隨著全球化的發展，國際投資協定已成為國際經貿合作不可或缺之經貿合作管道。投資協定蓬勃發展之主要原因之一在於，多數投資協定透過「投資人地主國爭端解決機制」（Investor-State Dispute Settlement，下稱「ISDS」），允許外國投資人直接依據投資協定規範，向地主國提出控訴。然而，由於投資仲裁庭之裁決結果經常涉及公共層面，投資仲裁程序之不透明性、仲裁人之選任與專業能力，受到大眾質疑。尤其近年國家基於環境、衛生保障等公共議題之管制措施經常引發投資控訴，仲裁裁決之不確定性與不一致性，更造成國家公共目的管制之隱憂。
澳洲與菸草公司Philips Morris間之投資爭議即為一具體案例。2013年澳洲在《菸草控制框架公約》（Framework Convention on Tobacco Control，下稱「FCTC」）之鼓舞下，實施菸盒素面包裝法案（Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011，下稱「TPPA」）。對此，Philips Morris依據香港－澳洲投資保障協定，向澳洲提出投資控訴。儘管該案在程序即遭駁回，但鑒於ISDS機制對國家管制之潛在影響，國際間對於此種創新之菸品管制措施仍存有疑慮。
基此，本文首先於第二章介紹FCTC之規範內容與性質，說明FCTC義務與投資保障協定間之潛在衝突。第三章整理與公共議題相關之投資爭議，釐清投資仲裁庭對「間接徵收」與「公平公正待遇原則」等投資保障條款，在相關爭議案件中之判斷標準。第四章透過前章仲裁庭對投資條款之判斷標準，分析澳洲菸盒素面包裝違反投資保障之態樣與可能，並說明在菸品管制之投資爭議中，FCTC所能提供之條約解釋功能。最後，鑒於ISDS機制對投資地主國管制權限之潛在影響，國際間開始有重新評估ISDS，改變其規範模式之倡議。本文也一併於文末整理目前ISDS在國際之規範與發展。

In recent years, bilateral investment treaties have become one of the most important tools to stipulate economic cooperation and Integration. Most of Investment treaties allow foreign investors bring claims against host States through Investor-State Dispute Settlement (hereinafter “ISDS”). However, the determinacy, consistency, and predictability of arbitral decision-making might cause regulatory chill in host States.
The investment dispute between Philip Morris, one of the world biggest tobacco company, and Australia illustrated the issue of indirect expropriation and its relationship to State’s right to regulate under a bilateral treaty. After the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (hereinafter “FCTC”) came into effect, Australia adopted Plain Packaging Act (hereinafter “TPPA”), recomended by FCTC guidelines, as the latest tobacco control measures. In response, Philip Morris initiated arbitration but the tribunal objected its claim in 2016.
This article aims to analyze the extent of the regulatory space afforded to State in International Investment regime. The article first introduces legal status of FCTC and the background of Australia’s TPPA. Taking previous decisions in Investment arbitration awards as references, the article analyzes whether the adoption of TPPA violates Australia’s investment treaty obligations such as indirect expropriation as well as Fair and Equitable Treatment (hereinafter “FET”). In conclusion, the article reviews the recent development in ISDS and gives advices for State to avoid conflicts between investment protection and tobacco regulation.

中文文獻
專書
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條約
亞東關係協會與財團法人交流協會有關投資自由化、促進與保護協議
臺星經濟夥伴協議
法律
菸害防制法
《行政程序法》
學位論文
羅懋緯（2015），《論國際投資爭端中公平公正待遇原則與菸草控制公共衛生政策衝突之解決》，臺灣大學法律學研究所學位論文。
羅傑（2013），《國際投資法上合理規制措施之研究 ─以間接徵收規範為中心》，國立交通大學科技法律研究所學位論文。
龔鈺芬（2015）《ICSID管轄權之範圍－從ICSID公約第25.1條及實務案例論「投資」概念》，國立交通大學科技法律研究所學位論文。
 
英文文獻
Books
DOUGLAS, ZACHARY, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF INVESTMENT CLAIMS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (2009), available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581137 (last visited Apr. 11, 2016).
DOLZER, RUDOLF & SCHREUER, CHRISTOPH, PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW (2nd ed 2008).
GOSTINL, AWRENCE O., GLOBAL HEALTH LAW, HARDVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS (2014).
MCLACHLAN, CAMPELL ET AL., INTERNATIONA; INVESTMENT ARBITRATION: SUBSTANSIVE PRINCIPLE (2007).
Short Works in Collection
D. Vagts, Minimum Standard, in ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 408 (Rudolf Bernhardt,ed, 1997).
Benn McGrady, Implications of ongoing Trade and Investment Disputes Concerning Tobacco: Philip Moris v Uruguay, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE 173, (Tiana Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Jonathan Liberman et al., Plain Packaging in Australia: the Historiacal and Social Contex, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE 30,(Tania Voon et al. eds, Edward Elgar 2012).
Kate Lanna, The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: The International Context for Plain Packaging, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE11, (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Marcos A. Orellana, Science, Risk and Uncertainty: Public Health Measures and Investment Disciplines, in NEW ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW 773, (Ph. Kahn & T. W. Walde eds., 2007).
Mark Davison, The Legitimacy of Plain Packaging under International Intellectual Property Law, Why there is no Right to use a Trademark under either the Paris Convention or the TRIPS Agreemen, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : Legal issue, 81-108 (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Simon Evans & Jason Bosland, Plian Packaging of Cigarettes and Constitutional Property Right, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE48, (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Tania Voon & Andrew D. Mitchel, Implications for Plian Packaging of Tobacco Products, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE 109, -136 (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Tania Voon & Andrew D. Mitchel, Implications of International Investment Law for Plain tobacco Packaging: Lessons from the HongKong-Australia BIT, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE 137, (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Thomas A. Faunce, Plain Packaging in a Braoder Regulatory Framwork: Preventing False Claims and Investor-dtate Lobby, in PUBLIC HEALTH ABD PLAIN PACKAGING
OF CIGARETTES : LEGAL ISSUE 201, (Tania Voon et al. eds, 2012).
Articles
Arato, Julian, The Margin of Appreciation in International Investment Law, 54 VA. J. OF INT’L L. 545 (2014).
Beharry, Christina L & Kuritzky, Melinda E., Going Green: Managing the Environment Through International Investment Arbitration, 30 AM. U. INT'L L. REV 383 (2015).
Been, Vicky & Beauvais, J., The Global Fifth Amendment? NAFTA’S Investment Protections and the Misguided Quest for an International " Regulatory Takings” Doctrine, 78 N.Y.U.L. REV. 30 (2003).
Berger-Walliser, Gerlinde & Bird, Robert C., The Impact of Plain Packaging Regulation on Illicit and Non-Illicit Tobacco Products in the European Union, 38 N.C.J. INT'L L. & COM. REG 1015 (2012).
Brower, Charles N. & Stephen, W. Schill. Is Arbitration a Threat or a Boom to the Legitimacy of International Investment Law, 9 CHI. J. Int'l L. 471 (2008).
Corbella-Valea, Montserrat, Indirect Expropriation and Resource Nationalism in Brazil's Mining Industry, 46 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 61 (2014).
Chen, Richard C., A Contractual Approach to Investor-State Regulatory Disputes, 40 YALE J.INT’L L. 295 (2015).
Dolzer, Rudolf, Indirect Expropriations: New Developments, 11 N.Y.U .ENVTL L.J. 64 (2003).
Dolzer, Rudolf, The Impact of International Investment Treaties on Domestic Administrative Law, 37 N.Y.U.J. INT’L L.& POL. 953 (2005).
Dolzer, Rudolf, Fair and Equitable Treatment: A key Standard in Investment Treaties, 39 INT’L LAW. 87 (2005).
Deborah Sy, Warning: Investment Agreements Are Dangerous to Your Health, 43 GEO. WASH. INT'L L. REV. 625 (2011).
Farley, Christine Haight & DeVaney, Kavita, Considering Trademark and Speech Rights through the Lens of Regulating Tobacco, 43 AIPLA Q.J.AIPLA 2894 (2015).
Fortier, L. Y. & Drymer, S. L., Indirect expropriation in the law of international investment: I know it when I see it, or Caveat Investor. 19.2 ICSID REV. 293, (2004).
Friedrich, M.J., Tobacco Marketing Reaches Children in Developing Country, 310 J.A.M.A. 2030 (2013).
Fauchald, Ole Kristian,.The Legal Reasoning of ICSID Tribunals–An Empirical Analysis, 19.2 EJIL 301 (2008).
Franck, Susan D., The Legitimacy Crisis in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Privatizing Public International Law Through Inconsistent Decisions, 73 FORDHAM L. REV. 1521 (2005).
Gaul, Samantha, The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement: A Reconciliation of Divergent Values in the Global Trading System, 91 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 267 (2011).
Gartner, David, Private Investment and Public Health. 43 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. 141 (2014).
Gruszczynski, Lukasz, Australia Plain Packaging Law, International Litigations and Regulatory Chilling Effect, 5 EUR. J. RISK REG. 242 (2014).
Gruszczynski, Lukasz, The Trans-Pacigic Partnership Agreement and the ISDS Carve-Out for Tobacco Control Measures, 6 EUR. J. REG.652 (2015).
Harten, Gan Van & Loughlin, Martin, Investment Treaty Arbitration as a Species of Global Administrative Law, 17 EUR. J. INR’L L. 121, 123 (2006).
Hirono K, Gleeson D, Freeman B. To What Extent does a Tobacco Carve-out Protect Public Health in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement?, 26:2 PUBLIC HEALTH RES PRACT ( 2016).
Henckels, Caroline, Indirect Expropriation and the Right to Regulate: Revisiting Proportionality Analysis and the Standard of Review in Investor-State Arbitration, 15(1) J. INT’L ECO. L., 223 (2012).
Johnson, Lise & Sachs, Lisa, The TPP’s Investment Chapter: Entrenching, rather than reforming, a flawed system, COLUMBIA CENTER ON SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT (2015).
Katz, Rebecca Lee, Modeling an International Investment Court after the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body, 22 HARV. NEGOT. L. REV. 163 (2016).
Kennedy, Mary Scott, Australia's Tobacco Plain Packaging Act: Convergence of Public Health and Global Trade, N.C.J. INT'L L. & 39 COM. REG. 591 (2013).
Kriebaum, Ursula, Partial Expropriation, 1(8)THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INVESTMENT & TRADE 69 (2007).
Koh, Harold Hongju, Global Tobacco Control as a Health and Human Rights Imperative, 57 HARV. INT’LL.J. 433 (2016).
Kelsey, Jane, The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: A Gold-Plated Gift to the Global Tobacco Industry, 39 AM. J.L. & MED. 237 (2013).
Leeks, Annie, The Relationship between Bilateral Investment Treaty Arbitration and the Wider Corpus of International Law: the ICSID approach, 65(2) U. TORONTO FAC. L. REV.1 (2007).
Lo,Chang-fa, FCTC Guildlines on Tobacco Industry Foreign Investment Would Strengthen Controls on Tobacco Supply and Close Loopholes in the Tobacco Treaty,19 TOBACCO CONTRAL 306 (2010).
Lo, Chang-fa et al., Reducing Tobacco Growing in Taiwan and Government Intervention: Challenges and Opportunities, 5 ASIAN J. WTO & INT’L HEALTH L & POL’Y 207 (2010).
Lencucha, Raphael & Drope, Jeffrey, Plain packaging: an opportunity for improved international policy coherence?, 30 HEALTH PROMOTION INTERNATIONAL 281 (2015).
Lin,Tsai-yu, The Status of FCTC in the Interpretation of Compensable Indirect Expropriation and the Right to Adopt “Stricter” Tobacco Control Measures under Bits, 9 (1)ASIAN JOURNAL OF WTO AND INT'L HEALTH LAW POLCY 123 (2014).
Lin, Ching-Fu, Toward a Rounded Strategy to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 51, no.2: 265-284 (2017).
Liberman, Jonathan, Four COPs and Counting: Achievements, Underachievements and Looming Challenges in the Early Life of the WHO FCTC Conference of Parties, 21(2) TOBACCO CONTROL 215, (2012).
Liberman, Jonathan, Plaining Constitutional: The Upholding of Plain Tobacco Packaging by the Hight court of Australia, 39 AM.J.L & MED.361 (2013).
Moul, Elizabeth, The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and the Developing World: Creating a Mutual Confidence in the International Investment Regime, 55 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 881 (2015).
Mann, Howard, Reconceptualizing International Investment Law: Its Role in Sustainable Development, 17 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 521 (2013).
Mitchell, Andrew & Wurzberger, Sebastian, Boxed in? Australia's Plain Tobacco Packaging Initiative and International Investment Law, 27 ARBITRATION INTERNATIONAL (2011).
Mitchell, Andrew D. & Studder, David M., Plain Packaging of Tobacco Products in Australia: A Novel Regulation Faces Legal Challenge, 307 (3) J.A.M.A.261 (2012).
Marlles, Justin R., Public Purpose, Private Loses: Regulatory Expropriation and Environmental Regulation in International Investment Law, 16 J. TRANSNAT'L L. & POL'Y 275 (2006).
Marley, Julianne J., The Environmental Endangerment Finding in International Investment Disputes, 46 N.Y.U.J .INT'L L. & POL. 1003 (2013).
Moloo, Rahim & Jacinto, Justin M., Environmental and Health Regulation: Assessing Liabilities Under Investment Treaties, 29 BERKELEY J. INT’L L. 1 (2011).
Newcombe, Andrew, The Boundaries of Regulatory Expropriation in International, 20:1 ICSID REV.1 (2005).
Puig, Sergio, The Merging of International Trade and Investment Law, 33 BERKELEY J. INT’L L.1 (2015).
Puig, Sergio, Tobacco Litigation in International Courts, 57 HARV. INT’L L.J. 383 (2016)
Puig, Sergio, A Breakthrough with the TPP: The Tobacco Carve out, YALE J. HEALTH POL'Y L. & ETHICS (2016).
Pechey, Rachel et al., The Impact of the Plain Packaging on Somking in Adults and Children, 13 BMC PUB. HEALTH 18(2013).
Radi, Yannick, Realizing Human Rights in Investment Treaty Arbitration: A Perspective from within the International Investment Law Toolbox, 37 N.C.J. INT'L L. & COM. REG. 1107 (2011).
Ritwik, Ankita, Tobacco Packaging Aritration and the State ability to Legislation, 54 Harv. Int’l L.J.523 (2013).
Simmons, Beth, Bargaing over BITs:The Regime for Protection and Promotion of the International Investment, 66 WORLD POL. 12, (2014).
Thrasher, James et al., Estimating the Impact of Pictorial Health Warnings and “Plain” Cigarette Packaging: Evidence fromExperimental Auctions Among Adult Smokers in the United States, 102 HEALTH POL’Y 41 (2011).
Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A brief history of international investment agreements, 12 U.C. DAVIS JOURNAL OF INT’L L. & POL157 (2005).
Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A Unified Theory of Fair and Equitable Treatment, 43 N. Y. U. J. INT;L L.& POL. 43 (2010).
Voon, Tania & Mitchell, Andrew, Time to quit? Assessing International Investment Claims against Plain Tobacco Packaging in Australia, 14.3 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 515 (2011).
Voon, Tiana & Mitchell, Andrew D., Philip Morris vs. Tobacco Control: Two Wins for Public Health but Uncertainty Remains, 182 COLUMBIA FDI PERSPECTIVES (2016), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847902 (last visited: Jun. 9, 2017)
Vadi, Valentina, Beyond Known Worlds: Climate Change Governance by Abitratial Tribunals?, 48 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L.1285 (2015).
Vadi, Valentina S., Global Health Governance at a Crossroads: Trademark Protection v. Tobacco Control in International Investment Law, 48 STAN. J. INT'L L. 93 (2012).
Wagner, J. Martin, International Investment, Expropriation and Environmental Protection, 29 GOLDEN GATE UL REV. 465 (1999).
Wagner, Markus, Regulatory Space in International Trade Law and International Investment Law 36 U. PA. J. INT'L L. 1 (2014).
Waibel, Michael, Opening Pandora's Box: Sovereign Bonds in International Arbitration, 101 AM. J. INT’L L. 711 (2007).
Cases
Azurix Corp. v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/01/12, Award, (Jul. 14, 2006)
Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12, Notice of Claim (Jun. 22, 2011).
Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12, Notice of Arbitration (Nov. 21, 2011).
Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12, Australia's Response to the Notice of Arbitration (Dec. 21, 2011).
Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL, PCA Case No. 2012-12, Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility (Dec. 17, 2015).
Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/7, Award (Jul. 8, 2016).
Feldman v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/1,Award (Dec.16, 2002).
Grand River Enterprises Six Nations, Ltd. v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award (Jan. 12, 2011).
Sempra v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/16, Award (Sep.28, 2007).
Tecmed v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/00/2, Award (May 29, 2003).
LG&E. v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/02/1, Decision on Liability (Oct.3, 2006).
Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/ 97/1, Award, (Aug. 30, 2000).
Methanex Corporation v. United States of America, UNCITRAL, Final Award of the Tribunal on Jurisdiction and Merits (Aug 3, 2005).
Pope & Talbot Inc. v. The Government of Canada, NAFTA Tribunal, Interim Award (Jun. 26, 2000). [hereinafter Pope & Talbot v. Canada]
S.D. Myers, Inc. v. Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Final Award (Dec. 30, 2002).
Continental Casualty Company v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/9, Award (Sept. 5, 2008).
Frontier Petroleum Services Ltd. v. The Czech Republic, Final Award (Nov. 12, 2010).
Electrabel S.A. v. Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/19, Decision on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Liability (Nov. 30, 2012).
Saluka Investments B.V. v. The Czech Republic, UNCITRAL, Partial Award (Mar. 17, 2006).
El Paso Energ International company v. The Argentina Republic, ICSID Case No.ARB/03/15, Award, (Oct. 31, 2011).
Wena Hotels Ltd. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/98/4, Award (Dec. 8, 2000).
Australia — Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, WTO Doc. WT/DS434, WT/DS435, WT/DS441, WT/DS458, WT/DS467
Treaties/Norms
Agreement between the Government of Hong Kong the Government of Australia and for the Promotion and Protection of Investments, Hong Kong-Australia, September 15,1993,1748 U.N.T.S. 385.
Agreement Between the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on Trade Relations, U.S.- Viet., July 13, 2000.
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, 1869 U.N.T.S. 299,33 I.L.M.1197 (1994).
Energy Charter Treaty,Dember 17,1994,2080 U.N.T.S. 95.
General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade 1994, April 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, annex 1A, The legal Texts: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation 17 (1999), 1867 U.N.T.S. 187,33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994).
Guildelines for Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP3(7) (February 12, 2009).
Guildelines for Implementation of Article 11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP3(10) (February 12, 2009).
Guildelines for Implementation of Article 12 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP4(7) (December 6,2010).
Guildelines for Implementation of Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP3(12) (February 16,2009).
Guildelines for Implementation of Article 14 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP4(8) (December 6, 2010).
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, Mar. 18,1965, 575 U.N.T.S. 159.
North American Free Trade Agreement, United States-Canadas-Mexico,December 17, 1992,32 I.L.M.289 (1993).
Partial guildelines for Implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, FCTC/COP4(10) (November 12, 2012).
U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement, United State-Australia,May 18, 2004, 43 I.L.M. 1248.
Vienna Covention of Law of Treaty, May 23,1969, 1155 U.N.T.S.331.
WHO Fremework Convention on Tobacco Control, May 21, 2003, 2003 U.N.T.S. 2302.
International Documents
Punta del Este Declaration on the Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Fourth session, Punta del Este, Uraguay, FCTC/COP/4/DIV/6 (December 6, 2010).
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Revised Chairperson’s Text on a Protocol on Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, and General Debate, FCTC/COP/INB-IT/3?INF.DOC./6 (May 18, 2009).
World Trade Organization, Ministerial Declaration of 14 November, 2001, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, 41 I.L.M. 746 (2002).
Statutes
AUTRALIA CONSTITUTION.
Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011(Cth) (Australia).
Trade Marks Amendment (Tobacco Plain Packaging) Bill 2011 (Australia).
Internet Sources
Australian Government, Department of Health, http://www.health.gov.au/
Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, http://dfat.gov.au/pages/default.aspx
Australian Government, Attorney-General’s Department, https://www.ag.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx
HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA, http://www.hcourt.gov.au/
International Investment Agreements Navigator, UNCTAD, http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA
McCabe Centre for Law and Cancer, The Award on the merits in Phillip Morris v Uruguay: implications for WHO FCTC implementation, availabla at http://www.mccabecentre.org/downloads/Knowledge_Hub/McCabe_Centre_paper_on_Uruguay_award.pdf (2016)
Tania Voon & Andrew D. Mitchell, Philip Morris vs. tobacco control: two wins for
public health, but uncertainty remains (Columbia FDI Perspectives No. 182,
2016), available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847902 (last visited Jul. 5, 2017).
Tobacco Labelling Resource Center, available at http://www.tobaccolabels.ca/