主觀幸福感容易受文化背景差異與個體差異影響，固定效果模型 (fixed-effects model) 藉由控制不隨時間變動的未知要素，減少估計結果受個體差異影響而造成的偏誤。本論文使用固定效果模型，針對美國47個州的受訪者，估計氣候變遷對主觀幸福感的影響程度。實證結果顯示，美國從氣候變遷所導致的平均氣溫上升中獲益，整體主觀幸福感提升。其中原因可能是美國所處緯度較高，氣溫上升使原本的低溫變得更加舒適；以及美國是富裕的已開發國家，有較多的資源因應氣候變遷的衝擊。本文亦發現，平均氣溫不同的州對氣候變遷有不同的反應，一月平均氣溫高於歷史均溫對溫暖州有負面影響，對寒冷州的受訪者則沒有顯著影響。

Subjective well-being is easily influenced by cultural differences and individual traits; the fixed-effects model reduces the bias of estimation results caused by individual differences by controlling for time-invariant unobserved factors. We apply the fixed-effects model to estimate the effect of climate variability on the subjective well-being of respondents in 47 U.S. states. We found the U.S. get benefits from rising average temperature due to climate change, improving overall personal well-being. This may be because the U.S. is located at a higher latitude, and the rising temperature makes the original low temperature more comfortable; moreover, because the U.S. is a developed country with lots of resources to cope with climate change. We also found that states with different mean temperatures reacted differently to climate change, with higher-than-historical mean temperatures in January having a negative effect on respondents in warm states and no significant effect on respondents in cold conditions.

Albouy, D., Graf, W., Kellogg, R., & Wolff, H. (2016). Climate Amenities, Climate Change, and American Quality of Life. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 3(1), 205-246.
Baltagi, B. H. (2013). Econometric analysis of panel data (Fifth Edition. ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brereton, F., Clinch, J. P., & Ferreira, S. (2008). Happiness, Geography and the Environment. Ecological Economics, 65, 386-396.
Bumpass, L. L., & Sweet, J. A. (2018a). National Survey of Families and Households, Wave 2: 1992-1994, [United States].
Bumpass, L. L., & Sweet, J. A. (2018b). National Survey of Families and Households, Wave 3: 2001-2003, [United States].
Bumpass, L. L., Sweet, J. A., & Call, V. R. A. (2017). National Survey of Families and Households, Wave 1: 1987-1988, [United States].
Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. Nature, 527(7577), 235-239.
Cantril, H. (1965). The Pattern of Human Concerns: New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2012). Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66-95.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Diener, E., Suh, E., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Diffenbaugh, N. S., & Burke, M. (2019). Global warming has increased global economic inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(20), 9808-9813.
Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94-122.
Eid, M., & Larsen, R. (2008). The Science of Subjective Well-Being.
Feng, S., Krueger, A. B., & Oppenheimer, M. (2010). Linkages among climate change, crop yields and Mexico–US cross-border migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(32), 14257-14262.
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & Frijters, P. (2004). How Important is Methodology for the estimates of the determinants of Happiness? The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641-659.
Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A., & van Praag, B. M. S. (2007). Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frey, B. S. (2008). Happiness: A revolution in economics. Cambridge, MA, US: MIT Press.
Frey, B. S., Luechinger, S., & Stutzer, A. (2010). The Life Satisfaction Approach to Environmental Valuation. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2(1), 139-160.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 402-435.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2010). Happiness and economics. In Happiness and Economics: Princeton University Press.
Frijters, P., & Van Praag, B. M. S. (1998). The effects of climate on welfare and well-being in Russia. Climatic Change, 39(1), 61-81.
Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.
Haab, T. C., & McConnell, K. E. (2002). Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Non-market Valuation. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 48(4).
Henderson, D. R., & Cochrane, J. H. (2017). Climate Change Isn’t the End of the World. Wall Street Journal.
Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kahn, M. E., Mohaddes, K., Ng, R. N. C., Pesaran, M. H., Raissi, M., & Yang, J.-C. (2021). Long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change: A cross-country analysis. Energy Economics, 104, 105624.
Kahneman, D., Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2003). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment-based approach. The psychology of economic decisions, 1, 187-208.
Maddison, D. (2003). The amenity value of the climate: the household production function approach. Resource and Energy Economics, 25(2), 155-175.
National Research Council. (2005). Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Niemelä, R., Hannula, M., Rautio, S., Reijula, K., & Railio, J. (2002). The effect of air temperature on labour productivity in call centres - A case study. Energy and Buildings, 34, 759-764.
Parsons, G. R. (2003). The Travel Cost Model. In P. A. Champ, K. J. Boyle, & T. C. Brown (Eds.), A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation (pp. 269-329). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Rehdanz, K., & Maddison, D. (2005). Climate and happiness. Ecological Economics, 52(1), 111-125.
Yang, D. (2008). Coping with Disaster: The Impact of Hurricanes on International Financial Flows, 1970-2002. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 8.
Zapata, O. (2021). Happiness in the tropics: climate variables and subjective wellbeing. Environment and Development Economics, 1-22.