摘要

本論文針對中文的四個動相副詞已經、不再、仍然、及還没進行句法、語義、及語用三個層面的分析研究。本論文深究的主題為三:(1)這四個副詞在語義層面的相關性，(2)這四個副詞在語義及句法上的時貌表徵，(3)這四個副詞在焦點結構中的語義、語用限制範域及焦點選項集合(alternative set)的探討。本論文採用兩維理論(two-dimension theory)來探究並驗證這四個副詞的時貌表徵及其與事件結構的交互作用。而在焦點結構的探討則採用Rooth (1992)所提出的選項語義學alternative semantics）為理論基礎。
這四個副詞在語言學研究中被稱為動相質詞（Phase Particle）(Lobner1987)，或時貌質詞(Aspectual Particle)(Konig 1977）。本文參考Lobner1987的說法,將這四個副詞稱之為動相副詞，因為不論在時貌用法或者是焦點標記詞用法上，這些副詞都具有正反兩個面相(P或~P)。根據語料顯示，這四個副詞在事件詮釋上是有相關性的，所以我們可以借由其中一個副詞語義來得知其它三個副詞的語義形式，根據研究得知這些副詞在時貌用法上具有以下的關係：

yijing (P) = ~haimei (P) = ~rengran (~P) = buzai (~P)

而在與事件結構的互動上，我們採用Klein及von Stechow及相關學者的分類，將時貌分為未完成體（imperfect）、完成體（perfect)、及完整體（perfective），探討漢語動詞在這三個體標記的表現，我們發現這四個副詞再與未完成體的狀態事件結合時，因為時間語義關係上不衝突，句子原則上圴可合理存在，但因為在特徵(feature)上，動相副詞並不能修飾與自己特徵不一致的事件結構，所以會造成句子不合法。因此除了時貌上的一致外，語義上的特徵也需吻合，句子才合法，否則將產生不合法的句子。
在焦點結構上，本文採用選項語義學來分析這些副詞的焦點限制範域及語義，語義學及語用學中焦點結構的研究中最大的困難點在於如何決定這些焦點替代詞集合的範疇及管轄領域的大小。所以在焦點研究中需要有標記詞來加以限制語用範籌，本文研究的副詞在句子中便具有這樣的功用。焦點結構中所需探討的是這些標記詞所提供限制焦點選項集合範域（Alternative set domain）到底為何？ 首先我們認為它們的標記範疇（restriction domain）與級別程度（scale）有關；語用學來說，焦點選項範域的選擇必需符合適切性跟合理性並且必需至少有一個替代選項提供篩選，我們認為，這些副詞的限制範域是說話及聽話者雙方在語境中的期待值，並非只是之前學者所認定最大期待值或最小期待值。

關鍵詞：動相副詞，時貌質詞,兩維理論，焦點，標記範疇，焦點選項集合

Abstract

This dissertation aims to account for four Mandarin phase adverbs yijing ‘already’, buzai ‘no longer’, rengran ‘still’, and haimei ‘not yet’ from syntactic, semantics, and pragmatic perspectives. The term Phase Adverbs is adopted from Lobner’s proposal (Lobner 1987). These adverbs are also called aspectual particles (König 1991) which appear to come in groups. The main issues discussed in this dissertation are as follows: (1) the core meanings and semantics relationships between these phase adverbs, (2) the syntactic structures and the interaction among phase adverbs, event types, and semantic aspects, and (3) the focus values and alternative sets of these phase adverbs. The studies primarily adopt two-dimensional theory for semantic analysis, feature checking for syntactic analysis, and alternative semantics for focus analysis.
The first study in this dissertation first discusses the basic meaning of these phase adverbs in terms of two-dimensional theory. Then, it explailns the semantics relationships among these phase adverbs in Mnadarin Chinese. Further, it suggests that these four phase adverbs get the following semantics relationship:
yijing (P) = ~haimei (P) = ~rengran (~P) = buzai (~P)
Next, the second study in this dissertation first clasifies the verb types, event strutures in Mandarin Chinese. Then, it discusses the interaction among these phase adverbs, event types, and semantic aspects. It proposes that these four phase adverbs are compatible with imperfective aspects. Yijing ‘already’ and haimei ‘not yet’ are compatibe with perfecctive or perfect aspects; however, rengran ‘still’ and buzai ‘no longer’ are not. Further, it suggests that every phase adverb has its own features. The phase adverb can only modify the event which has the same features with it. It means that the phase adverbs’ uninterpretable features have to be checked and deleted by LF or the sentences will be ungrammatical.
Finally, the third stuy in this dissertation discusses the focus properties of these four phase adverbs. It proposes that these phase adverbs are all focus sensitive markers. Syntactically, the phase adverbs can focus marks every elements it c-command. Semantically, the members of the set of alternatives are always of the same semantic category as those of the focus set. The set of alternatives is inferred from the common background of a speaker and a listener. The world knowledge, the discourse context, and the referential context are important for us to obtain the focus element and their alternatives.

Keywords: phase adverb, two-dimension theory, focus, alternative semantics

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