旅居者，如國際學生，在適應新環境的過程中，可能會需要像其他的資訊搜索者一樣，透過多種管道來蒐集資訊，包括非個人資訊（如：互聯網，小冊子）和人際訊息源（如：朋友）。除了從互聯網或小冊子來得到資訊之外，由於特定的挑戰，例如語言障礙等，旅遊者可能必須要比普通的資訊搜索者或當地人有更多的人際互動，以獲得更多能滿足他們需求的資訊。本研究探討了台灣的國際學生如何有策略地使用人際訊息源來適應環境。我們對23名國際學生進行了半結構式訪談，並發現資訊搜尋行為涉及到有意識的決策過程，取決於文化和需求，社會資本和關係以及資訊來源所具有的認知方面的相互理解。根據研究結果，我們提出了一些科技上的輔助，以便在資訊搜尋的過程中獲得更好的體驗

The need for information during adaption process among sojourners, such as international students, may potentially require them to engage with multiple sources of information, including impersonal (e.g., the internet, brochures) and interpersonal sources (e.g., friends) like other information seekers. In addition to acquiring information from the internet or brochures, sojourners may have to interact with interpersonal sources to obtain information that suit their needs more than regular information seekers or local people due to specific challenges, such as language barriers, etc. This work explores how international students in Taiwan strategically use interpersonal information sources for adaptation. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 international students and found that the information seeking behaviors involved deliberate processes of decision making depending on the mutual understanding in culture and need, social network and relationship, and the cognitive aspects that the sources have. Based on the findings, we propose several technological supports for better experience in information seeking process.

1. Basil Alzougool, Shanton Chang, Catherine Gomes, and Marsha Berry. 2013. Finding their way around: International students’ use of information sources. Journal of Advanced Management Science 1, 1: 43–49.
2. Leif Azzopardi, Paul Thomas, and Nick Craswell. 2018. Measuring the utility of search engine result pages: an information foraging based measure. 41st International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.
3. J W Berry. 1990. Psychology of acculturation. In Cross-cultural Perspectives. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 201–234.
4. Amir Bhochhibhoya, Yue Dong, and Paul Branscum. 2017. Sources of Social Support among International College Students in the United States. Journal of International Students 7, 3: 671–686.
5. Maria Christina Binz-Scharf and David Lazer. 2006. Searching for answers: Knowledge sourcing strategies. presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
6. Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. 1986. Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition.
7. Herbert H Clark and Susan E Brennan. 1991. Grounding in communication. Perspectives on socially shared cognition. .
8. Edward Cutrell and Zhiwei Guan. 2007. What are you looking for? An eye-tracking study of information usage in Web search. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’07.
9. Karen E. Fisher, Joan C. Durrance, and Marian Bouch Hinton. 2004. Information grounds and the use of need-based services by immigrants in queens, New York: A context-based, outcome evaluation approach. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
10. Suraya Hamid, Sarah Bukhari, Sri Devi Ravana, Azah Anir Norman, and Mohamad Taha Ijab. 2016. Role of social media in information-seeking behaviour of international students: A systematic literature review. Aslib Journal of Information Management 68, 5: 643–666.
11. Morten Hertzum. 2014. Expertise seeking: A review. Information Processing and Management.
12. Pamela Braboy Jackson. 1992. Specifying the Buffering Hypothesis: Support, Strain, and Depression. Social Psychology Quarterly 55, 363.
13. Lee Komito and Jessica Bates. 2011. Migrantsʼ information practices and use of social media in Ireland: networks and community. networks and community iSchool.
14. Irwin Kwan, Scott D Fleming, and David Piorkowski. 2012. Information Foraging Theory for Collaborative Software Development. .
15. Daniel Z Levin and Rob Cross. 2004. The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management science 50, 11: 1477–1490.
16. Li Lu and Y. Connie Yuan. 2011. Shall i Google it or ask the competent villain down the hall? the moderating role of information need in information source selection. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
17. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M Cook. 2001. Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology.
18. Bharat Mehra and Dania Bilal. 2007. International students’ information needs and use of technology. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 44, 1: 1–8.
19. Sakurako Chako Mori. 2000. Addressing the Mental Health Concerns of International Students. Journal of Counseling & Development.
20. Khalid Nadvi. 1999. Shifting ties: Social networks in the surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot, Pakistan. Development and Change.
21. Rosiana Natalie, Chien Wen Tina Yuan, and Hao Chuan Wang. 2018. Understanding Information Seeking Behavior among International Students for Adaptation. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium of Chinese CHI, 148–151.
22. C. A. O’Reilly. 1982. Variations in Decision Makers’ Use of Information Sources: The Impact of Quality and Accessibility of Information. Academy of Management Journal.
23. Chi Young Oh and Brian S. Butler. 2016. Newcomers from the other side of the globe: International students’ local information seeking during adjustment. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 53, 1: 1–6.
24. Kevin Ong. 2017. Using Information Foraging Theory to Understand Search Behavior in Different Environments. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, ACM, 411–413.
25. Kevin Ong, Kalervo Järvelin, Mark Sanderson, and Falk Scholer. 2017. Using Information Scent to Understand Mobile and Desktop Web Search Behavior. Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, ACM, 295–304.
26. Katrina Panovich, R Miller, and D Karger. 2012. Tie strength in question & answer on social network sites. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 1057–1066.
27. David Piorkowski, Austin Z. Henley, Tahmid Nabi, Scott D. Fleming, Christopher Scaffidi, and Margaret Burnett. 2016. Foraging and navigations, fundamentally: developers’ predictions of value and cost. Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering - FSE 2016.
28. David J Piorkowski, Scott D Fleming, Irwin Kwan, et al. 2013. The Whats and Hows of Programmers’ Foraging Diets. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, 3063–3072.
29. Peter Pirolli and Stuart Card. 1999. Information foraging. Psychological Review 106, 4: 643–675.
30. Cristina Poleacovschi and Amy N Javernick-Will. 2015. Do strong or weak ties matter in knowledge networks? The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering 5th International/11th Construction Specialty Conference.
31. Robert D Putnam. 2001. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster.
32. Interagency Language Roundtable. Interagency Language Roundtable Language Skill Level Descriptions - Speaking. .
33. Diane Liang Rulke, Srilata Zaheer, and Marc H. Anderson. 2000. Sources of managers’ knowledge of organizational capabilities. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.
34. Sruti Srinivasa Ragavan, Sandeep Kaur Kuttal, Charles Hill, Anita Sarma, David Piorkowski, and Margaret Burnett. 2016. Foraging Among an Overabundance of Similar Variants. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’16.
35. Pei-Yun Tu, Chien Wen (Tina) Yuan, and Hao-Chuan Wang. 2018. Do You Think What I Think: Perceptions of Delayed Instant Messages in Computer-Mediated Communication of Romantic Relations. Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, 101:1--101:11.
36. Yiwei Wang, Shawon Sarkar, and Chirag Shah. 2017. Investigating Information Seekers’ Selection of Interpersonal and Impersonal Sources. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval - CHIIR ’17.
37. T.D. Wilson. 1999. Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation.
38. Tom D (University of Sheffield) Wilson. 1981. On User Studies and Information Needs. Journal of Documentation.
39. Lilian Woudstra, Bart Van Den Hooff, and Alexander P. Schouten. 2012. Dimensions of quality and accessibility: Selection of human information sources from a social capital perspective. Information Processing and Management.
40. Wan-Ching Wu, Diane Kelly, and Avneesh Sud. 2014. Using information scent and need for cognition to understand online search behavior. Proceedings of the 37th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research & development in information retrieval - SIGIR ’14.
41. Yunjie (Calvin) Xu, Bernard C.Y. Tan, and Li Yang. 2006. Who will you ask? An empirical study of interpersonal task information seeking. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57, 12: 1666–1677.
42. Zhixian Yi. 2007. International Student Perceptions of Information Needs and Use. Journal of Academic Librarianship.
43. Chien Wen Yuan, Leslie D Setlock, Dan Cosley, and Susan R Fussell. 2013. Understanding informal communication in multilingual contexts. Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work.
44. J. Christopher Zimmer and Raymond M. Henry. 2017. The role of social capital in selecting interpersonal information sources. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology.
45. J. Christopher Zimmer, Raymond M. Henry, and Brian S. Butler. 2007. Determinants of the Use of Relational and Nonrelational Information Sources. Journal of Management Information Systems.