研究生: |
駱俊良 Chun-Liang Lo |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
新穎智慧型奈米藥物傳輸系統之研發及其在癌症治療上之應用 Investigation of Novel Intelligence Micelles as Drug Carriers and Their Application in Cancer Therapy |
指導教授: |
薛敬和
Ging-Ho Hsiue |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
工學院 - 化學工程學系 Department of Chemical Engineering |
論文出版年: | 2005 |
畢業學年度: | 94 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 194 |
中文關鍵詞: | 高分子微胞 、複合型微胞 、溫度應答性 、酸鹼應答性 、細胞內藥物傳遞 、癌症治療 |
外文關鍵詞: | Polymeric micelles, Mixed micelles, thermal sensitivity, pH sensitivity, Intracellular drug delivery, Cancer therapy |
相關次數: | 點閱:3 下載:0 |
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奈米技術的發展在21世紀是一個倍受重視的研究領域,尤其在醫藥及生技上的潛力更是無限。而近幾年發展中,兩種形態高分子所排列而成之「複合型奈米微胞」逐漸受到重視而嶄露頭角。複合型奈米微胞之研究不單是一般高分子行為基礎研究,而更是實現單一顆奈米微胞同時集「多功能性」於一身之夢想的延伸。
本研究旨在建立一製備多功能複合型奈米微胞之技術平台,並藉由此複合型奈米微胞包覆抗癌藥物以應用於癌症治療上。本研究將分三部份分別陳述(1)具環境應答性接枝共聚合物在奈米微胞上之設計及其在細胞內藥物傳輸上之應用、(2)複合型奈米微胞之設計及其形成機制探討、與(3)複合型奈米微胞在癌症治療上之應用。
第一部份、具溫度應答與酸鹼應答高分子奈米微胞之研發及其在細胞內藥物傳輸之應用
本研究合成一同時具有溫度應答與酸鹼應答之接枝共聚合物PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc),以透析法製備外殼由P(NIPAam-co- MAAc)構築而內核由PLA組成之殼核結構「智慧型」奈米微胞。微胞在中性環境下藉由親水性分子MAAc離子化以提高PNIPAAm之低溫臨界溶液溫度(lower critical solution temperature, LCST),使其能溶解於水中。而在酸性環境下,MAAc去離子化使PNIPAAm之LCST得以顯現並產生聚集,進而造成微胞內核PLA產生結構改變。研究顯示,微胞在酸性環境下與細胞內皆可產生結構破壞現象。藉由內核所包覆之藥物可因結構破壞瞬間釋出,以達到藥物控制釋放之特性。
第二部份、以接枝共聚合物與團聯共聚合物於複合型奈米微胞之研發
本研究突破以往高分子型奈米微胞製程上之單一組成方式,採取「接枝共聚合物」與「雙團聯共聚合物」兩種不同形態之高分子共聚物混合系統,以發展並建立一全新之「多功能性複合型奈米微胞」。複合型奈米微胞乃是延續第一部份以PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) 離子型接枝共聚合物為主體,添加mPEG-PLA非離子型兩團聯共聚合物共同組裝而成。研究中探討離子型共聚合物與非離子型共聚合物在水溶液中聚集行為、臨界微胞濃度(critical micelle concentration, CMC)對共聚合物聚集行為之影響、以及不同溶劑對共聚合物聚集行為之影響等。研究結果顯示,複合型微胞之形成機制乃由低臨界微胞濃度之接枝共聚合物所決定。在任何組成比例下,接枝共聚合物PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc)與雙團聯共聚合物之疏水端先形成微胞前驅膨潤結構後,高臨界微胞濃度之雙團聯共聚合物之疏水端與接枝共聚合物之疏水端產生排列,而溶劑中之游離雙團聯共聚合物再逐漸進入微胞前驅結構。而兩共聚合物之組成比、相互作用力、雙團聯共聚合物之鏈段長短以及微胞製備之溶劑僅能影響複合型微胞最後之粒徑大小與分佈。
除了兩組成之複合型奈米微胞外,本研究亦再添加另一不同化學結構之雙團聯共聚合物PEOz-PLA,以探討三組成複合型奈米微胞之形成。研究結果顯示,三組成之複合型奈米微胞乃由PLA-g- P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc)與PEOz-PLA共同形成一臨界微胞濃度,但由於mPEG-PLA可與P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc)產生作用力,故微胞初期即由三組成共同形成前驅膨潤結構,於溶劑中游離之兩雙團聯共聚合物再逐漸進入微胞前驅結構。但不同鏈長之mPEG-PLA將影響PEOz-PLA進入微胞之能力以及微胞粒徑之大小。
第三部份、複合型奈米微胞於癌症治療之應用
本研究主要第二部份之複合型奈米微胞包覆抗癌藥物Doxorubicin (Dox)以應用於癌細胞之細胞內藥物傳輸上。雙團聯共聚合物之mPEG可隱蔽內核結構中疏水性材料與強帶電性材料,藉由EPR效應(enhanced permeability and retention effect)增加複合型奈米藥物微胞於體內之穩定性與細胞吞噬量。而複合型微胞內核具有環境應答性,因此可針對細胞內外之環境差異釋放藥物。研究結果顯示,複合型奈米微胞外殼之mPEG可有效的防止蛋白質與疏水性結構發生疏水性相互作用,且其遮蔽強負電性之能力對細胞產生較低之毒性及較高之細胞吞噬量,因此複合型奈米藥物微胞之藥物毒殺能力較強。而內核之環境應答性可使複合型奈米藥物微胞在酸性環境下,初期前2小時即有50 % 之Dox自載體釋放。由共軛焦顯微鏡可明顯得知複合型奈米藥物微胞具有細胞內藥物釋放之能力,顯示此特殊結構之複合型奈米微胞可針對癌細胞達到「適時」與「適地」之控制釋放的效果,在藥物傳輸上極具開發之潛力。
Nano-technology is one of the most attention fields of technological area in 21 century, especially in medicine and bio-technology. In the recent year, mixed micelles have attracted many interests and attention in two kinds of polymer blending and assembling. The investigation of micellization from two or more kinds of copolymer is a promising candidate in both fundamental research and practical applications.
The main goal of this study is to establish a template for preparing a novel mixed micelle from graft and diblock copolymers, and to use it in cancer therapy. This study is divided into three major topics, including (1) preparation an environmental sensitive micelle from graft copolymers for use in intracellular drug delivery, (2) investigation and discussion of a novel mixed micelle structure from graft-diblock copolymers system, and (3) application the mixed micelle in cancer theapy.
(1) Investigation of Polymeric Micelles with a Temperature / pH Sensitive Structure for Application in Intracellular Drug Delivery.
In this topic, a new thermo-responsive, pH-responsive, and biodegradable micelle comprised of poly(D,L-lactide)-graft-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co- methacrylic acid) (PLA-g-P(NIPAm-co-MAA)) were developed by grafting biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide) onto N-isopropyl acrylamide and methacrylic acid. A core-shell type nano-structure was formed with a hydrophilic outer shell and a hydrophobic inner core, which exhibited a phase transition temperature above 37 ℃ suitable for biomedical application. Upon heating above the phase transition temperature, PLA-g-P(NIPAm-co-MAA) micelle showed a polarity increasing of pyrene in either buffer solution or intra hepato-carcinoma cells as determined by fluorescence measurement, indicating that the structure of micelles caused leakages from out shell copolymers aggregation and collapse. The drug loading level of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) encapsulated in the PLA-g-P(NIPAm-co-MAA) micelles can be as high as 20 %. The release of 5-FU from micelles was strongly controlled by the pH in the aqueous solution. Based on these results, PLA-g-P(NIPAm-co-MAA) micelles can be used as a drug carrier for intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drug.
(2) Investigation of Mixed Micelles from a Graft Copolymer and a Diblock Copolymer.
In the second topic, a novel mixed micelle with multifunctions was prepared from a polyelectrolyte of PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) graft copolymer and a nonelectrolyte of mPEG-PLA diblock copolymer. The behavior of micellization of graft and diblock copolymers was studied detail by dynamic light scattering, fluorescence, Doppler microelectrophoresis, and other techniques. The results indicate that the micellization of mixed micelle is controlled by the graft copolymer, which has the lowest CMC. As initial water added into graft / diblock copolymer solution, the hydrophobic interactions of graft copolymers were increased, and hydrogen bonding occured between MAAc and mPEG; graft copolymers associated to form a swollen core-shell like pre-structure, the hydrophobic segments of diblock copolymer tended to arrange with graft copolymers, and the unimers of diblock copolymer associated into the pre-structure forming a mixed micelle. Otherwise, micellization of mixed micelles was also compared with different molar ratios and composition ratios of graft / diblock copolymers. The results show that these factors only influence the particle diameters and size distributions.
Besides, another diblock copolymer, PEOz-PLA was added to prepare three component mixed micelles. The results indicate that PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) and PEOz-PLA have the same CMC to form a swollen core-shell like pre-structure. The hydrogen bonding between MAAc and mPEG, and the molar ratios of graft / diblock copolymers were only influenced the particle diameters and size distributions.
(3) Evaluation of Mixed Micelle for Application in Cancer Therapy.
In the last topic, the mixed micelle comprised PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) with mPEG-PLA was incorporated with anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox) for application in cancer therapy. The mixed micelle had an multi-functional inner core of PLA-g-P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) to enable intracellular drug delivery and an extended hydrophilic outer shell of mPEG to hide the inner core. Via pH changes, the structure of inner core caused deformation from P(NIPAAm-co-MAAc) aggregation and collapsed. This variation induced the release of a significant amount of Dox from mixed micelles. Clear differences between free Dox and Dox-mixed micelles were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Additionally, the efficiency of screening feature also displayed in cytotoxicities; mixed micelle exhibited higher drug activity and lower material cytotoxicity than micelle from graft copolymer. This study presents not only a new micelle structure for a graft-diblock copolymer system, but also a method for determining some of the limitations on biomaterials used in intravenous injection.
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