簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 賀聿恆
Ho, Yu-Heng
論文名稱： 碰撞參數對大質量雙黑洞系統在星系合併中形成之影響
The Effect of Impact Parameters on the Formation of Massive Black Hole Binaries in Galactic Mergers
指導教授： 江瑛貴
Jiang, Ing-Guey
口試委員: 葉麗琴
Yeh, Li-Chin
陳林文
Chen, Lin-Wen
陳怡全
Chen, Yi-Chiuan
嚴健彰
Yen, Chen-Chang
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 天文研究所
Institute of Astronomy
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 84
中文關鍵詞： 方法:數值模擬 、星系:運動學與動力學 、星系:交互作用 、黑洞物理
外文關鍵詞： methods:numerical, galaxies:kinematics and dynamics, galaxies:interactions, black hole physics
相關次數： 點閱：2  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 利用多體力學模擬，我們針對大質量雙黑洞系統在星系合併中的演化過程進行研究。利用一系列不同的碰撞參數，結合不同密度結構的初始星系模型，我們發現當碰撞參數不大時(大約一萬秒差距時)，大質量黑洞直接進入初始星系的中央核心半徑，在雙黑洞演化的過程中將可能導致演化時程上的不規則波動。另外，我們也發現兩個大質量黑洞進入彼此力學半徑的時程，並不一定會與兩個黑洞形成雙黑洞系統的時程相吻合。這個結果意味著在核心中央擁有較高恆星密度的星系對撞時，假如碰撞參數不大，且大質量雙黑洞系統具備非零初始角動量時，雙黑洞系統的演化過程必須被更加仔細地檢視。最後，我們更用多體力學模擬盤狀星系的對撞，並且發現碰撞參數可能是影響初始星系對撞後，所合併而成之星系角動量的關鍵因素之一。

    Employing N-body simulations, the formation of massive black hole binaries (MBHB) through the sinking of massive black holes (MBH) during the mergers of two galaxies with a range of impact parameters are investigated. It is found that mergers of progenitors with more concentrated stellar density under small impact parameters, where the MBHs would enter directly into the core radius of the progenitor galaxies, would cause a fluctuation in the timings of the MBHB formation timescale. In addition, it is also found that the timing when the dual MBHs enters their dynamical radius could deviates from the timing when a bound MBHB is formed, contrary to previously thought. This result implies that mergers with higher density progenitors under small impact parameters are more complicated, if the MBHB possesses nonzero initial angular momentum, and the stages of MBHB evolutions should be defined more carefully. Finally, we further employ N-body simulations to study disk mergers, we found that impact parameter could be one of the key factors determining the angular momentum of the merger remnant.

    1 Introduction 1 1.1 Stages of the Orbital Evolution of MBHB . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Dynamical Friction Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Non-hard Binary Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.3 Hard Binary Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.4 Gravitational Radiation Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2 Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 The Effect of Gas and Other Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 The Motivations of this work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 The Test of Disk Mergers with Fixed Impact Parameter 12 2.1 Introduction to Galaxy Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.1 Specific Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.2 Galaxy Spin Parameter λ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 Merger Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.1 Simulation Set A: Different Initial Separations . . . . . . . 18 2.3.2 Simulation Set B: Different Merger Geometry . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.3 Simulation Set C: Different Angles between the Rotation Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Code for Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.1 Results of Set A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.2 Results of Set B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.5.3 Results of Set C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3 The Test of Spherical Mergers with MBHs and Different Impact Parameters 29 3.1 Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1.1 Stellar Density Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.1.2 Dark Halo Density Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.3 Mass Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.2 Merger Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.3 Result and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 MBHB Simulation Setup 42 4.1 Progenitor Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.2 Merger Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 Results on MBHB Formation 45 5.1 The MBH Sinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.2 The MBHB Orbital Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.3 The Triaxiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 6 Discussions 70 6.1 Head-on Mergers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 6.2 Mergers with Non-zero Impact Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 6.3 Model A with Impact Parameters Near 10 kpc . . . . . . . . . . 73 7 Conclusion 74 Bibliography 77

    Agertz, O., & Kravtsov, A. V. 2016, , 824, 79, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/79
    Agertz, O., Teyssier, R., & Moore, B. 2011, , 410, 1391, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17530.x
    Ba˜nados, E., Venemans, B. P., Mazzucchelli, C., et al. 2018, , 553, 473, doi: 10.1038/nature25180
    Bassini, L., Rasia, E., Borgani, S., et al. 2019, , 630, A144, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935383
    Begelman, M. C., Blandford, R. D., & Rees, M. J. 1980, , 287, 307, doi: 10.1038/287307a0
    —. 1984, Reviews of Modern Physics, 56, 255, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.255
    Behroozi, P., Wechsler, R. H., Hearin, A. P., & Conroy, C. 2019, , 488, 3143, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz1182
    Behroozi, P. S., Wechsler, R. H., & Conroy, C. 2013, , 770, 57, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/57
    Bender, R. 1996, in New Light on Galaxy Evolution, ed. R. Bender & R. L. Davies, Vol. 171, 181
    Berczik, P., Merritt, D., Spurzem, R., & Bischof, H.-P. 2006, , 642, L21, doi: 10.1086/504426
    Berentzen, I., Preto, M., Berczik, P., Merritt, D., & Spurzem, R. 2009, , 695, 455, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/455
    Besla, G., Kallivayalil, N., Hernquist, L., et al. 2007, , 668, 949, doi: 10.1086/521385
    Binney, J. 1982, , 200, 951, doi: 10.1093/mnras/200.4.951
    Binney, J., & Tremaine, S. 1987, Galactic dynamics —. 2008, Galactic Dynamics: Second Edition
    Blandford, R. D., & Rees, M. J. 1992, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 254, Testing the AGN paradigm, ed. S. S. Holt, S. G. Neff, & C. M. Urry, 3–19, doi: 10.1063/1.42258
    Bonaca, A., Conroy, C., Cargile, P. A., et al. 2020, , 897, L18, doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9caa
    Bortolas, E., Gualandris, A., Dotti, M., & Read, J. I. 2018, , 477, 2310, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty775
    Bortolas, E., Gualandris, A., Dotti, M., Spera, M., & Mapelli, M. 2016, , 461, 1023, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1372
    Bournaud, F., Jog, C. J., & Combes, F. 2007, , 476, 1179, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20078010
    Bullock, J. S., Dekel, A., Kolatt, T. S., et al. 2001a, , 555, 240, doi: 10.1086/321477
    Bullock, J. S., Kolatt, T. S., Sigad, Y., et al. 2001b, , 321, 559, doi: 10.1046/j. 1365-8711.2001.04068.x
    Burke-Spolaor, S. 2011, , 410, 2113, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17586.x
    Cautun, M., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., & McAlpine, S. 2019, , 483, 2185, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3084
    Chandrasekhar, S. 1943, , 97, 255, doi: 10.1086/144517
    Ciotti, L. 2009, Nuovo Cimento Rivista Serie, 032, 1, doi: 10.1393/ncr/i2008-10040-2
    Cole, S., Lacey, C. G., Baugh, C. M., & Frenk, C. S. 2000, , 319, 168, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03879.x
    Comerford, J. M., Pooley, D., Barrows, R. S., et al. 2015, , 806, 219, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/219
    Davis, B. L., Graham, A. W., & Cameron, E. 2018, , 869, 113, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae820
    De Lucia, G., Springel, V., White, S. D. M., Croton, D., & Kauffmann, G. 2006, 366, 499, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09879.x
    de Nicola, S., Marconi, A., & Longo, G. 2019, , 490, 600, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2472
    Deeley, S., Drinkwater, M. J., Cunnama, D., et al. 2017, , 467, 3934, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx441
    Dehnen, W. 1993, , 265, 250, doi: 10.1093/mnras/265.1.250
    Diemand, J., Moore, B., & Stadel, J. 2004, , 353, 624, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08094.x
    Dosopoulou, F., & Antonini, F. 2017, , 840, 31, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6b58
    Downes, D., & Martin, A. H. M. 1971, , 233, 112, doi: 10.1038/233112a0
    Dubinski, J., & Carlberg, R. G. 1991, , 378, 496, doi: 10.1086/170451
    Efstathiou, G., & Jones, B. J. T. 1979, , 186, 133, doi: 10.1093/mnras/186.2.133
    Einasto, J. 1965, Trudy Astrofizicheskogo Instituta Alma-Ata, 5, 87
    El-Badry, K., Quataert, E., Wetzel, A., et al. 2018, , 473, 1930, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2482
    Fall, S. M. 1983, in Internal Kinematics and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. E. Athanas￾soula, Vol. 100, 391–398
    Fall, S. M., & Efstathiou, G. 1980, , 193, 189, doi: 10.1093/mnras/193.2.189
    Ferrarese, L. 2002, , 578, 90, doi: 10.1086/342308
    Ferrarese, L., & Merritt, D. 2000, , 539, L9, doi: 10.1086/312838
    Fiacconi, D., Mayer, L., Roˇskar, R., & Colpi, M. 2013, , 777, L14, doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/777/1/L14
    Gamow, G. 1952, Physical Review, 86, 251, doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.86.251
    Ginzburg, V. L., & Ozernoi, L. M. 1977, , 50, 23, doi: 10.1007/BF00648516
    Graham, A. W. 2016, in Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 418, Galac￾tic Bulges, ed. E. Laurikainen, R. Peletier, & D. Gadotti, 263, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19378-6_11
    Greene, J. E., Strader, J., & Ho, L. C. 2020, , 58, 257, doi: 10.1146/
    annurev-astro-032620-021835
    Guedes, J., Callegari, S., Madau, P., & Mayer, L. 2011, , 742, 76, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/742/2/76
    Hernquist, L. 1990, , 356, 359, doi: 10.1086/168845—. 1993, , 86, 389, doi: 10.1086/191784
    Ho, Y.-H., Jiang, I.-G., & Wu, Y.-T. 2021, , 366, 118, doi: 10.1007/s10509-021-04028-z
    Hou, M., Liu, X., Guo, H., et al. 2019, , 882, 41, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3225
    Jorgensen, I., Franx, M., & Kjaergaard, P. 1995, , 276, 1341, doi: 10.1093/mnras/276.4.1341
    Katz, N., & Gunn, J. E. 1991, , 377, 365, doi: 10.1086/170367
    Khan, F. M., Fiacconi, D., Mayer, L., Berczik, P., & Just, A. 2016, , 828, 73, doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/828/2/73
    Khan, F. M., Preto, M., Berczik, P., et al. 2012, , 749, 147, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/147
    Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. 2013, , 51, 511, doi: 10.1146/
    annurev-astro-082708-101811
    Kormendy, J., & Richstone, D. 1995, , 33, 581, doi: 10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053
    Larkin, A. C., & McLaughlin, D. E. 2016, , 462, 1864, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1749
    Liu, X., Greene, J. E., Shen, Y., & Strauss, M. A. 2010, , 715, L30, doi: 10.1088/
    2041-8205/715/1/L30
    Lupi, A., Haardt, F., Dotti, M., & Colpi, M. 2015, , 453, 3437, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1920
    Lynden-Bell, D., & Rees, M. J. 1971, , 152, 461, doi: 10.1093/mnras/152.4.461
    Majewski, S. R. 1993, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series,
    Vol. 49, Galaxy Evolution. The Milky Way Perspective, ed. S. R. Majewski, 5
    Makino, J. 1997, , 478, 58, doi: 10.1086/303773
    Mamon, G. A., & Lokas, E. L. 2005, , 363, 705, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09400.x
    Maness, H. L., Taylor, G. B., Zavala, R. T., Peck, A. B., & Pollack, L. K. 2004, , 602, 123, doi: 10.1086/380919
    Merritt, D. 2006, Reports on Progress in Physics, 69, 2513, doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/69/9/R01
    Merritt, D., Graham, A. W., Moore, B., Diemand, J., & Terzi´c, B. 2006, , 132, 2685, doi: 10.1086/508988
    Merritt, D., Navarro, J. F., Ludlow, A., & Jenkins, A. 2005, , 624, L85, doi: 10.1086/430636
    Merritt, D., & Poon, M. Y. 2004, , 606, 788, doi: 10.1086/382497
    Milosavljevi´c, M., & Merritt, D. 2001, , 563, 34, doi: 10.1086/323830
    Milosavljevi´c, M., & Merritt, D. 2003, in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 686, The Astrophysics of Gravitational Wave Sources, ed. J. M. Centrella, 201–210, doi: 10.1063/1.1629432
    Mo, H. J., Mao, S., & White, S. D. M. 1998, , 295, 319, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01227.x
    Mortlock, D. J., Warren, S. J., Venemans, B. P., et al. 2011, , 474, 616, doi: 10.1038/nature10159
    Moster, B. P., Somerville, R. S., Maulbetsch, C., et al. 2010, , 710, 903, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/903
    Naab, T., Johansson, P. H., Ostriker, J. P., & Efstathiou, G. 2007, , 658, 710, doi: 10.1086/510841
    Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M. 1996, , 462, 563, doi: 10.1086/177173
    Navarro, J. F., & Steinmetz, M. 1997, , 478, 13, doi: 10.1086/303763
    —. 2000, , 538, 477, doi: 10.1086/309175
    Navarro, J. F., Hayashi, E., Power, C., et al. 2004, , 349, 1039, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07586.x
    Peebles, P. J. E. 1969, , 155, 393, doi: 10.1086/149876
    Pfister, H., Lupi, A., Capelo, P. R., et al. 2017, , 471, 3646, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx1853
    Prada, F., Klypin, A. A., Simonneau, E., et al. 2006, , 645, 1001, doi: 10.1086/504456
    Quinlan, G. D. 1996, , 1, 35, doi: 10.1016/S1384-1076(96)00003-6
    Romanowsky, A. J., & Fall, S. M. 2012, , 203, 17, doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/17
    Sahu, N., Graham, A. W., & Davis, B. L. 2022, , 927, 67, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac4251
    Schmidt, M. 1963, , 197, 1040, doi: 10.1038/1971040a0
    Somerville, R. S., & Dav´e, R. 2015, , 53, 51, doi: 10.1146/
    annurev-astro-082812-140951
    Souza Lima, R., Mayer, L., Capelo, P. R., & Bellovary, J. M. 2017, , 838, 13,
    doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa5d19
    Springel, V. 2005, , 364, 1105, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09655.x
    Tamburello, V., Capelo, P. R., Mayer, L., Bellovary, J. M., & Wadsley, J. W. 2017, , 464, 2952, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2561
    Tremblay, S. E., Taylor, G. B., Ortiz, A. A., et al. 2016, , 459, 820, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw592
    Unavane, M., Wyse, R. F. G., & Gilmore, G. 1996, , 278, 727, doi: 10.1093/mnras/278.3.727
    Volonteri, M., & Ciotti, L. 2013, , 768, 29, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/29
    von Weizs¨acker, C. F. 1951, , 114, 165, doi: 10.1086/145462
    Wetzel, A. R., Hopkins, P. F., Kim, J.-h., et al. 2016, , 827, L23, doi: 10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L23
    White, S. D. M., & Rees, M. J. 1978, , 183, 341, doi: 10.1093/mnras/183.3.341
    Yu, Q. 2002, , 331, 935, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05242.x
    Yurin, D., & Springel, V. 2014, , 444, 62, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu1421

    QR CODE