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研究生： 李俐盈
Li, Lilian Li-ying
論文名稱： 郡社布農語語法
A Grammar of Isbukun Bunun
指導教授： 齊莉莎
Zeitoun, Elizabeth
連金發
Lien, Chinfa
口試委員: 吳曉虹
Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris
戴智偉
DeBusser, Rik
鄧芳青
Teng, Stacy Fang-ching
黃慧娟
Huang, Hui-chuan J
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所
Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年： 2018
畢業學年度： 106
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 561
中文關鍵詞： 郡社布農語 、音韻 、形態 、句法 、語言保存 、（台灣）南島語
外文關鍵詞： Isbukun Bunun, phonology, morphology, syntax, language documentation, Formosan and Austronesian languages
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    • 本論文為郡社布農語參考語法，調查地點為南投縣信義鄉東埔村。布農語的形態（morphology）很豐富，因此擁有很多具有獨立語意的詞彙前綴（lexical prefix），而形態過程（morphological process）也相對多元。跟大多數台灣南島語一樣，布農語是一個謂語為首（predicate-initial）的語言。格位標記（case marker）可以省略，論元（argument）的順序也相對重要。在一般直述句中，兩個獨立論元的順序基本上是主事者論元在其他論元之前。布農語有兩個焦點，主事者焦點（actor voice）跟承受者焦點（undergoer voice）；其中承受者焦點又區分為三個次焦點：承受者受事焦點（undergoer voice–patient）、承受者處所焦點（undergoer voice–locative）、承受者周邊焦點（undergoer voice–circumstantial）。在布農語裡面，帶有主事者焦點的動詞可以是及物動詞（transitive verbs）或是非及物動詞（transitive verbs）；承受者焦點動詞一定不是非及物動詞。
    本研究共分為十四個章節。第一章介紹布農語的語言分布範圍、人口、郡社方言的文獻回顧，以及本研究的研究方法與動機。第二章討論語音、音韻，和其他相關議題。第三章聚焦在形態單位（morphological unit）和形態過程（morphological processes）。第四章討論布農語的詞類（word class）。第五章和第六章從形態句法角度討論名詞和動詞分類。第七章和第八章探討謂語配價轉換機制（valency-adjusting operations），包含了使動結構（causativity）、互惠結構（reciprocity），以及反身結構（reflexivity）。第九章介紹名詞組結構（noun phrase structure）。第十章詳述代名詞的句法特性。第十一章討論句類（clause type）。第十二章討論否定詞（negator）和否定結構（negative construction）。第十三章研究補語結構（complementation）、附屬結構（subordination），和連接結構（conjunction）。最後一章為結論以及本文貢獻。

    This dissertation is a reference grammar of Isbukun Bunun, spoken in the Dongpu village, Hsinyi Township, Nantou County. Isbukun is a language with rich morphology, whereby lexical prefixes and morphological processes are productive. Like most of the Formosan languages, Isbukun is predicate-initial. Case markers are omittable in Isbukun, and the order of arguments is quite important. The order of two free arguments in a canonical declarative clause is basically the actor preceding other arguments. There is a two-way voice system in Isbukun, actor voice (AV) vs. undergoer voice (UV), with the UV sub-divided into three voices (UVP, UVL, and UVC). An AV verb in Isbukun can be transitive or intransitive; a UV verb is never intransitive.
    This dissertation consists of fourteen chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Bunun language, population, and the areas where this language is spoken; the background on the Isbukun dialect is also provided. Besides, the aim of this study and the methodology are also stated in chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses Isbukun phonology and phonological processes. Morphological units and morphological processes like affixation and reduplication are addressed in chapter 3. Chapter 4 introduces word classes in Isbukun. Nominal morphology and verbal morphology are investigated in chapter 5 and chapter 6 respectively. Chapter 7 and chapter 8 deal with valency-adjusting operations, including causativity, reciprocity, and reflexivity. Chapter 9 focuses on noun phrase structures. Syntax of pronouns is discussed in chapter 10. Chapter 11 and chapter 12 inspect clause types and negative clauses respectively. Complex sentences, consisting of complementation, subordination, and conjunction, are examined in Chapter 13. The final chapter concludes this study and also talks about its contributions.

    Abstract i Chinese abstract (中文摘要) ii Acknowledgements (誌謝) iii Table of contents vi List of tables xvii List of figures and map xx List of linguistic subgroups xxi List of language names xxi List of abbreviations xxii List of conventions xxv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background information 1 1.2 Aim of this study 2 1.3 External subgrouping of Bunun 3 1.3.1 Phonological perspective 3 1.3.2 Lexical perspective 8 1.3.3 Morphological perspective 10 1.4 Internal subgrouping of Bunun 13 1.5 Previous studies on Isbukun Bunun 17 1.6 Methodology 22 1.7 Data collection/fieldwork 24 1.8 Brief outline of the thesis 25 Chapter 2 Phonology 27 2.1 Phonemic inventory 27 2.1.1 Consonants 27 2.1.2 Vowels 36 2.1.2.1 Vowel clusters 37 2.1.2.2 Three-vowel sequences 43 2.2 Diachronic phonology 45 2.3 Loan phonology 47 2.4 Metrical system 49 2.4.1 Syllable structure and syllable types 49 2.4.2 Stress 50 2.4.3 Minimal word constraint 51 2.5 (Morpho)phonological processes 53 2.5.1 Resyllabification 53 2.5.2 Palatalization 54 2.5.3 Final devoicing 55 2.5.4 Metathesis 55 2.5.5 Nasal assimilation 56 2.5.6 Diphthongization 57 2.5.7 Segment deletion 58 2.5.7.1 Consonant deletion 58 2.5.7.2 Vowel deletion 59 2.5.8 Glottal stop epenthesis 60 2.5.9 Vowel raising 61 2.5.10 Gliding and coalescence 61 2.5.11 Positions of <in> and its morphophonological rules 62 2.5.11.1 Placement of <in> 63 2.5.11.2 Idiosyncratic infixed verbal forms 66 2.5.12 Summary 67 2.6 Orthographic system and notations 68 Chapter 3 Morphological units and morphological processes 71 3.1 Morphological units 71 3.1.1 Root 71 3.1.2 Stems 72 3.1.3 Affixes 72 3.1.3.1 Prefixes 73 3.1.3.2 Suffixes 76 3.1.3.3 Infixes 76 3.1.3.4 Circumfixes 77 3.1.3.5 Ordering of affixes 79 3.1.4 Clitics 81 3.1.4.1 Personal pronouns 85 3.1.4.1.1 NOM clitic pronouns 85 3.1.4.1.2 OBL clitic pronouns 86 3.1.4.2 Aspectual/mood markers 87 3.1.4.2.1 Perfect aspect =in 87 3.1.4.2.2 Durative aspect =ang 89 3.1.4.2.3 Irrealis mood na= 90 3.1.4.3 Demonstratives 91 3.1.4.3.1 NOM adnominal demonstrative clitics 91 3.1.4.3.2 OBL adnominal demonstrative clitics 92 3.1.4.4 Case markers 94 3.1.4.5 Other clitics (=bin, ’ana=, =dau) 95 3.1.4.5.1 =bin/=bis 95 3.1.4.5.2 ’ana= 96 3.1.4.5.3 =dau 97 3.1.4.6 Ordering of clitics 98 3.1.4.6.1 Aspectual clitics preceding clitic pronouns 98 3.1.4.6.2 Aspectual clitics preceding/following OBL adnominal demonstratives 99 3.1.4.6.3 Relative order of clitic pronouns and OBL adnominal demonstratives 100 3.1.4.6.4 Relative order of aspectual clitics, clitic pronouns, and OBL adnominal demonstratives 100 3.1.5 Words 101 3.2 Reduplication 102 3.2.1 CV-reduplication 103 3.2.1.1 CV-reduplication on verbal roots 103 3.2.1.2 CV-reduplication on nominal bases 111 3.2.2 Full reduplication 111 3.2.2.1 Verbal roots 112 3.2.2.1.1 Active verbs 112 3.2.2.1.2 Stative verbs 114 3.2.2.2 Nominal roots 118 3.2.3 Lexicalized reduplication 119 3.2.4 Ca-reduplication 120 3.3 Nominal compounding 121 Chapter 4 Word classes 125 4.1 Open classes 125 4.1.1 Nouns 125 4.1.2 Verbs 125 4.1.3 Noun/verb distinctions 126 4.2 Closed class 131 4.2.1 Pronouns 131 4.2.1.1 Personal pronouns 131 4.2.1.1.1 NOM pronouns 135 4.2.1.1.2 OBL pronouns 138 4.2.1.1.3 LOC pronouns 140 4.2.1.1.4 GEN pronouns 141 4.2.1.2 Interrogative pronouns 143 4.2.1.2.1 maz ‘what’ 143 4.2.1.2.2 sima ‘who’ 144 4.2.1.2.3 ’isima ‘whose’ 145 4.2.2 Demonstratives 145 4.2.2.1 Adnominal demonstrative clitics 146 4.2.2.2 Free demonstrative pronouns and determiners 147 4.2.2.3 Demonstrative adverbs 152 4.2.3 Numerals 153 4.2.3.1 Serial counting and cardinal numerals 154 4.2.3.2 Ordinal numerals 156 4.2.4 Modals 157 4.2.5 Adverbs 159 4.2.6 Prepositions 161 4.2.7 Linkers, phrasal, and (inter)clausal elements 163 4.2.7.1 Linkers 163 4.2.7.2 Conjunction 165 4.2.7.2.1 NP coordination and comitativity 165 4.2.7.2.2 VP coordination 167 4.2.7.3 (Inter)clausal elements 167 4.2.7.3.1 masa ‘when’ 168 4.2.7.3.2 mais ‘when/if’ 168 4.2.7.3.3 ’aupa ‘because; so’ 168 4.2.7.3.4 (’ung)haitu ‘but’ 168 4.2.7.3.5 at ‘and (then)’ and ’ungat ‘and (then)’ 169 4.2.7.3.6 musasu ‘in the meanwhile’ 170 Chapter 5 Nominal morphology 172 5.1 Common nouns 174 5.2 Proper nouns 180 5.2.1 Person names and names for ethnic groups 180 5.2.2 Kinship nouns 183 5.3 Locative nouns 192 5.3.1 Toponyms 193 5.3.2 Nouns referring to a location 196 5.3.3 Orientational and directional nouns 199 5.4 Temporal nouns 202 5.5 Derived noun types 206 5.5.1 Action and state nouns 208 5.5.2 Lexical/argument nominalization 211 5.5.2.1 Agent nouns 212 5.5.2.2 Objective nouns 214 5.5.2.3 Locative nouns 219 5.5.2.4 Instrumental nouns 223 5.5.2.5 Manner/reasnon nouns 225 5.6 Derived nouns vs. nouns 226 Chapter 6 Verbal morphology 229 6.1 Voice 229 6.1.1 Voice system 229 6.1.2 Interaction with aspect 235 6.1.3 Interaction with mood 239 6.1.4 Voice markers vs. nominalizers 243 6.2 Verb classification 244 6.2.1 Active verbs 245 6.2.2 Stative verbs 251 6.2.3 Active vs. stative verbs 257 6.2.4 Adverbial verbs 264 6.2.5 Motion verbs 275 6.2.6 Anticausative verbs 277 6.3 Derived verb types 279 6.3.1 Dynamicized verbs 279 6.3.2 Denumeral verbs 281 6.3.2.1 tal- ‘for some day(s)’ 281 6.3.2.2 ka(t)- ‘for some month(s)’ 282 6.3.2.3 pun- ‘for some year(s)’ 283 6.3.2.4 tin- ‘... o’clock’ 284 6.3.3 Denominal verbs 285 6.4 Mood 286 6.5 Aspect 288 6.5.1 Perfective aspect 289 6.5.2 Perfect aspect 290 6.5.3 Imperfective aspect 293 6.5.3.1 Progressive/continuative 294 6.5.3.2 Iterative 295 6.5.3.3 Habitual/frequentative 295 6.5.3.4 Durative 296 6.5.4 Aspectual markers vs. nominalizers 299 Chapter 7 Causativity 300 7.1 General/active causative pa- 301 7.1.1 Types of causative active verbs 302 7.1.1.1 Bare bases 302 7.1.1.2 Affixed bases 303 7.1.1.2.1 Causative denominal verbs 303 7.1.1.2.2 Causative denumeral verbs 304 7.1.1.2.3 Others 306 7.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 307 7.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 312 7.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 317 7.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 317 7.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 319 7.1.5 Double causation 321 7.2 Causative of stativity & causative of location pi- 322 7.2.1 Causative of stativity 322 7.2.1.1 Types of causative stative verbs 323 7.2.1.1.1 Bare bases 323 7.2.1.1.2 Affixed bases 324 7.2.1.1.2.1 Causative denominal verbs 324 7.2.1.1.2.2 Causative denumeral verbs 325 7.2.1.1.2.3 Others 325 7.2.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 326 7.2.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 329 7.2.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 333 7.2.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 333 7.2.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 334 7.2.2 Causative of location 335 7.2.2.1 Nominal bases 335 7.2.2.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 337 7.2.2.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 339 7.2.2.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 341 7.2.2.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 341 7.2.2.4.2 Causative negative clauses 342 7.3 Causative of motion & causative of location pu- and pun- 342 7.3.1 Causative of motion pu- and pun- 342 7.3.1.1 Types of bases 343 7.3.1.2 Co-occurrence with voice markers 345 7.3.1.3 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 347 7.3.1.4 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 347 7.3.1.4.1 Causative imperative clauses 347 7.3.1.4.2 Causative negative clauses 348 7.3.2 Causative of location pu- and pun- 349 7.4 Other (non-)causative pairs 350 7.5 Causative concord 353 Chapter 8 Reciprocity and reflexivity 355 8.1 Reciprocity 355 8.1.1 Active reciprocals 356 8.1.1.1 Bare bases 356 8.1.1.2 Affixed bases 358 8.1.2 Stative reciprocals 358 8.1.2.1 Bare bases 359 8.1.2.2 Affixed bases 361 8.1.3 Types of reciprocity 361 8.1.4 Co-occurrence with voice markers 363 8.1.5 Co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 363 8.1.6 Co-occurrence with imperative markers and negators 367 8.1.6.1 Imperative clauses 367 8.1.6.2 Negative clauses 368 8.1.7 Rciprocal verbs vs. causative verbs 369 8.1.8 Causativized reciprocal verbs 371 8.2 Reflexivity 372 8.2.1 Syntactic category of the reflexive form 372 8.2.2 Reciprocal reflexives and causativized reflexives 375 Chapter 9 Noun phrase structure 377 9.1 NPs involving demonstratives 377 9.1.1 NPs involving adnominal demonstratives 377 9.1.2 NPs involving demonstrative determiners 378 9.2 NPs involving verbal modification 379 9.3 NPs involving numerals 380 9.4 NPs involving measure nouns 382 9.5 NPs involving ‘every’ and ‘all’ 384 9.6 NPs involving genitive pronouns 387 9.7 NPs involving markers indicating possessive relation 389 9.8 Relative clauses 393 9.9 Gerundive NPs 397 9.10 NPs vs. nominal compounds 398 9.11 Coordinated NPs 400 Chapter 10 Syntax of pronouns 404 10.1 Differences and similarities between personal pronouns vs. common nouns 404 10.2 NOM pronouns 410 10.2.1 Phonologically free but syntactically bound 410 10.2.2 Phonologically and syntactically bound 412 10.2.2.1 Host 413 10.2.2.1.1 Modals 413 10.2.2.1.2 Question words 414 10.2.2.1.3 (Inter)clausal elements 414 10.3 OBL pronouns 415 10.3.1 Phonologically free but syntactically unbound 415 10.3.2 Phonologically and syntactically bound 416 10.4 Other pronouns 417 10.5 Ordering of pronouns 417 10.5.1 Free + free: grammatical case or either order can be possible 418 10.5.2 Free + bound: bound » free 420 10.5.3 Bound +bound: a mixture of various factors 421 10.5.4 Vb=NOM Vb=OBL 423 Chapter 11 Clause types 427 11.1 Nominal clause types 427 11.1.1 Head-initial clauses 428 11.1.1.1 Clauses with nominal predicates 428 11.1.1.2 Clauses with focused NPs 428 11.1.2 Head-final clauses 429 11.1.2.1 Clauses with genitive pronouns 429 11.1.2.2 (Pseudo-)cleft constructions 431 11.2 Verbal clause types 435 11.2.1 Declarative (non-causative) clauses 435 11.2.1.1 AV-marked verbs 436 11.2.1.2 UVP/UVL-marked verbs 437 11.2.1.2 UVC-marked verbs 439 11.2.2 Causative clauses 441 11.2.2.1 Re-encoding of arguments of pa- 441 11.2.2.2 Re-encoding of arguments of pi- 445 11.2.3 Existential/locative/possessive clauses 447 11.3 Interrogative clauses 448 11.3.1 Constituent interrogatives 448 11.3.2 Polar interrogatives 451 11.3.3 Interrogative tags 452 11.3.4 Alternative questions 453 Chapter 12 Negation 454 12.1 Negation in declarative verbal and nominal clauses 455 12.1.1 Negative verbal clauses 455 12.1.2 Negative nominal clauses 456 12.2 Negation in imperative clauses 457 12.2.1 PROH ka 458 12.2.2 PROH.UV ka’av 460 12.2.3 masu ‘no need’ 461 12.3 Negator in existential/possessive/locative constructions 462 12.3.1 Existential and locative constructions 463 12.3.2 Possessive constructions 466 12.4 NEG tu 468 12.4.1 nitu 469 12.4.2 ka tu vs. ka’av vs. masu tu 471 12.4.3 ’uka tu 474 12.5 NEG and PROH in co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 477 12.5.1 Negative clauses with aspectual markers 477 12.5.1.1 Perfective <in> 477 12.5.1.2 Durative =ang 478 12.5.1.3 CV-RED: Progressive/habitual/repetitive/continuative 480 12.5.1.4 Perfect =in 480 12.5.2 Negative clauses with the irrealis na= 481 12.6 ’uka ‘not.exist’ in co-occurrence with mood/aspectual markers 482 12.6.1 Perfective <in> 482 12.6.2 Durative =ang 483 12.6.3 Perfect =in 483 12.6.4 Irrealis na= 484 12.7 ka’aun ‘not want’ 484 12.8 Status of negators 486 12.8.1 Non-verbal negative markers 490 12.8.2 Verbal negative markers 492 12.8.2.1 ka’av ‘PROH.UV’and ka’aun ‘not want’ 492 12.8.2.2 ’uka ‘not exist’ 495 12.9 Morphological fusion/prefixation with the negators 496 12.9.1 mini ‘do/does/did not’ 496 12.9.2 kamani/makani ‘not very; not that; rarely’ 497 12.9.3 haipanitu ‘perhaps’ 498 12.9.4 kama’uka/ maka’uka ‘fewer, lesser’ 499 Chapter 13 Complex sentences 500 13.1 Serial verb constructions 500 13.1.1 SVCs with AV-only restriction 500 13.1.2 SVCs without AV-only restriction 507 13.2 Complementation 508 13.2.1 Indicative complement clauses 510 13.2.2 Imperative complement clauses 514 13.3 Serial verb constructions vs. complementation 516 13.4 Subordination 519 13.4.1 Temporal sequencing clauses 519 13.4.2 before-clauses 520 13.4.3 after-clauses 521 13.4.4 masa ‘when’ vs. mais ‘when/if’ 522 13.4.5 Conditional clauses 523 13.4.6 Causal clauses (= ‘because’) 523 13.4.7 Concessive clauses 524 13.5 Conjunction 525 Chapter 14 Conclusion 527 14.1 Summary of thesis 527 14.2 Contributions of thesis 527 Appendix: Texts 528 1. Pine trees 528 2. The dwarves 536 3. The Japanese occupation 545 4. Making wine 549 References 552

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