簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 茴 拉
Virra Krisnafitriana
論文名稱: 印度尼西亞跨境風險投資的制度因素
Institutional Factors in Cross-Border Venture Capital Investment in Indonesia
指導教授: 陳添枝
Chen, Tain-Jy
口試委員: 黃朝熙
Huang, Chao-Hsi
陳厚銘
Chen, Ho-Min
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教務處 - 跨院國際碩士學位學程
International Intercollegiate Master Program
論文出版年: 2023
畢業學年度: 111
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 74
中文關鍵詞: 跨境投資初創公司風險投資制度距離
外文關鍵詞: cross-border investment, startups, venture capital, institutional distance
相關次數: 點閱:45下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • N/A


    An increasing number of startup companies in Indonesia has led to high demand for investment capital in this country. This has opened the door for foreign investors to meet the demand generated by Indonesian startup companies. The result has been growth in cross-border venture capital (VC) investment in Indonesian startups, mainly from Singapore. This thesis draws on institutional theory to examine this phenomenon and assess whether cross-border investment increases when institutional distance is shortened. The study uses a qualitative descriptive method to examine the phenomenon of increasing cross-border investment. Three institutional distances are considered: regulative distance, normative distance, and cultural distance. The study finds that all three factors play an essential role in attracting cross-border VC investment in Indonesian startup companies.

    Abstract..................................................i Acknowledgement..........................................ii Table of Contents........................................iv List of Tables............................................v Section 1: Introduction...................................1 1.1. Background........................................1 1.2. Motivation for the Study..........................6 1.3. Purpose of the Study..............................7 Section 2: Literature Review..............................8 2.1. Theoretical Framework.............................8 2.2. The Concept of Institutional Distance.............8 2.2.1. The Concept of Regulative Distance..............9 2.2.2. The Concept of Normative Distance..............11 2.2.3. The Concept of Cultural Distance...............12 Section 3: Research Methodology..........................16 3.1. Research Design..................................16 3.2. Data Source and Collection.......................16 Section 4: Discussion....................................17 4.1. The Venture Capital Industry: An Introduction....17 4.2. Regulative Distance..............................20 4.3. Normative Distance...............................30 4.3.1. Capital Market.................................31 4.3.2. Banking Industry...............................33 4.3.3. Other Financial Sectors........................37 4.4. Cultural Distance................................41 4.4.1. Educational Background.........................42 4.4.2. Working Experience.............................48 4.4.3. Ethnicity......................................53 Section 5: Conclusion....................................59 5.1. Conclusion.......................................59 5.2. Research Limitation..............................61 References...............................................63

    Journals and Articles
    Aggarwal, Raj, and John W. Goodell. “Cross-National Differences in Access to Finance: Influence of Culture and Institutional Environments.” Research in International Business and Finance 31 (2014): 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2013.09.004.
    Aizenman, Joshua, and Jake Kendall. “The Internationalization of Venture Capital and Private Equity.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 14344 (September 2008). https://doi.org/10.3386/w14344
    Al Amin, Eka Mulia, and Iza Hanifuddin. “Implementation of Financial Services Authority Regulation №35/POJK.05/2015 Article 35 by Indonesian Venture Capital Companies in 2015.” Journal of World Economy: Transformations & Transitions (JOWETT), 08, 1, no. 2 (November 26, 2021). https://doi.org/10.52459/jowett1281121.
    Aldrich, Howard E., and Catherine Zimmer. “Entrepreneurship Through Social Networks.” Chapter. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, edited by Donald L. Sexton and Raymond Smilor, 1st ed., 3–23. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1986.
    Amit, Raphael, James Brander, and Christoph Zott. “Why Do Venture Capital Firms Exist? Theory and Canadian Evidence.” Journal of Business Venturing 13, no. 6 (1998): 441–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(97)00061-x.
    Armour, John, and Douglas Cumming. “The Legislative Road to Silicon Valley.” Oxford Economic Papers 58, no. 4 (October 12, 2006): 596–635. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl007.
    Bachtiar, Palmira Permata, Paul Vandenberg, and Hening Wikan Sawiji. “City-Level Tech Startup Ecosystems and Talent Development in Indonesia.” ADB Briefs No. 228, November 2022. https://doi.org/10.22617/brf220512-2.
    Barnett, William P., and Glenn R. Carroll. “Modeling Internal Organizational Change.” Annual Review of Sociology 21 (August 1995): 217–36. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.001245.
    Barney, Jay. “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.” Journal of Management 17, no. 1 (March 1991): 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108.
    Bartzokas, Anthony, and Sunil Mani. “Introduction [Review of Introduction].” Chapter. In Financial Systems, Corporate Investment in Innovation, and Venture Capital, edited by Anthony Bartzokas and Sunil Mani, 1–6. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004.
    Baygan, Günseli, and Michael Freudenberg. “The Internationalisation of Venture Capital Activity in OECD Countries.” OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, December 19, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1787/18151965.
    Bedu, Nicolas, and Matthieu Montalban. “Analysing the Uneven Development of Private Equity in Europe: Legal Origins and Diversity of Capitalism.” Socio-Economic Review 12, no. 1 (January 2014): 33–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwt011.
    Bengtsson, Ola, and David H. Hsu. “Ethnic Matching in the U.S. Venture Capital Market.” Journal of Business Venturing 30, no. 2 (March 2015): 338–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.09.001.
    Berger, Peter Ludwig, and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967.
    Bhopal, R. “Glossary of Terms Relating to Ethnicity and Race: For Reflection and Debate.” Journal of Epidemiology Community Health 58, no. 6 (2004): 441–45. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.013466.
    Bruining, Hans, and Mike Wright. “Entrepreneurial Orientation in Management Buy-Outs and The Contribution of Venture Capital.” Venture Capital 4, no. 2 (2002): 147–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691060110117427.
    Bruton, Garry D, David Ahlstrom, and Tomas Puky. “Institutional Differences and The Development of Entrepreneurial Ventures: A Comparison of The Venture Capital Industries in Latin America and Asia.” Journal of International Business Studies 40, no. 5 (March 19, 2009): 762–78. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.3.
    Bruton, Garry D., David Ahlstrom, and Kuang S Yeh. “Understanding Venture Capital in East Asia: The Impact of Institutions on The Industry Today and Tomorrow.” Journal of World Business 39, no. 1 (February 2004): 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2003.08.002.
    Bruton, Garry D., David Ahlstrom, and Kulwant Singh. “The Impact of The Institutional Environment on The Venture Capital Industry in Singapore.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance 4, no. 3 (November 26, 2010): 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691060213712.
    Bruton, Garry D., Igor Filatotchev, Salim Chahine, and Mike Wright. “Governance, Ownership Structure, and Performance of IPO Firms: The Impact of Different Types of Private Equity Investors and Institutional Environments.” Strategic Management Journal 31, no. 5 (May 2010): 491–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.822.
    Busenitz, Lowell W., Carolina Gómez, and Jennifer W. Spencer. “Country Institutional Profiles: Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena.” Academy of Management Journal 43, no. 5 (October 2000): 994–1003. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1556423.
    Cherif, Mondher, and Kaouthar Gazdar. “Public Institutions and Venture Capital in Europe: A Cross-Country Panel Data Analysis.” International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management 1, no. 3 (November 4, 2009): 275–94. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpspm.2009.029120.
    Criaco, Giuseppe, Tommaso Minola, Pablo Migliorini, and Christian Serarols-Tarrés. “‘To Have and Have Not’: Founders’ Human Capital and University Start-Up Survival.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 39 (June 7, 2013): 567–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9312-0.
    Cumming, Douglas, and Dan Li. “Public Policy, Entrepreneurship, and Venture Capital in the United States.” Journal of Corporate Finance 23 (December 2013): 345–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2013.09.005.
    Cumming, Douglas, Irene Henriques, and Perry Sadorsky. “‘Cleantech’ Venture Capital Around the World.” International Review of Financial Analysis 44 (March 2016): 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2016.01.015.
    Cumming, Douglas J., and Jeffrey G. MacIntosh. “Crowding Out Private Equity: Canadian Evidence.” Journal of Business Venturing 21, no. 5 (September 2006): 569–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.002.
    Da Rin, Marco, Giovanna Nicodano, and Alessandro Sembenelli. “Public Policy and The Creation of Active Venture Capital Markets.” Journal of Public Economics 90, no. 8–9 (September 2006): 1699–1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.09.013.
    Dai, Na, Hoje Jo, and Sul Kassicieh. “Cross-Border Venture Capital Investments in Asia: Selection and Exit Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 27, no. 6 (November 2012): 666–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.04.004.
    Eden, Lorraine, and Stewart R. Miller. “Distance Matters: Liability of Foreignness, Institutional Distance and Ownership Strategy.” Chapter. In Theories of the Multinational Enterprise: Diversity, Complexity and Relevance 16, edited by Michael A. Hitt and Joseph Lap-Chiu Cheng, 16:187–221. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-7929(04)16010-1.
    Florida, Richard L., and Martin Kenney. “Venture Capital, High Technology and Regional Development.” Regional Studies 22, no. 1 (1988): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343408812331344750.
    Florida, Richard L., and Martin Kenney. “Venture Capital-Financed Innovation and Technological Change in the USA.” Research Policy 17, no. 3 (June 1988): 119–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(88)90038-8.
    Franco, Stefano, Francesco Cappa, and Michele Pinelli. “Founder Education and Start-Up Funds Raised.” IEEE Engineering Management Review 49, no. 3 (September 2021): 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1109/emr.2021.3077966.
    Friedland, Roger, and Robert R. Alford. “Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” Chapter. In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 232–63. University of Chicago Press, 1991.
    Gall, Meredith D., Joyce P. Gall, and Walter R. Borg. Educational Research: An Introduction. 7th ed. Pearson Education Inc., 2003.
    Giannetti, Mariassunta, and Yishay Yafeh. “Do Cultural Differences Between Contracting Parties Matter? Evidence from Syndicated Bank Loans.” Management Science 58, no. 2 (February 2012): 365–83. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1378.
    Gompers, Paul A. “The Rise and Fall of Venture Capital.” Business and Economic History 23, no. 2 (1994): 1–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23702914.
    Gompers, Paul A., Josh Lerner, Margaret M. Blair, and Thomas Hellmann. “What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics 1998 (1998): 149–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534802.
    Gompers, Paul, and Joshua Lerner. “Equity Financing.” Chapter. In Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research 1, edited by Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch, Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Springer, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24519-7_12.
    Grilli, Luca, Gresa Latifi, and Boris Mrkajic. “Institutional Determinants of Venture Capital Activity: An Empirically Driven Literature Review and A Research Agenda.” Journal of Economic Surveys 33, no. 4 (September 2019): 1094–1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12319.
    Groh, Alexander Peter, and Johannes Wallmeroth. “Determinants of Venture Capital Investments in Emerging Markets.” Emerging Markets Review 29 (December 2016): 104–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2016.08.020.
    Guercini, Simone, and Matilde Milanesi. “29th IMP-Conference.” In Learning in Interaction and Liability of Foreignness. The Case of an Italian Firm in Russia, 2013. https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/8133.pdf.
    Guiso, Luigi, Paola Sapienza, and Luigi Zingales. “Trusting the Stock Market.” The Journal of Finance 63, no. 6 (December 2008): 2557–2600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01408.x.
    Guler, Isin, and Mauro F. Guillén. “Institutions and the Internationalization of US Venture Capital Firms.” Journal of International Business Studies 41, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.35.
    Hain, Daniel, Sofia Johan, and Daojuan Wang. “Determinants of Cross-Border Venture Capital Investments in Emerging and Developed Economies: The Effects of Relational and Institutional Trust.” Journal of Business Ethics 138, no. 4 (November 2016): 743–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2772-4.
    Hofstede, Geert H. Culture’s Consequences, International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980.
    Hofstede, Geert, and Michael H. Bond. “Hofstede’s Culture Dimensions: An Independent Validation Using Rokeach’s Value Survey.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15, no. 4 (December 1984): 417–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002184015004003.
    Hsu, David H. “Experienced Entrepreneurial Founders, Organizational Capital, and Venture Capital Funding.” Research Policy 36, no. 5 (June 2007): 722–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.022.
    Jeng, Leslie A., and Philippe C. Wells. “The Determinants of Venture Capital Funding: Evidence Across Countries.” Journal of Corporate Finance 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 241–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1199(00)00003-1.
    Jepperson, R., Ronald L. Jepperson, and John W. Meyer. “Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism (1991).” Chapter. In Institutional Theory: The Cultural Construction of Organizations, States, and Identities, 37–66. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139939744.004.
    Johanson, Jan, and Jan-Erik Vahlne. “The Uppsala Internationalization Process Model Revisited: From Liability of Foreignness to Liability of Outsidership.” Journal of International Business Studies 40 (May 2009): 1411–31. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.24.
    Junida, Ade Irma. “Bahlil Ungkap Penyebab Investasi Masuk RI Lewat Hub Singapura.” Edited by Ahmad Buchori. Antara News, June 9, 2023. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3580011/bahlil-ungkap-penyebab-investasi-masuk-ri-lewat-hub-singapura.
    Kenney, Martin, Martin Haemmig, and W. Richard Goe. “The Globalization of The Venture Capital Industry.” Chapter. In Innovation in Global Industries U.S. Firms Competing in a New World, edited by Jeffrey T. Macher and David C. Mowery, 313–40. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2008.
    Kim, Dohyeon, and Su Yong Lee. “When Venture Capitalists Are Attracted by the Experienced.” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 11, no. 31 (March 5, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00227-2.
    Kostova, Tatiana. “Transnational Transfer of Strategic Organizational Practices: A Contextual Perspective.” Academy of Management Review 24, no. 2 (April 1999): 308–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/259084.
    Kreft, Steven F., and Russell S. Cato Journal. “Public Policy, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Freedom.” Cato Journal 25, no. 3 (September 2005): 595–616.
    Lambert, Vickie A., and Clinton E. Lambert. 2012. “Qualitative Descriptive Research: An Acceptable Design”. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research 16 (4):255-56. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/5805.
    Leleux, Benoı̂t, and Bernard Surlemont. “Public Versus Private Venture Capital: Seeding or Crowding Out? A Pan-European Analysis.” Journal of Business Venturing 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(01)00078-7.
    Lestari, Hesty D. “Otoritas Jasa Keuangan: Sistem Baru Dalam Pengaturan Dan Pengawasan Sektor Jasa Keuangan.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 12, no. 3 (2012): 557–67. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2012.12.3.127.
    Li, Yong, Ilan B. Vertinsky, and Jing Li. “National Distances, International Experience, and Venture Capital Investment Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 29, no. 4 (July 2014): 471–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.08.002.
    Manigart, Sophie, Vance Fried, Gary D. Bruton, and Harry Sapienza. “Venture Capitalists in Asia: A Comparison with The U.S. and Europe.” Vlerick Leuven Gent Working Paper No. 2002/15, September 25, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.333540.
    Manigart, Sophie. “The Founding Rate of Venture Capital Firms in Three European Countries (1970–1990).” Journal of Business Venturing 9, no. 6 (November 1994): 525–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90020-5.
    March, James G. Essay. In Perspectives on Organization Design and Behavior, edited by Andrew H. Van de Ven and William F. Joyce, 205–44. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
    Marzuki, Keoni. “Indonesia‑Singapore Relations: The Next 50 Years.” RSIS Commentaries, No. 154 (2017). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/85321.
    Meuleman, Miguel, Mikko Jääskeläinen, Markku V. J. Maula, and Mike Wright. “Venturing Into the Unknown with Strangers: Substitutes of Relational Embeddedness in Cross-Border Partner Selection in Venture Capital Syndicates.” Journal of Business Venturing 32, no. 2 (March 2017): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.01.001.
    Moore, Curt B., G. Tyge Payne, R. Greg Bell, and Justin L. Davis. “Institutional Distance and Cross-Border Venture Capital Investment Flows.” Journal of Small Business Management 53, no. 2 (April 2015): 482–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12079.
    Mäkelä, Markus M., and Markku V. J. Maula. “Attracting Cross-Border Venture Capital: The Role of a Local Investor.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal 20, no. 3 (April 2008): 237–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620701795442.
    Mäkelä, Markus M., and Markku V. J. Maula. “Cross-Border Venture Capital and New Venture Internationalization: An Isomorphism Perspective.” Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance 7, no. 3 (2005): 227–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691060500258877.
    Mäkelä, Markus M., and Markku V. J. Maula. “Interorganizational Commitment in Syndicated Cross–Border Venture Capital Investments.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30, no. 2 (March 2006): 273–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00121.x.
    Nassaji, Hossein. “Qualitative and Descriptive Research: Data Type Versus Data Analysis.” Language Teaching Research 19, no. 2 (2015): 129–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815572747.
    North, Douglass C. “Institutions.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 1 (1991): 97–112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942704.
    Ployhart, Robert E., and Thomas P. Moliterno. “Emergence of the Human Capital Resource: A Multilevel Model.” The Academy of Management Review 36, no. 1 (January 2011): 127–50. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0318.
    Prasetyo, Ahmad Danu, Muhammad Febrizal Imran, Fania Anindita Rizka, and Ira Fachira. “Determinants of Venture Capital Performance in Indonesia.” New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 2 (September 2018): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i2.3652.
    Rahayu, Sri Lestari. “Analisis Peranan Perusahaan Modal Ventura Dalam Mengembangkan UKM Di Indonesia.” Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan, Edisi Khusus, November 2005.
    Ratzinger, Daniel, Kevin Amess, Andrew Greenman, and Simon Mosey. “The Impact of Digital Start-Up Founders’ Higher Education on Reaching Equity Investment Milestones.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (June 2018): 760–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9627-3.
    Reus, Taco H., and Bruce T. Lamont. “The Double-Edged Sword of Cultural Distance in International Acquisitions.” Journal of International Business Studies 40, no. 8 (May 2009): 1298–1316. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.25.
    Rohman, Suparjo. “Deregulasi Bursa Efek Jakarta, 1987—1997.” Lembaran Sejarah 12, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33466.
    Rosa, Meita Clara Wijaya, Eko Ganis Sukoharsono, and Erwin Saraswati. “The Role of Venture Capital on Start-Up Business Development in Indonesia.” Jurnal Akuntansi dan Investasi 20, no. 1 (2019): 55–74. https://doi.org/10.18196/jai.2001108.
    Schertler, Andrea, and Tereza Tykvová. “What Lures Cross-Border Venture Capital Inflows?” Journal of International Money and Finance 31, no. 6 (October 2012): 1777–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.03.012.
    Scott, William Richard, Institutions and Organizations, 1st ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995.
    ----------------------------, Institutions and Organizations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001.
    Sofia, Myrna, Risdy Absari Indah Pratiwi, Firwan Tan, Nasri Bachtiar, Febriandi Prima Putra, and Muhammad Hidayat. “Modal Ventura Indonesia.” Jurnal Akuntansi dan Ekonomika 11, no. 2 (December 2021): 159–66. https://doi.org/10.37859/jae.v11i2.2775.
    Tong, Sarah Y. “Ethnic Networks in FDI and the Impact of Institutional Development.” Review of Development Economics 9, no. 4 (November 2005): 563–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00294.x.
    Vaara, Eero, Riikka Sarala, Günter K. Stahl, and Ingmar Björkman. “The Impact of Organizational and National Cultural Differences on Social Conflict and Knowledge Transfer in International Acquisitions.” Journal of Management Studies 49, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00975.x.
    Wally, Stefan, and J. Robert Baum. “Personal and Structural Determinants of the Pace of Strategic Decision Making.” The Academy of Management Journal 37, no. 4 (August 1994): 932–56. https://doi.org/10.5465/256605.
    Wiersema, Margarethe F., and Karen A. Bantel. “Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change.” The Academy of Management Journal 35, no. 1 (March 1992): 91–121. https://doi.org/10.5465/256474.
    Wright, Mike, Sarika Pruthi, and Andy Lockett. “International Venture Capital Research: From Cross-Country Comparisons to Crossing Borders.” International Journal of Management Reviews 7, no. 3 (September 2005): 135–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00113.x.
    Xu, Dean, Yigang Pan, and Paul W. Beamish. “The Effect of Regulative and Normative Distances on MNE Ownership and Expatriate Strategies.” MIR: Management International Review 44, no. 3 (2004): 285–307. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835993.
    Zaheer, Srilata. “Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness.” The Academy of Management Journal 38, no. 2 (April 1995): 341–63. https://doi.org/10.5465/256683.
    Interview
    Herlijanto, Johanes. 2023. Interview by author. Hsinchu, Taiwan. July 24, 2023.
    Government Publications
    Badan Pusat Statistik. n.d. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/13/1843/1/realisasi-investasi-penanaman-modal-luar-negeri-menurut-negara.html.
    Bank Indonesia. “Indonesia Dan Singapura Sepakat Untuk Mendorong Konektivitas Pembayaran Kode QR Lintas Negara Dan Promosi Penggunaan Mata Uang Lokal.” August 29, 2022. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/ruang-media/news-release/Pages/sp_2423322.aspx.
    Bank Indonesia. “Bank Indonesia Dan Monetary Authority of Singapore Sepakat Perpanjang Kerja Sama Keuangan Bilateral.” November 4, 2022. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/ruang-media/news-release/Pages/sp_2429822.aspx.
    Kementrian Investasi/BKPM. ‘Profile of Institution.” Accessed June 19, 2023. https://www.bkpm.go.id/en/about-bkpm/profile-of-institution.
    Other Online Publications
    2022 Annual Report and Sustainability Report. Indonesia: PT. Berlian Laju Tanker Tbk. https://www.blt.co.id/assets/uploads/annual-report/2022_AR-dan-SR-2022-BLTA_.pdf
    Deloitte. Global Trends in Venture Capital 2006 Survey. 2006
    DS/innovate. The Storyline of Bukalapak. Jakarta: DS/innovate, August 2021.
    DS/innovate. The Storyline of Traveloka. Jakarta: DS/innovate, July 2021.
    Google and Temasek. e-Conomy SEA 2017. Singapore: Google and Temasek, 2017. https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/_qs/documents/6078/Twg_Apac_Temasek_Infographic_R2B_120617.pdf.
    Google, Temasek, and Bain & Company. e-Conomy SEA 2022. Singapore: Google, Temasek, and Bain & Company, 2017. https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/e_conomy_sea_2022_report.pdf.
    Laporan Tahunan 2022 Annual Report. Indonesia: PT. Bank DBS Indonesia. https://www.dbs.com/iwov-resources/pdf/id/DBS_AR2022_FIN_.pdf.
    Momentum Works. Who is J&T? Fast-Growing e-Commerce Logistics Leader, from SEA to China and More. Accessed April 5, 2023, https://momentum.asia/product/who-is-jt/.
    OECD. OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Indonesia 2020. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b56512da-en.
    Startup Genome. The Global Startup Ecosystem Report (GSER) 2022. USA: Startup Genome, 2022. https://startupgenome.com/reports/gser2022.
    Videos
    Wijaya, Tessa. 2022. “Xendit COO & Co-Founder Tessa Wijaya on Business Outlook.” Interview by Bloomberg. January 12, 2022. Video, 06:01. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-01-12/xendit-coo-co-founder-tessa-wijaya-on-business-outlook-video.
    Websites
    “Dijual Hartono RP172 Miliar, Saham Panca Global Kapital (PEGE) Ditampung Bank of Singapore.” Emitennews.com, November 18, 2022. https://www.emitennews.com/news/dijual-hartono-rp172-miliar-saham-panca-global-kapital-pege-ditampung-bank-of-singapore.
    Han, Qianyu. “One Master’s Two Apprentices: How Indonesia’s J& T Express Rose in China on the Back of Pinduoduo.” KrASIA, May 21, 2021. https://kr-asia.com/one-masters-two-apprentices-how-indonesias-jt-express-rose-in-china-on-the-back-of-pinduoduo.
    Info 4 Innovation. ”Revitalisasi Modal Ventura di Indonesia.” Accessed June 18, 2023. http://www.info4innovation.net/blog/detail/revitalisasi-modal-ventura-di-indonesia.
    “Investor Singapura Timbun Lagi 1,550 Juta Saham Eastparc Hotel (EAST).” Emitennews.com, April 17, 2023. https://www.emitennews.com/news/investor-singapura-timbun-lagi-1550-juta-saham-eastparc-hotel-east.
    “Lego 527,14 Juta Saham Mega Manunggal (MMLP), Temasek Raup RP263,57 Miliar.” Emitennews.com, May 12, 2023. https://www.emitennews.com/news/lego-52714-juta-saham-mega-manunggal-mmlp-temasek-raup-rp26357-miliar.
    Nurmutia, Elga. “Harga Saham Beef Melambung Usai Diborong Perusahaan Singapura Asia Agri International.” liputan6.com, February 23, 2023. https://www.liputan6.com/saham/read/5215303/harga-saham-beef-melambung-usai-diborong-perusahaan-singapura-asia-agri-international.
    “Now It’s Ties with S’pore.” The Straits Times. September 8, 1967. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19670908-1.2.11.
    “Perkokoh Posisi, Perusahaan Singapura Borong 12,5 Juta Saham Champ Resto (ENAK).” Emitennews.com, May 12, 2023. https://www.emitennews.com/news/perkokoh-posisi-perusahaan-singapura-borong-125-juta-saham-champ-resto-enak.
    PT. Bahana Artha Ventura. ”Profil BAV.” Indonesia: PT. Bahana Artha Ventura. https://www.bahanaventura.com/profil/profil-bav/.
    Rajaratnam, S. “Why Singapore Has Not Collapsed.” The Strait Times. February 7, 1972. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19720207-1.2.63.
    Rahman, Dzulfiqar Fathur. “Sejarah Indonesia - Singapura, Hubungan Erat Lebih Dari 50 Tahun.” Katadata.co.id, June 8, 2023. https://katadata.co.id/sortatobing/ekonopedia/64819a5614528/sejarah-indonesia-singapura-hubungan-erat-lebih-dari-50-tahun.
    Reiff, Nathan. “Series Funding: A, B, and C.” Investopedia, February 24, 2022. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/102015/series-b-c-funding-what-it-all-means-and-how-it-works.asp.
    Simamora, Novita Sari. “Perusahaan Perkebunan Ini Beroperasi Di Indonesia, Listing Di Singapura.” Bisnis.com, October 24, 2016. https://market.bisnis.com/read/20161024/192/595497/perusahaan-perkebunan-ini-beroperasi-di-indonesia-listing-di-singapura.
    The Association of Banks in Singapore. “Membership.” Singapore: The Association of Banks in Singapore. https://www.abs.org.sg/about-us/membership.
    The Association of Banks in Singapore. “Our Member Banks.” Singapore: The Association of Banks in Singapore. https://www.abs.org.sg/about-us/memberbanks.
    Zahra, Valina. “Indonesia, Singapore Join Hands to Advance Digital Economy Partnership: Lobby.” Indonesia Business Post, March 3, 2023. https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/lobby/indonesia-singapore-join-hands-to-advance-digital-economy-partnership/?nsl_bypass_cache=bfbcab1992ed11e294f1d8fd8b73ce1c.

    QR CODE