全球暖化日益嚴重，發展綠色能源科技，成為國際主要因應政策之一。生質酒精是發展中的一項重點，光是2000年到2007年之間，全球做為運輸燃料的酒精產量幾乎是三倍的速度成長。但是第一代生質酒精最大的問題是與人爭糧，導致糧價的上漲，迫使現在改成使用非糧食作物的原料，因而纖維素生質酒精是近年來的重點，但由於纖維素的結構緻密、不易分解，阻礙了酵素的發酵效果，故本研究擬將纖維素酒精製程中的前處理與水解技術加以合併在單一反應器中處理生質物料，利用蔗渣、狼尾草以得到可供酒精發酵之前驅物五碳糖及六碳糖。本研究是以超臨界CO2配搭超音波振盪 (以超臨界CO2為媒介)進行前處理，再進行NREL糖類標準檢驗法及酵素水解分析。經過前處理後之殘渣則藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM)和X射線繞射分析儀 (XRD)觀察木質纖維素結構之破壞情形，所得之發酵前驅物則藉由高效液相層析 (HPLC)分析五碳糖及六碳糖回收率。

Antal, M. J. and Mok, W. S. L. “Mechanism of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from D-fructose and sucrose” Carb. Res. 199, 91 -109, 1990.

Augustine, N. R. “Key note address: Technology transfer from military requirements to public need” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 6, 1-8, 1976.

Ballesteros, I.; Negro, M. J.; Oliva, J. M.; Cabanas, A.; Manzanares,P.; Ballesteros, M. Ethanol production from steam explosion pretreatedwheat straw. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70-72, 3–15, 2006.

Bobleter, O. “Hydrothermal degradation of polymers derived from plants” Polym. Sci. 19, 797-841, 1994.

Bonn, G. and Bobleter, O. “Determination of the hydrothermal degradation products of d-(U-14C) glucose and d-(U-14C) fructose by TLC” J. Radioanal. Chem. 79, 171-177, 1983.

Boon, J. J.; Pastorova, I.; Botto, R. E. and Arisz, P. W. “Structural studies on cellulose pyrolysis and cellulose char by PYMS, PYGCMS, FTIR, NMR and by wet chemical technique” Biomass. Bioenerg. 7, 25-32, 1994.

Buchanan, B.; Gruissem, W.; Jones, R. L. “Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants” A.S.P.B. 2000.

Brolim, A.; Gierer, J. and Zhang, Y. “On the selectivity of ozone delignifiction of softwood kraft pulps” Wood. Sci. Technol. 27, 115-129, 1993.

Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P. H. and Teller, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 309, 1938.

Chareonlimkun, A.; Champreda, V.; Shotipruk, A. and Laosiripojana, N. “Reactions of C5 and C6-sugars, cellulose, and lignocellulose under hot compressed water (HCW) in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalysts” Fuel. 89, 2873-2880, 2010.

Chen, W. - H.; Pen, B. - L.; Yu, C.-T. and Hwang, W. - S. “Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol production” Bioresour. Technol. 102, 2916-2924, 2011.
Conner, A. H. and Lorenz, L. F. “Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. Part III. Water and dilute acetic acid Prehydrolysis of southern red oak” Wood. Fiber. Sci. 18, 248-263, 1986.

Cosgrove, D. J. “Cell Walls: Structures, Biogenesis, and Expansion. In: Plant Physiology,” In L. Taiz and E. Zeiger, eds. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc. 1998.

Delmer, D. P.; Amor, Y. “Cellulose biosynthesis” Plant. Cell. 7, 987-1000, 1995.

Ehara, K. and Saka, S. “A comparative study on chemical conversion of cellulose between batch-type and flow-type systems in supercritical water” Cellulose. 9, 301-311, 2002.

Ehara, K. and Saka, S. ‘Decomposition behavior of cellulose in supercritical water, subcritical water, and their combined treatments” J. Wood Sci. 51, 148-153, 2005.

Faith, W. L. “Development of the Scholler Process in the United States” Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 9-11, 1945.

Fenton, H. J. “Oxidative properties of the H2O2/Fe2+ system and its application” J. Chem. Soc. 65, 889-899, 1884.

Gao, M.; Xu, F.; Li, S.; Ji, X.; Chen, S. and Zhang, D. “Effect of SC-CO2 pretreatment in increasing rice straw biomass conversion” Biosys. Eng. 106, 470-475, 2010.

Gauss, W. F.; Suzuki, S. and Takagi, M. U.S. Patent No. 3990944. 1976.

Gonçalves, A. R.; Benar, P.; Costa, S. M.; Ruzene, D. S.; Moriya, R. Y.; Luz, S. M.; Ferreti, L. P. “Integrated Processes for Use of Pulps and Lignins Obtained from Sugarcane Bagasse and Straw” Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 121-124, 821-826, 2005.

Gould, J. M. “Studies on the mechanism of alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 225-231, 1985.

Gómez Sandra, M. R.; Andrade Rafael, R.; Santander Carlos, G.; Costa Aline, C.; Maciel Filho Rubens. Pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse with phosphoric and sulfuric diluted acid for fermentable sugars production by enzymatic hydrolysis. UNICAMP. 2010.

Hamelinck, C. N.; van Hooijdonk, G. and Faaij, A. P. C. “Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term” Biomass. Bioenerg. 28, 384-410, 2005.
Harris, E. E.; Beglinger, E.; Hajny, G. J. and Sherrard, E. C. Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 12-23, 1945.

Harris, E. E. and Beglinger, E. “Madison wood-sugar process” Ind. Eng. Chem. 38, 890- 895, 1946.

Hsu, T. - C.; Guo, G. - L.; Chen, W. - H. and Hwang, W. - S. “Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw on structural properties and enzymatic hydrolysis” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4907-4913, 2010.

Huber, G. W.; Iborra, S. and Corma, A. Chem. Rev. 106, 4044-4098, 2006.

Huff, G. F. and Yata, N. U.S. Patent 3990945. 1976.

Kabyemela, B. M.; Adschiri, T.; Malaluan, R. M. and Arai, K. “Kinetics of glucose epimerization and decomposition in subcritical and supercritical water” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 1552-1558, 1997.

Katzen, R. and Schell, D. J. “Biorefineries - Industrial processes and Products” 1, 129-138, 2006.

Kerr, R. A. “The Next Oil Crisis Looms Largesand Perhaps Close” Science 281, 1128- 1131, 1998.

Kim, K. H. and Hong, J. “Supercritical CO2 pretreatment of lignocellulose enhances enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis” Bioresour. Technol. 77, 139-144, 2001.

Klass, D. L. “Biomass for Renewable Energy” Fuels. Chem. 1998.

Kojima, Y. and Yoon, S. - L. “Improved enzymatic hydrolysis of waste paper by ozone pretreatment” J. Mater. Cycles. Waste. Manag. 10, 134-139, 2008.

Kovarik, B. “Henry Ford, Charles Kettering and the Fuel of the Future” Automotive. History. Rev. 32, 7-27, 1998.

Krishnan, C.; da Costa Sousa, L.; Jin, M.; Chang, L.; Dale, B. E.; Balan, V. Alkali-based AFEX pretreatment for the conversion of sugarcane bagasse and cane leaf residues to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 107, 441–450, 2010.
Lü, X. and Saka, S. “Hydrolysis of Japanese beech by batch and semi-flow water under subcritical temperatures and pressures” Biomass. Bioener. 34, 1089-1097, 2010.

Mishima, D.; Tateda, M.; Ike, M. and Fujita, M. “Comparative study on chemical pretreatments to accelerate enzymatic hydrolysis of aquatic macrophyte biomass used in water purification processes” Bioresour. Technol. 97, 2166-2172, 2006.

Mok, W. S. L. and Antal, M. J. “Uncatalyzed solvolysis of whole biomass hemicelluloses by hot compressed liquid water” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 31, 1157-1161, 1992.

Munter, R. “Advanced oxidation processes – Current status and prospects” Proc. Estonian. Acad. Sci. Chem. 50, 2, 59-80, 2001.

Narayanaswamy, N.; Faik, A.; Goetz, D. J. and Gu, T. “Supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment of corn stover and switchgrass for lignocellulosic ethanol production” Bioresour. Technol. 102, 6995-7000, 2011.

Narayanaswamy, N. “Supercritical carbon dioxide pretreatment of various lignocellulosic biomasses” Ohio university, department of chemical and biomolecular, 2010.

Neely, W. C. “Factors affecting the pretreatment of biomass with gaseous ozone” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 26, 59-65, 1984.

Nikolić, S.; Mojović, L.; Rakin, M.; Pejin, D.; Pejin, J. “Ultrasound-assisted production of bioethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of corn meal” Food. Chem. 122, 216-222, 2010.

Park, S.; Baker, J. O.; Himmel, M. E.; Parilla, P. A. and Johnson, D. K. “Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance” Biotechnol. Biofuels. 3, 1-10, 2010.

Qi, B.; Chen, X. and Wan, Y. “Pretreatment of wheat straw by nonionic surfactant-assisted dilute acid for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production. Bioresour. Technol” 101, 4875-4883, 2010.

Redding, A. P.; Wang, Z.; Keshwani, D. R. and Cheng J. J. “High temperature dilute acid pretreatment of coastal Bermuda grass for enzymatic hydrolysis” Bioresour. Technol. 102, 1415-1424, 2011.

REAADI. “Henry Ford might turn out to be right after all!” 2002.
Reese, E. T.; Siu, R. G. H. and Levinson, H. S. “The biological degradation of soluble cellulose derivatives and its relationship to the mechanism of cellulose Hydrolysis. J. Bacteriol” 59, 485-497, 1950.
Reese, R. T. “History of the Cellulase Program at the U.S. Army Natick Development Center” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 6, 9-20, 1976.

Rogalinski, T.; Liu, K.; Albrecht, T. and Brunner, G. “Hydrolysis kinetics of biopolymers in subcritical water” J. Supercrit. Fluids. 46, 335-341, 2008.

Rothman, H.; Greenshields, R. and Rosillo-Calle, F. “The Alcohol Economy: Fuel Ethanol – the Brazilian Experience” 1983.
Saeman, J. F. Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 43-52, 1945.

Sasaki, M.; Hayakawa, T.; Arai, K. and Adichiri, T. “Measurement of the rate of retro-aldol condensation of D-xylose in subcritical and supercritical water” Presented at the proceeding of the 7th international symposium on hydrothermal reactions. 169-176, 2003.

Schacht, C.; Zetzl, C. and Brunner, G. “From plant materials to ethanol by means of supercritical fluid technology” J. Supercritical. Fluid. 46, 299-321, 2008.

Sheehan, J. and Himmel, M. “Enzymes, energy, and the environment: A strategic perspective on the U.S. Department of energy’s research and development activities for bioethanol” Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 817-827, 1999.

Shelley, S. “Renewable feedstocks: Trading barrels for bushels” Chem. Eng. 2009.

Shen, G.; Tao, H.; Zhao, M.; Yang, B.; Wen, D.; Yuan, Q. and Rao, G. “Effecy of hydrogen peroxide pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose” J. Food. Process. Eng. 34, 905-921, 2011.

Silverstein, R. A.; Chen, Y.; Sharma-Shivappa, R. R.; Boyette, M. D. and Osborne, J. “A comparison of chemical pretreatment methods for improving saccharification of cotton stalks” Bioresour. Technol. 98, 3000-3011, 2007.

Sluiter, A.; Hames, B.; Ruiz, R.; Scarlata, C.; Sluiter, J. and Templeton, D. “Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples - Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)” NREL. 2006.

Srinivasan, N. and Ju, L. – K. “Pretreatment of guayule biomass using Supercritical carbon dioxide-based method” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 9785-9791, 2010.

Srokol, Z.; Bouche, A. G.; Estrik, A. V.; Strik, R. C. J.; Maschmeyer, T. and Peters, J. A. “Hydrothermal upgrading of biomass to biofuel; studies on some monosaccharide model compounds” Carb. Res. 339, 1717-1726, 2004.

Sun, R. C. and Tomkinson, J. “Characterization of hemicelluloses obtained by classical and ultrasonically assisted extractions from wheat straw” Carbohydrate. Polymers. 50, 263-271, 2002.

Sun, Y. and Cheng, J. J. “Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review” Bioresour. Technol. 83, 1-11, 2002.
Teng, C.; Tan, Q.; Jiang, Z.; Fan G. and Shi, B. “Production of xylooligosaccharides from the steam explosion liquor of corncobs coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis using a thermostable xylanase” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 7679-7682, 2010.
Toor, S. S.; Rosendahl, L. and Rudolf, A. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies” Energy. 36, 2328-2342, 2011.

Tyson, K. S.; Riley, C. J. and Humphreys, K. K. “Fuel Cycle Evaluations of Biomass-Ethanol and Reformulated Gasoline” NREL NREL/TP-463-4950, 1993.

United Nations Environment Programme, Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels. 2010.

US Department of Commerce (USDC). World Trade in Gasoline, Bureau of Domesticand Foreign Commerce, USDC Monograph, Trade Promotion Series 20, 1925.

van Walsum, G. P. and Shi, H. “Carbonic acid enhancement of hydrolysis in aqueous pretreatment of corn stover” Bioresour. Technol. 93, 217-226, 2001.

van Walsum, G. P. “Severity function describing the hydrolysis of xylan using carbonic acid” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 91-93, 317-329, 2001.

Vitasari, D. “The effect of ozone concentration on the bleached pulp properties” Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknoin. 2008.

Wahyudiono; Kanetake, T.; Sasaki, M. and Goto, M. “Decomposition of a lignin model compound under hydrothermal conditions” Chem. Eng. Tech. 30, 1113-1122, 2007.

Waldner, M. H. and Vogel, F. “Renewable production of methane from woody biomass by catalytic hydrothermal gasification” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44, 4543-4551, 2005.

Watts, R. J.; Udell, M. D. and Monsen, R. M. “Fenton process as a potential oxidant for pesticides and other soil contaminants” Water. Environ. Res. 65, 839-844, 1993.
Wilke, C. R.; Yang, R. D. and von Stockar, U. “Preliminary Cost Analyses for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Newsprint” Biotechnol. Bioeng. 6, 155-175, 1976.

Wyman, C. “Overview of the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process for Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Biomass” Solar Energy Research Institute Report SERI/TP-231-3996. 113-123, 1990.

Yachmenev, V.; Condon, B.; Klasson, T. and Lambert, A. “Acceleration of the enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover and sugar cane bagasse celluloses by low intensity uniform ultrasound” J. Biobased. Mater. Bio. 3, 25-31, 2009.

Yu, Q.; Zhuang, X.; Yuan, Z.; Wang, Q.; Qi, W.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, J. and Xu, H. “Two-step liquid hot water pretreatment of Eucalyptus grandis to enhance sugar recovery and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose” Bioresour. Technol. 101, 4895 -4899, 2010.

Zheng, Y.; Lin, H. - M. and Tsao, G.T. “Pretreatment for cellulose hydrolysis by carbon dioxide explosion” Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 890-896, 1998.

Zhu, J. Y.; Pan, X. J.; Wang, G. S. and Gleisner, R. Bioresource. Technol. 100, 2411-2418, 2009.

古森本，《生質能源作物之開發與潛力》，植物種苗生技，No. 13 (2008)

成游貴，《狼尾草新品種台畜草二號介紹》，畜產專訊，第十六期 (2003)

周昌弘，《台灣芒萃植物生態研究的回顧與前瞻》，中華民國雜草學會簡訊 (1995)

陳文恆，郭家倫，黃文松，王嘉寶，《纖維素酒精技術之發展》，農業生技產業季刊 (2007)

陳志輝，《秋天的毛茸景致─狼尾草》，科學人雜誌 (2011)

陳怡傑，《以厭氧流體化床進行廚餘過篩液及狼尾草之氫發酵程序研究》 (2009)

陳彥豪，黃郁棻，《我國生質酒精推動與科技發展策略介紹》，科技發展政策報導 (2007)

陳盧亮，《我國狼尾草屬牧草主栽品種特性介紹》，中國奶牛 (2012)