N/A

After several years of balancing against the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for its incursions on Philippine sovereignty, and increasing military ties with its long-standing treaty partner, the Philippines adopted a drastic turn-around in its foreign policy. Instead of continuing to rely on the United States (US), the Duterte administration sought to revive the country’s relations with the PRC in pursuing national interests. However, unlike past administrations that tried to balance between both superpowers, the previous administration was notable in its pivot towards the PRC at the cost of its relationship with the US as well as Philippine sovereignty. On the contrary, the Philippines’ relationship with the Republic of China (ROC) not only continued but also increased throughout the Duterte administration as the country continued to position itself as a Pivot between the ROC and PRC.

The following study seeks to understand the Philippines-ROC-PRC Romantic Triangle (Dittmer 1981) by delving deeper into the practical nature of international relations. Rather than relying on the classic Realist perspective of states as monoliths, it is worthwhile to understand the Liberalist view, which stresses the polylithic nature of states. Based on Allison & Halperin’s (1972) Bureaucratic Politics Model theory, the following research focuses on the various actors responsible for creating and implementing policies concerning Philippine-ROC relations.

ABS-CBN News. “PH Must Brace for China’s Possible ‘forcible Retake’ of Taiwan. | ANC.” YouTube, August 4, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7kNIU6sDUg. Allison, Graham T., and Morton H. Halperin. "Bureaucratic politics: A paradigm and some policy implications." World politics 24, no. S1 (1972): 40-79. ANC 24/7. “MECO Questions Roque’s ‘Needless’ Taiwan-China Remark: Why Provoke Anger and Sensitivities?” YouTube, May 1, 2020a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmTUJtHKezY&t=10s. ANC 24/7. “Roque: We Leave Filipino Caregiver Critical of Duterte to the Jurisdiction of Taiwanese Authorities.” YouTube, April 29, 2020b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzFVIZ3hw20&t=579s. Andrade, Jeannette I. “Ph Helpless vs China–Yasay.” INQUIRER.net, December 17, 2016. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/150809/ph-helpless-vs-china-yasay. Baker, Carl. “China-Philippines Relations: Cautious Cooperation.” Asia’s Bilateral Relations, Honolulu: Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies (2004): 644. Bajpaee, Chietigj. “Have Asia’s Middle Powers Come of Age?” The Diplomat, October 10, 2016. https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/have-asias-middle-powers-comes-of-age/. Banlaoi, Rommel C. Philippines-China security relations: Current issues and emerging concerns. Yuchengco Center, De La Salle University Manila, 2012. Baviera, Aileen San Pablo. The Influence of Domestic Politics on Philippine Foreign Policy: The Case of Philippine-China Relations Since 2004. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2012. 73 Baptista, Eduardo, and Gareth Jones. “China’s XI Tells Biden: Taiwan Issue Is ‘first Red Line’ That Must Not Be Crossed”. Reuters, November 14, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/chinas-xi-tells-biden-taiwan-issue-is-first- red-line-that-must-not-be-crossed-2022-11-14/. Blanchard, Ben, Manolo Serapio, and Robert Birsel. “China Unhappy as Philippines Signs Investment Deal with Taiwan.” Reuters, December 8, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-philippines-idUSKBN1E217F/. Bodeen, Christopher, and Gilian Wong. “Philippine President Announces Separation from US.” AP News, October 21, 2016. https://apnews.com/0cae232be54643eea4d6b9d5a77fe5d3. Bordey, Hana. “Poe Reso Seeks Evaluation of Pogos’ Social Costs, Economic Gains.” GMA News Online, September 21, 2022. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/845577/poe-reso-seeks-evaluation- of-pogos-social-costseconomic-gains/story/. Cahiles-Magkilat, Bernie. “Taiwanese Investments in Peza Dwarf Mainland Chinese.” Manila Bulletin, October 1, 2021. https://mb.com.ph/2021/10/01/taiwan-investments-in-peza- dwarf-mainland-chinese/. Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd. “Malaysian, 2 Chinese Face Kidnap Raps.” Philippine News Agency, October 22, 2019. https://www.pna.gov.ph/. Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd. “Pogo-Linked Kidnap Cases Rise amid Pandemic.” Philippine News Agency, January 12, 2021. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1127105. Camba, Alvin. “Derailing development: China’s railway projects and financing coalitions in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.” Boston: Global Development Policy Center (2020). 74 Central News Agency. “Philippine Electronic Firms Aiming to Provide Services in Taiwan.” Taiwan News, September 19, 2019a. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/3779799. Central News Agency. “Philippines Showcases 11 Startups at Taiwan Technology Trade Show - Focus Taiwan.” Focus Taiwan - CNA English News, May 29, 2019b. https://focustaiwan.tw/sci-tech/201905290016. Central News Agency. “Wanted Philippine Councilor Arrested in Pingtung County.” Taipei Times, May 24, 2018. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/05/25/2003693692. Chandran, Nyshka. “The Philippines’ Pivot toward China Has yet to Pay off, as Manila Awaits Promised Funds.” CNBC, November 23, 2018. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/23/chinese-investment-in-the-philippines.html. Chen, Jie. Foreign policy of the new Taiwan: Pragmatic diplomacy in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002. Chen, Kelvin. “Taiwan, Philippines Plan to Deepen Coast Guard Cooperation.” Taiwan News, May 14, 2024. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5685819. Chen, Xiangming. “Taiwan Investments in China and Southeast Asia:” Go West, but Also Go South”.” Asian Survey 36, no. 5 (1996): 447-467. CNBC. “China Is Still Our Biggest Trading Partner, Says Philippine Secretary of Trade and Industry.” CNBC, September 13, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/video/2023/09/13/china- still-our-biggest-trading-partner-philippine-trade-secretary.html. CNN Philippines. “Duterte Says Ph Arbitral Win vs. China ‘just’ a Piece of Paper, Trash to Be Thrown Away.” CNN Philippines, May 6, 2021. 75 https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/5/6/Duterte-PH-arbitral-win-vs.-China-a- piece-of-paper.html. Congress of the Philippines. “Republic Act No. 7157.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, September 19, 1991. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/09/19/republic- act-no-7157/. Cupin, Bea. “Chinese Embassy: Under Duterte, Philippines Agreed to Keep Gov’t out of Panatag Shoal.” RAPPLER, May 3, 2024. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/china-says-under- rodrigo-duterte-agreed-stay-out-panatag-scarborough-shoal/. Davila, Karen. “Headstart: Ex-PH Defense Secretary Orly Mercado on Ph-China West Ph Sea Timeline.” YouTube, August 15, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=RzTfNRBYgZE. De Castro, Renato Cruz. “Weakness and gambits in Philippine foreign policy in the twenty-first century.” Pacific Affairs 83, no. 4 (2010): 697-717. De Castro, Renato Cruz. “The Duterte Administration’s appeasement policy on China and the crisis in the Philippine–US alliance.” Philippine Political Science Journal 38, no. 3 (2017): 159-181. De Castro, Renato Cruz. “A Middle Power Between Appeasement and Limited Hard Balancing: The Philippines’ Strategic Dilemma in a Changing Indo-Pacific Region.” East Asia Security Centre 东亚安全中心 1, no. Middle Power Conference Papers (2020): 1-8. De Castro, Renato Cruz. “Caught between appeasement and limited hard balancing: The Philippines’ changing relations with the eagle and the dragon.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 41, no. 2 (2022): 258-278. 76 Dent, Christopher M. “Taiwan and the new regional political economy of East Asia.” The China Quarterly 182 (2005): 385-406. Department of Foreign Affairs. “Philippine Foreign Policy.” Department of Foreign Affairs, 1991. http://www.dfa.gov.ph/80-transparency-category/75-philippine-foreign-policy. De Vera, Ben. “China ‘slow’ to Provide Loans for Duterte’s ‘Build, Build, Build’ - Pernia.” INQUIRER.net, February 3, 2020. https://business.inquirer.net/289590/china-slow-to- provide-loans-for-dutertes-build-build-build-pernia. Dittmer, Lowell. “The strategic triangle: An elementary game-theoretical analysis.”World politics 33.4 (1981): 485-515. Eastern Visayas State University. “2022 Manila Economic and Cultural Office-Taipei Economic Cultural Office (MECO-TECO) Joint Research Project Call for Proposals.” Eastern Visayas State University, January 24, 2022. https://www.evsu.edu.ph/university-faculty- opportunities/2022-manila-economic-and-cultural-office-taipei-economic-cultural-office- meco-teco-joint-research-project-call-for-proposals/. Esmaquel II, Paterno. “Philippines to Deport ‘most Wanted Criminal’ of Taiwan.” Rappler, September 10, 2018. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/211603-bureau-immigration- deport-oren-shlomo-mayer-taiwan-most-wanted-criminal/. Everington, Keoni. “Chinese Coast Guard ‘harasses’ Taiwan Research Ship in Philippine Waters.” Taiwan News, June 1, 2022. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4556639. Galang, Mico A. "US, China, and Duterte‟ s „Independent Foreign Policy‟." The Diplomat 6 (2017). Gerstl, Alfred. “The Impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative and the South China Sea Dispute on the Hedging Strategies of the Philippines and Vietnam Towards China.” In The Twelfth 77 International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS 12), vol. 1, pp. 191-198. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. Glaser, Bonnie, Scott Kennedy, Derek Mitchell, and Matthew Funaiole. “Taiwan’s New Southbound Policy Deepening Taiwan’s Regional Integration.” Southbound, January 2018. https://southbound.csis.org/. Global Fire Power. “2023 Military Strength Ranking.” Global Firepower - World Military Strength, 2023. https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php. Handel, Michael I. Weak states in the international system. Taylor & Francis, 1990. Heydarian, Richard Javad. “Duterte’s geopolitical game-play.” Line in the Waters: The South China Sea Dispute and Its Implications for Asia (2017a): 55-63. Heydarian, Richard Javad. “Tragedy of small power politics: Duterte and the shifting sands of Philippine foreign policy.” Asian Security 13, no. 3 (2017b): 220-236. Heydarian, Richard Javad. “Opinion: US-Philippines Alliance Back on Track as China Charm Offensive Crumbles.” South China Morning Post, October 23, 2021. https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/united-states/article/3153142/us-philippines- alliance-back-track-dutertes-china. Hontiveros, Risa. “Let Taiwan Help: I Strongly Support the Call to Let Taiwan Join This Year’s World Health Assembly, the Annual Meeting of the World Health Organization. Every Country in...: By Senator Risa Hontiverosfacebook.” Facebook, April 28, 2021. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2102043103268806. House of Representatives, 19th Congress, Republic of the Philippines. “Inter-Parliamentary Relations and Diplomacy.” House of Representatives, 19th Congress, Republic of the Philippines, n.d. https://www.congress.gov.ph/committees/search.php?id=A505. 78 House of Representatives, 19th Congress, Republic of the Philippines. “House to Proceed with ‘gentleman’s Agreement’ Probe.” House of Representatives, 19th Congress, Republic of the Philippines, April 30, 2024. https://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=13037. Hsieh, Pasha L. “Rethinking non-recognition: Taiwan’s new pivot to ASEAN and the one-China policy.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 33, no. 2 (2020): 204-228. Huang, Tianqiang. “事件標題:黃大洲與菲律賓艾奎諾夫人主持菲國駐華辦公(3842465).” Collection Taiwan, June 13, 1993. https://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/3a/a1/a1.html. Ignacio, Reicelene Joy. “Bir Targeting Unregistered Foreign Pogo Workers.” BusinessWorld Online, April 16, 2019. https://www.bworldonline.com/editorspicks/2019/04/16/226377/bir-targeting- unregistered-foreign-pogo-workers/. International Trade Centre. “Investment Map.” InvestmentMap, 2021. https://www.investmentmap.org/investment/time-series-by-reporting-country. International Trade Centre. “Bilateral trade between Philippines and Taipei, Chinese.” 2023. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1 percent7C608 percent7C percent7C490 percent7C percent7CTOTAL percent7C percent7C percent7C2 percent7C1 percent7C1 percent7C3 percent7C2 percent7C1 percent7C1 percent7C1 percent7C1 percent7C1. Jacobini, H. B. “Main patterns of Philippine foreign policy.” The Review of Politics 23, no. 4 (1961): 507-530. 79 Jing, Bo-jiun. “Taiwan and Southeast Asia: Opportunities and constraints of continued engagement.” Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies 2016, no. 2 (2016): 1. Nye, Joseph S., and Robert O. Keohane. “Transnational relations and world politics: An introduction.” International organization 25, no. 3 (1971): 329-349. Ku, Samuel CY. “The Political Economy of Taiwan's Relations with Southeast Asia: The” Southward Policy”.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 17, no. 3 (1995): 282. Ku, Samuel CY. Taiwan's Southward Policy and Its Changing Relations with Southeast Asia, 1990-1997. East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, 2005. Ku, Samuel CY. “Political democratization and political crises in Taiwan and the Philippines: a comparative perspective.” Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia 7, no. 1 (2008): 5-18. Ku, Samuel CY. “Strategies of China’s expansion and Taiwan’s survival in Southeast Asia.” Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace (2017): 249-280. Kyodo News. “Duterte: China Will Be ‘fair’ When Resolving Maritime Disputes.” South China Morning Post, July 17, 2018. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast- asia/article/2155709/duterte-confident-china-will-be-fair-when-resolving. Lee, Yen Nee. “Four Years on, Philippine President Duterte Is Still Struggling to Show the Benefits of Being pro-China.” CNBC, September 8, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/08/philippine-president-duterte-fails-to-produce-results- from-pro-china-stance.html. Lee, Yen Nee. “Philippine President Duterte’s China Pivot Hasn’t Reduced Tensions in the South China Sea.” CNBC, December 27, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/27/philippine- president-dutertes-china-pivot-hasnt-reduced-south-china-sea- 80 tensions.html#:~:text=More percent20than percent20five percent20years percent20on,a percent20political percent20and percent20risk percent20analyst. Leifer, Michael (2001) ‘Taiwan and South-East Asia: the limits to pragmatic diplomacy’, The China Quarterly, 165, 173–85 Lim, Benito. The political economy of Philippines-China relations. Philippine APEC Study Center Network, 1999. Limpot, Kristel. “Marcos: 4 New EDCA Sites Identified, to Be ‘scattered’ across Ph.” CNN Philippines, March 22, 2023. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/3/22/marcos- new-edca-sites-identified.html. Lindell, Ulf, and Stefan Persson. “The paradox of weak state power: a research and literature overview.” Cooperation and Conflict 21, no. 2 (1986): 79-97. Locus, Sundy. “Why Rundown BRP Sierra Madre Is Aground in West Philippine Sea.” GMA News Online, August 10, 2023. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/878521/why-rundown-brp-sierra- madre-is-aground-in-west-philippine-sea/story/. Lyon, Peter. “The foreign policy of the Philippines: continuity and change.” The World Today 20, no. 12 (1964): 533-541. Macairan, Evelyn, and Pia Lee-Brago. “8 Coast Guard Men Found Guilty in Death of Taiwan Fisherman.” Philstar.com, September 18, 2019. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/09/19/1953139/8-coast-guard-men-found- guilty-death-taiwan-fisherman. Magsaysay, Ramon. “Roots of Philippine Policy.” Foreign Affairs 35, no. 1 (1956): 29-36. 81 Malaya, J. Eduardo. “J. Eduardo Malaya Archives: Inquirer Opinion.” Inquirer Opinion J Eduardo Malaya Byline, June 23, 2023. https://opinion.inquirer.net/byline/j-eduardo-malaya. Malindog-Uy, Anna. “How Important Is PH-China Economic Ties and Cooperation?” The Manila Times, December 15, 2023. https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/16/opinion/columns/how-important-is-ph-china- economic-ties-and-cooperation/1924410. Mangosing, Frances. “Taiwan Donating 300,000 Masks to Help Ph Fight Coronavirus.” INQUIRER.net, April 15, 2020. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/186873/taiwan-donating- 300000-masks-to-help-ph-fight-coronavirus. Manantan, Mark. “Amid US-China Truce, the Philippines and Taiwan Are Forging a Progressive Partnership.” Philstar.com, October 17, 2019. https://www.philstar.com/news- commentary/2019/10/17/1961010/amid-us-china-truce-philippines-and-taiwan-are- forging-progressive-partnership. Manila Economic and Cultural Office. “Manila Economic and Cultural Office - Home.” Manila Economic and Cultural Office, n.d.. https://www.meco.org.tw/. Mapa, Dennis. “Share of Tourism to GDP Is 12.7 Percent in 2019.” Philippine Statistics Authority, June 19, 2019. https://psa.gov.ph/content/share-tourism-gdp-127-percent-2019. Mie, Ayako, and Alastair Wanklyn . “Japan Tries to Decode Duterte after Joint U.S. Patrols Halted.” The Japan Times, September 14, 2016. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/09/14/national/japan-tries-decode-duterte-joint- u-s-patrols-halted/. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Diplomatic Yearbook of the 93rd Year of the Republic of China.” 中華民國九十三年外交年鑑, 2004. 82 https://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF- 8/almanac/almanac2004/08/08_01_01.htm. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Interparliamentary Group to Enhance Ties with Philippines.” Taiwan Today, April 19, 2017a. https://www.taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&post=114082&unitname=Politics-Top- News&postname=Interparliamentary-group-to-enhance-ties-with-Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Pictures - Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines 駐菲律賓臺北經濟文化辦事處.” Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines, (n.d.). https://www.roc-taiwan.org/ph_en/album/13/gallery.html. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Taiwan Can Help, and Taiwan Is Helping!” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan), 2020. https://en.mofa.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=2318. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Taiwan, Philippines Sign Agreements at Joint Economic Conference.” New Southbound Policy, December 8, 2017b. https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/content_tt.php?post=126224&unit=346&unitname=Taiw an-Today&postname=Taiwan percent2C-Philippines-sign-agreements-at-joint-economic- conference-#:~:text=An percent20agreement percent20on percent20bilateral percent20investment,behalf percent20of percent20their percent20respective percent20sides. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “Visa-Free Entry to Taiwan.” Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines 駐菲律賓臺北經濟文化辦事處, October 17, 2018. https://www.roc- 83 taiwan.org/ph_en/post/1421.html#:~:text=WHO%20IS%20ELIGIBLE%20TO%20VISIT ,relatives%2C%20attending%20functions%20or%20events. Moss, Trefor. “Philippine President’s Shift on U.S. Alliance Worries Military.” The Wall Street Journal, September 18, 2016. https://www.wsj.com/articles/philippine-presidents-shift-on- u-s-alliance-worries-military-1474058666. Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). “Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan).” President Ma Meets Philippines Department of Trade and Industry Secretary Peter Favila, February 12, 2009. https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/3080. OpenGov Asia. “Philippines Signs MOU with Taiwan for Blockchain.” OpenGov Asia, March 8, 2019. https://www.opengovasia.com/2019/03/08/philippines-signs-mou-with-taiwan-for- blockchain/#. OCAC News. “Taiwan to Provide Humanitarian Aid to Marawi in the Philippines.” OCAC News, January 9, 2018. https://ocacnews.net/article/229597. Palanca, Ellen, and Austin Ong. “Philippines–China relations: Interplay between domestic politics and globalization.” The Sociology of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and Prospects (2019): 93-122. Panti, Llanesca. “SC Affirms Ph Deal with China, Vietnam in SCS Unconstitutional.” GMA News Online, July 5, 2023. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/874884/sc- affirms-ph-deal-with-china-vietnam-in-scs-unconstitutional/story/. Pao, William. “Taiwan and Philippines to Benefit from FTA, Tier President Says.” Bilaterals.org, October 1, 2005. https://www.bilaterals.org/?taiwan-and-philippines-to-benefit. Parrocha, Azer. “Government Keeps Neutral Stance on China-Taiwan Row.” Philippine News Agency, December 26, 2021. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1163778. 84 Philippine Daily Inquirer. “Timeline: The Reed Bank Incident.” INQUIRER.net, June 23, 2019. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/176853/timeline-the-reed-bank-incident. Philippine Department of Tourism. “Dot Corporate Website.” DOT Corporate Website, n.d.. http://www.tourism.gov.ph/. Pitlo III, Lucio Blanco. “Opinion: Manila Must Play Its Cards Right with Chinese Offshore Gambling.” South China Morning Post, September 9, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3025954/manila-must-play-its-cards- right-chinese-offshore-gambling-given. Ranada, Pia. “Duterte Jokes: Why Not Make Philippines a Province of China?” Rappler, February 19, 2018. https://www.rappler.com/nation/196426-duterte-philippines-province-china/. Ranada, Pia. “Duterte Rehashes ‘Campaign Joke’: Jet Ski Part Never Arrived, so No Spratlys Trip.” Rappler, May 11, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/philippines/duterte-campaign- joke-jet-ski-part-never-arrived-no-spratlys-trip/. Ramos, Christia Marie. “‘treated like a Slave:’ Taiwanese Bares Abuse from Chinese Pogo Employers.” INQUIRER.net, February 12, 2020. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1227567/fwd-treated-like-a-slave-taiwanese-bares-abuse- from-chinese-pogo-employers. Republic of the Philippines. “The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.” Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, n.d.. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/. Resos, Archie B. “International Realities and Philippine Foreign Policy under Ferdinand Marcos.” Foreign Policy Journal 26 (2013). 85 Rivas, Ralf, and Sofia Tomacruz. “In Charts: How Duterte’s Love Affair with China Shaped the Ph Economy.” Rappler, April 6, 2022. https://www.rappler.com/business/charts-how- duterte-love-affair-china-shaped-philippine-economy/. Rocamora, Joyce Ann. “Application for Farm Internship in Taiwan to Open in June | Philippine News Agency.” Philippine News Agency, February 24, 2024. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1219485. Rubinstein, Murray A. Taiwan: A New History: A New History. Routledge, 2015. Senate of the Philippines, 19th Congress. “Committee Duties, Power and Jurisdiction.” Senate of the Philippines, 19th Congress, n.d.. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/committee/duties.asp#Foreign percent20Relations. Sison, Nathn Daniel V. “The influence of China on Philippine foreign policy: The case of Duterte’s independent foreign policy.” PhD diss., Thammasat University, 2017. TaiwanICDF. “Agri-cluster consolidation and Cooperation Project in the Philippines”, TaiwanICDF, 2022a. https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=71141&ctNode=31547&mp=2. TaiwanICDF. “Integrated Action for Children’s Nutrition Project (Philippines).” TaiwanICDF, March 4, 2022b. https://www.icdf.org.tw/wSite/ct?xItem=51714&ctNode=31656&mp=2. TaiwanPlus. “Taiwan-China Relations, TaiwanPlus News – 18:00, May 16, 2024” YouTube, May 16, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwGoLTdolL0. Talabong, Rambo. “Fugitive Councilor Ardot Parojinog Nabbed in Taiwan.” Rappler, May 24, 2018. https://www.rappler.com/nation/203236-ozamiz-councilor-ricardo-parojinog- arrested-taiwan/. 86 Talamayan, Fernan. "The Philippine Pivot to China and Russia: Duterte’s Foreign Policy Revisited." 아시아리뷰 12, no. 3 (2022): 451-477. The Philippine Star. “Duterte Eyes Review of EDCA.” Philstar.com, October 12, 2016. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/10/03/1629833/duterte-eyes-review-edca. Tiezzi, Shannon. “Taiwan’s ‘new Southbound Policy’ Scores Win in the Philippines.” The Diplomat, December 9, 2017. https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/taiwans-new-southbound- policy-scores-win-in-the-philippines/. Tomacruz, Sofia. “In Turnaround, Marcos Pledges to Uphold Hague Ruling.” Rappler, May 26, 2022. https://www.rappler.com/nation/marcos-jr-pledges-uphold-hague-ruling-west- philippine-sea/. Tuazon, Bobby M. “The High and Lows of Philippines-China Relations: Current Situation and Prospects.” Quezon City, Philippines: Center for People Empowerment in Governance. Retrieved from http://www. cenpeg. org/pol-study/int/PAPER percent 20FOR percent 20GASS percent 20ISEAS percent 20lecture percent 20of percent 20April 20, no. 18 (2014): 202014. University of Asia and the Pacific. “Think Asia Pacific Forum on Taiwan and the ASEAN - UA&P.” UA&P - Unitas, May 4, 2021. https://uap.asia/news/think-asia-pacific-forum-on- taiwan-and-the-asean. Valenzuela, Nikka G. “8 Coast Guardsmen Get 14 Years Each for Taiwan Fisherman Slay.” INQUIRER.net, September 19, 2019. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/179972/7-coast- guards-1-cop-get-14-years-each-for-taiwan-fisherman-slay. 87 Villegas, Bernardo. “Closer Economic Ties with Taiwan – 1.” BusinessWorld Online, August 2, 2022. https://www.bworldonline.com/opinion/2022/08/02/465532/closer-economic-ties- with-taiwan-1/. Viray, Patricia Lourdes. “In 3 Separate Showdowns, Chinese Ships Challenged Research Vessels in Philippine EEZ - Think Tank.” Philstar.com, May 27, 2022. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/27/2184064/3-separate-showdowns-chinese- ships-challenged-research-vessels-philippine-eez-think-tank. Wang, T. Y. “Taiwan's foreign relations under Lee Teng-Hui's rule, 1988-2000.” American Asian Review 20, no. 1 (2002): 71. Wong, Andrea Chloe. “Leader-driven Change from Aquino to Duterte: Towards a Redirection or Restructuring in Philippine Foreign Policy?.” Thesis 9, no. 1 (2020): 109-136. Wong, Andrea Chloe. “Reading between the Lines: Duterte’s Careful South China Sea Speech.” The Interpreter, September 10, 2021. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the- interpreter/reading-between-lines-duterte-s-careful-south-china-sea-speech. Yang, Angelica Y. “Hontiveros Urges Who to Include Taiwan in Global Pandemic Response.” Philstar.com, May 25, 2022. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/05/25/2183611/hontiveros-urges-who-include- taiwan-global-pandemic-response.