, links the event to a reference time that is given by the context, such as the time of the speech, a time adverb, a time frame that was previously stated in a previous conversation, or the interlocutors' shared experience. Imperfective often relates background information, meaning that it refers to an event that is still ongoing during the following event, or it is relevant for the following event like in ‘While I was sleeping, a big thunderstorm destroyed the flowers on my balcony.
This study tense, aspect, and modality utilization in a variety of contexts. Furthermore, I claim that hiBena doesn't have a simple present tense as in English, for example ‘he eats’ but a progressive tense which is denoted by imperfect/ imperfective, past and future in varying degrees, these tenses are conditioned and recognized by the final vowels suffixed to the verb, such as (-a) future – imperfect/imperfective, (-e) past (perfect/perfective), and tense markers. Also, the subject markers, have to agree with the final vowels (FV) which have syntactic functions of Tense Aspects (TA).

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