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研究生： 陳俊榮
Jun-rong Chen
論文名稱： 美國寬頻網路管制政策之研究-以「網路中立」爭議為中心
Research on the U.S. Broadband Network Regulatory Policy – The Debate on “Network Neutrality”
指導教授： 彭心儀
Shin-yi Peng
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年： 2008
畢業學年度： 96
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 126
中文關鍵詞： 寬頻網路 、網路中立 、獨占槓桿
外文關鍵詞： broadband network, network neutrality, monopoly leveraging
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    • 隨著寬頻的發展與普及，網際網路已成為有史以來最成功且重要的通訊媒介。但寬頻出現的同時為通訊管制政策帶來新的難題，除要避免握有傳輸設施之寬頻業者阻礙應用與內容創新，也須促進寬頻業者持續投資網路基礎建設的誘因。美國特殊的寬頻市場環境和既有管制體系使得問題更加複雜，進而引發是否應進行「網路中立」管制的爭議。網路中立要求對寬頻業者進行事前管制，不得因應用與服務提供者而為差別對待。網路中立原是個高度以美國為中心的議題，但由於網際網路無國界的性質，國際間對於美國網路中立爭議亦抱持高度的興趣，並密切注意其後續發展。是以本文之主要目的乃藉由歸納分析近年來美國學界、產業界以及管制者對於網路中立爭議的諸多探討，介紹網路中立爭議起源、意涵哲學以及立法草案，由網路技術層面、競爭層面、經濟理論層面和法律層面分析網路中立爭議，探討其管制的成本效益並與美國其他的寬頻倡議進行比較，進而對網路中立管制的必要性提出質疑，主張網路中立並非解決寬頻接取管制難題的最佳方案，發展成全球性管制議題的可能性亦不高。

    As Broadband gets pervasive and popular, Internet has become the most successful and important communications media in history. At the same time, the emergence of broadband also brings a dilemma for telecommunications regulatory policy. Regulators find it difficult to prevent broadband operators leverage their monopoly power to hinder innovation and competition in adjacent application and content market and to promote broadband infrastructure investments. The special broadband market environment and telecommunications regulatory regime in U.S. make the problem much more complicated, so the debate on “Network Neutrality” arises. “Network neutrality urges ex ante regulatory regime and demands broadband operators with transmission facilities should not discriminate against any applications and service providers. Network neutrality is a highly U.S.-centric issue in the origin, but as Internet is cross-border, the debate also allures great attentions internationally. So in this article, the author tries to collect related literatures in the recent years as much as possible and introduce the origin, philosophy and legislative drafts on network neutrality proposal. Then the author analyzes network neutrality debate that bases on network technology, broadband competition, economic theory and legal perspectives, and make comparisons with other proposals that tackle the broadband regulatory dilemma. Finally, the author doubts the necessity of network neutrality regulation and claims it is not a best solution for solving broadband regulatory dilemma and not much likely becoming international regulatory issues.

    目錄 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 研究方法 4 1.3 研究範圍與限制 5 1.3.1 以電信管制角度探討為主 5 1.3.2 寬頻依循美國FCC之定義 6 1.3.3 未能實地走訪美國體驗其寬頻服務 6 1.4 章節安排 7 第二章 美國網際網路相關管制：窄頻時代之措施回顧 8 2.1 三次電腦諮詢命令：基本與加值服務之二元思考 8 2.1.1 服務分類—基本服務與加值服務 9 2.1.2 細分化規則 10 2.1.3 開放網路政策 11 2.2 FCC後續行政命令：加值服務管制之加速鬆綁 12 2.2.1 解除用戶端設備限制 13 2.2.2 豁免加值服務業者負擔接續費義務 14 2.3 1996年電信法：電信與資訊服務之管制密度差異 14 2.3.1 服務分類—電信服務與資訊服務 15 2.3.2 電信業者互連義務 16 2.3.3 既有市話業者元件細分化義務 18 2.4 小結：服務二元分類有效降低窄頻時代獨占槓桿風險 19 第三章 寬頻接取於美國所引發之爭議與管制倡議 21 3.1 由窄頻進入寬頻之轉變與爭議談起 21 3.1.1 由窄頻進入寬頻帶來之轉變 21 3.1.2 由窄頻進入寬頻之管制爭議 24 3.2 寬頻接取之管制倡議 26 3.2.1 寬頻接取管制三大管制倡議概述 26 3.2.2 新興寬頻分類定性：多ISP接取倡議與後續行政命令 29 3.2.3 加速跨平台競爭與基礎建設：解除元件細分化管制倡議 33 3.2.4 服務定性及解除元件細分化後續效應：網路中立倡議 37 3.3 小結 39 第四章 美國網路中立管制倡議介紹 42 4.1 網路中立爭議緣由 42 4.1.1 對寬頻業者的管制逐漸被解除 42 4.1.2 網路管理與過濾技術的精進 42 4.1.3 寬頻業者差別對待行為與不當發言 44 4.2 網路中立理論意涵與哲學 45 4.2.1 網路中立理論意涵 45 4.2.2 網路中立隱含哲學 46 4.3 網路中立規範層次 48 4.3.1 位元平等：不允許任何差別對待 48 4.3.2 應用類型平等：允許品質保證，但不允許階層化收費 49 4.3.3 服務提供者平等：允許階層化收費，但不得差別對待同類服務提供者 50 4.3.4 網路多樣性：允許寬頻業者實驗各種商業模式 51 4.4 網路中立相關立法草案概述 52 4.4.1 先進電信與機會改革法 52 4.4.2 2006年網路中立法 54 4.4.3 2006年網際網路自由與不歧視法 56 4.4.4 2006年網際網路不歧視法 58 4.4.5 網際網路自由維護法 59 4.4.6 各草案之簡易比較 61 4.5 小結 65 第五章 由技術面質疑網路中立倡議之主張 66 5.1 網際網路基本概述 66 5.1.1 網際網路的定義 66 5.1.2 網際網路基本組成架構 67 5.1.3 網際網路的邏輯架構 69 5.1.4 網際網路的成功來自於邏輯架構 72 5.2 差別對待之意涵與分析 73 5.2.1 差別對待之意涵與類型 73 5.2.2 有益的與傷害性差別對待 76 5.2.3 差別對待、網路壅塞與階層化收費 77 5.3 對於網路中立倡議之質疑—技術面的思考 79 5.3.1 對端對端原則錯誤認知的質疑 79 5.3.2 對所謂「中立」的質疑 80 5.3.3 對差別對待過度憂懼的質疑 81 5.3.4 對網路中立焦點錯置之質疑 83 5.3.5 對網路壅塞惡化的質疑 84 5.4 小結 85 第六章 由競爭角度探討網路中立倡議之正當性、必要性與可行性 87 6.1 美國寬頻市場是否存在市場力量--關於管制正當性之檢視 87 6.1.1 美國寬頻競爭之現狀與趨勢 87 6.1.2 美國寬頻競爭水準尚未能明確界定 90 6.2 寬頻業者差別對待的誘因—關於管制必要性之檢視 94 6.2.1 互補外部性理論—寬頻業者原則上不具差別對待誘因 94 6.2.2 寬頻業者具差別對待誘因之例外 96 6.3 網路中立成本效益分析—關於管制可行性之檢視 98 6.3.1 對應用與內容創新的影響分析 98 6.3.2 對寬頻市場競爭的影響分析 100 6.3.3 網路中立管制之成本分析 102 6.3.4 現有寬頻管制體系的效力分析 104 6.4 小結 109 第七章 結論 112 參考文獻 116

    參考文獻

    中文文獻
    專書
    1. J F. Kurose & K W. Ross著，吳家榮等譯，「電腦網際網路(Computer Networking)」，全華科技圖書出版，2003年12月第二版。
    2. Lawrence Lessig著，劉靜怡譯，「網路自由與法律」，商周出版，2002年7月。
    3. 克雷頓•克里斯汀生著，吳凱琳譯，「創新的兩難：企業面對新科技的掙扎與抉擇」，商周出版，2000年6月。
    4. 理查•艾普斯坦著，簡資修譯，「自由社會之原則：個人自由與共通善的調和」，商周出版，2003年２月初版。
    5. 陳銘祥，「通信的規範結構與通信變革」，韋伯文化出版，2002年9月。
    6. 彭心儀主編，「美國資訊通信法案例評析」，元照出版，2002年5月。
    7. 彭心儀主編，「資訊通信法律論文精選」，清華大學出版社，2004年3月。
    8. 賴源河審編，「公平交易法新論」，元照出版，2000年9月。
    9. 劉孔中，「電信管制革新與數位網路產業規範」，太穎投資顧問股份有限公司出版，2001年4月。

    期刊論文
    1. 王郁琦、王明禮，網際網路互連機制之研究，成大法學第9期，2005年5月。
    2. 王郁琦、林雅惠，我國電信事業分類之探討—以網路電話為例，月旦法學雜誌第102期，2003年11月。
    3. 石世豪，我國固定通信網路開放用戶迴路的法律分析，律師雜誌第296期，2004年5月。
    4. 李治安，寬頻網路之開放接取與競爭政策，公平交易季刊第12卷第3期，2004年7月。
    5. 吳政勳、范國寶，光纖到家之演進及發展趨勢，電機月刊第16卷第2期，2006年2月。
    6. 高凱聲，台灣寬頻網路發展政策，通訊雜誌第120期，2004年3月。
    7. 莊春發，從市場定義檢討公平交易法草案有關獨占的認定與結合的管制，經濟研究第30期，1990年6月。
    8. 陳人傑，網路產業競爭政策初探--以網路效應理論為中心，科技法律透析第13卷第4期，2001年4月。
    9. 彭心儀、陳俊榮，對於通訊產業「技術中立」管制原則的反省與批判――以網路電話為核心，月旦法學雜誌第151期，2007年12月。
    10. 楊宏暉，新經濟時代的反托拉斯法挑戰--網路效應與微軟案之初探，政大法學評論第77期，2004年2月。
    11. 趙尚君、楊舜凱，寬頻接取技術蓬勃：FTTx啟動數位生活，新電子雜誌第219期，2004年6月。
    12. 劉崇堅，市內電話用戶迴路開放問題分析，經社法制論叢第35期，2005年1月。
    13. 劉靜怡，初探網路產業的市場規範及其未來：以United States V. Microsoft案的發展為主軸，台大法學論叢第28卷第4期，1999年7月。
    14. 簡仁德，寬頻網路應用與建設，研考雙月刊28卷1期，2004年2月。

    學位論文
    1. 杜佳蓉，網路電話發展之法制研究，交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文，2005年7月。
    2. 曾耀德，行動基地台業者與鄰人法律關係研究，清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文，2007年6月。

    專書中論文
    1. 左國勝，對MediaOne Group, Inc. v. County of Henrico乙案之分析，收錄於彭心儀主編，「美國資訊通信法案例評析」，2002年5月。
    2. 吳俊幟，對AT&T v. City of Portland乙案之分析，收錄於彭心儀主編，「美國資訊通信法案例評析」，2002年5月。
    3. 范建得，論資訊時代的反壟斷議題，收錄於彭心儀主編，「資訊通信法律論文精選」，2004年3月。
    4. 劉孔中，數位網路產業之競爭政策與競爭規範，收錄於彭心儀主編，「資訊通信法律論文精選」，2004年3月。

    研究報告
    1. 施俊吉、劉孔中等，網際網路資訊通信產業競爭規範之研究，公平會八十九年度合作研究報告三。
    2. 彭心儀等，WiMAX產業推動之相關政策與法律問題研究，M台灣子計畫第一年度計畫執行報告。

    網路資源
    1. NCC新聞稿，NCC公布無線寬頻接取業務各競價標的得標者名單及得標乘數比值 http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/news_detail.aspx?type=news&site_content_sn=8&is_history=1&pages=4&sn_f=2785
    2. NCC新聞稿，NCC為臺灣再創第一 提前完成「村村有寬頻」計畫 (2007/12/22) http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/news_detail.aspx?type=news&site_content_sn=8&is_history=0&pages=0&sn_f=4550
    3. NCC網站之統計資料，第二類電信事業經營者名單暨其許可服務範圍一覽表 http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/show_file.aspx?table_name=news&file_sn=333
    4. NCC聽證會 (刊登公報)，『銅絞線市內用戶迴路為固定通信網路瓶頸設施』案」聽證會結果研析 http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/news_detail.aspx?type=bulletin&site_content_sn=37&is_history=0&pages=8&sn_f=1063
    5. 經濟部工業局行動台灣應用推動計畫辦公室，認識M-台灣http://www.pwlan.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=197&CtNode=463&mp=2
    6. 資策會FIND網站，2007年9月底止台灣上網人口http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx?page=many&id=185
    7. 資策會FIND網站，2007年我國家庭寬頻、行動與無線應用現況與需求調查--家戶指標http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx?page=many&id=187

    外文文獻
    專書
    1. BERNER-LEE, TIM , WEAVING THE WEB: THE ORIGINAL DESIGN AND ULTIMATE DESTINY OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB BY IT’S INVENTOR (1999).
    2. BLACK, SHARON K., TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW IN INTERNET AGE (2001).
    3. GILDER, GEORGE, TELECOSM: HOW INFINITE BANDWIDTH WILL REVOLUTIONIZE OUR WORLD (2000).
    4. LESSIG, LAWRENCE, THE FUTURE OF IDEAS: THE FATE OF THE COMMONS IN A CONNECTED WORLD (2001).
    5. NAUGHTON, JOHN, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FUTURE (1999).
    6. NUECHTERLEIN, JONATHAN E. & WEISER, PHILIP J., DIGITAL CROSSROADS: AMERICAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY IN THE INTERNET AGE (2005).
    7. SCHUMPETER, JOSHPH A., CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM, AND DEMOCRACY (2d ed. 1947).
    8. SHAPIRO, CARL & VARIAN, HAL R., INFORMATION RULES: A STRATEGIC GUIDE TO THE NETWORK ECONOMY (1999).
    9. VISCUSI, W. KIP ET AL, ECONOMICS OF REGULATION AND ANTITRUST (2000).

    期刊論文
    1. Atkinso, Robert D. & Weiser, Phillip J., A ”Third Way” on Network Neutrality http://www.itif.org/files/netneutrality.pdf
    2. Cannon, Robert, The Legacy of the Federal Communications Commissiom’s Computer Inquiries, 55 FED. COMM. L.J. 167 (2003)
    3. Farrell, Joseph & Weiser, Philip J., Modularity, Vertical Integration, and Open Access Policies: Towards a Convergence of Antitrust and Regulation in the Internet Age, 17 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 85 (2003)
    4. Felten, Edward W., Nuts And Bolts Of Network Neutrality, 887 PLI/PAT 317 (2006)
    5. Foley, Paula W., Note, Untangling the Third Wire: Broadband over Power Lines, Open Access, and Net Neutrality, 6 J. HIGH TECH. L. 194 (2006)
    6. Ganley, Paul & Allgrove, Ben, Net Neutrality: A User’s Guide, COMPUTER LAW AND SECURITY REPORT 22 454-463(2006)
    7. Hahn, Robert W. & Litan, Robert E., The Myth of Network Neutrality and What We Should Do About It, AEI-BROOKINGS JOINT CENTER, WORKING PAPER NO. RP-06-33 10 (2006) http://www.aeibrookings.org/admin/authorpdfs/page.php?id=1357
    8. Kahn, Alfred, Regulatory Politics As Usual, POL’Y MATTERS (2003) http://www.aei-brookings.org/policy/page.php?id=127
    9. Kushida, Kenji & OH, Seung-Youn, Understanding South Korea and Japan’s Spectacular Broadband Development: Strategic Liberalization of the Telecommunications Sectors 22-23, BERKELEY ROUNDTABLE ON THE INT’L ECON., WORKING PAPER NO. 175 (2006) http://brie.berkeley.edu/publications/wp175.pdf
    10. Laxton, Jr., William G., Note, The End of Net Neutrality, 2006 DUKE L. & TECH. REV. 15 (2006)
    11. Lehr, William H. et al, Scenario for Network Neutrality Arms Race, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION 1 (2007) http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/viewPDFInterstitial/164/89
    12. Lemley, Mark A. & Lessig, Lawrence, The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era, U.C. BERKELEY PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY RESEARCH PAPER NO. 36 (2000)
    13. May, Randolph J., Net Neutrality Mandates: Neutering the First Amendment in the Digital Age. I/S: A JOURNAL OF LAW AND POLICY FOR THE INFORMATION SOCIETY, VOL. 3, NO. 1, Spring 2007 available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=994470
    14. Peha, Jon M., The Benefits and Risks of Mandating Network Neutrality and the Quest for a Balanced Policy, 34TH RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION, INFORMATION, & INTERNET POLICY (2006) http://web.si.umich.edu/tprc/papers/2006/574/Peha_balanced_net_neutrality_policy.pdf
    15. Saltzer, J.H., Reed, D.P. and Clark, D.D., End-to-End Argument in System Design, ACM TRANSACTIONS IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2 (1984)
    16. Schewick, Barbara van, Towards an Economic Framework for Network Neutrality Regulation, 5 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. (FORTHCOMING 2007), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=812991
    17. Senkowski, R.M et al, Net Neutrality Primer, 11 NO. 6 CYBERSPACE LAW. 1 (2006)
    18. Sicker, Douglas C. & Mindel, Joshua L., Refinements of a Layered Model for Telecommunications Policy, 1 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 69 (2002)
    19. Sidak, J. Gregory, A Consumer-Welfare Approach to Neywork Neutrality Regulation of the Internet, 2 J. COMPETITION L. & ECON. 349 (2006)
    20. Sidak, J. Gregory & Spulber, Daniel F., Deregulation and Managed Competition in Network Industries, 15 YALE J. ON REG. 117 (1998)
    21. Speta, James B., The Vertical Dimension of Cable Open Access, 71 U. COLO. L. REV. 975 (2000)
    22. Thierer, Adam, Are "Dumb Pipe" Mandates Smart Public Policy? Vertical Integration, Net Neutrality, And The Network Layers Mode, 3 J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 275 (2005)
    23. Weiser, Philip J., Toward a Next Generation Regulatory Strategy, 35 LOY. U. CHI. L.J. 41, 58-60 (2003)
    24. Werbach, Kevin, A Layered Model for Internet Policy, 1 J. ON TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 37 (2002)
    25. Yemini Moran, Mandated Network Neutrality and the First Amendment: Lessons from Turner and a New Approach, VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF LAW AND TECHNOLOGY 2008, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=984271
    26. Wu, Tim, Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination, 2 J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 141 (2003)
    27. Yoo, Christopher S., Beyond Network Neutrality, 19 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 1 (2005)
    28. Yoo, Christopher S., Network Neutrality and the Economics of Congestion, 94 GEO. L.J. 1847 (2006)
    29. Yoo, Christopher S., Would Mandating Broadband Network Neutrality Help or Hurt Competition? A Comment on the End-To-Eend Debate, 3 J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 23 (2004)

    專書中論文
    1. Cooper, Mark N., Anticompetitive Problems of Closed Communications Facilities, in OPEN ARCHITECTURE AS COMMUNICATIONS POLICY: PRESERVING INTERNET FREEDOM IN THE BROADBAND ERA http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/attachments/openarchitecture.pdf

    研究報告
    1. CSR REPORT, CSR Report for Congress: Access to Broadband Networks (updated June 29, 2006) http://www.ipmall.info/hosted_resources/crs/RL33496_060629.pdf
    2. Freepress, Why Consumers Demand Internet Freedom: Network Neutrality: Fact v. Fiction http://www.freepress.net/docs/nn_fact_v_fiction_final.pdf
    3. FTC Staff Report, Broadband Connectivity: Competition Policy (2007) http://www.ftc.gov/reports/broadband/v070000report.pdf
    4. Gov’t Accountability Office, GAO-06-426, Broadband Deployment is Extensive Throuthout the United States, But It is Difficult to Assess the Extent of Deployment Gaps in Rural Areas 15 (2006)
    5. OECD Report, Internet Traffic Priotitisation: An Overview, DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2006)4/FINAL 24 (2007) http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/63/38405781.pdf
    6. OECD Report, The Implications of WiMAX for Competition and Regulation, DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)4/FINAL http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/7/36218739.pdf
    7. OECD Report, Universal Service Obligation and Broadband, DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2002)4/FINAL http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/23/2496799.pdf
    8. Oxman, Jason, The FCC and the Unregulation of the Internet, OPP WORKING PAPER NO.31 http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp31.pdf
    9. Public Knowledge, Good Fences Make Bad Broadband: Preserving an Open Internet Through Net Neutrality http://www.publicknowledge.org/pdf/pk-net-neutrality-whitep-20060206.pdf (last visited 2007/10/26)
    10. SANDVINE, INC., Network Neutrality: a Broadband Wild West? (2005) http://www.sandvine.com/general/getfile.asp?FILEID=37
    11. The Center For Democracy and Technology(CDT), The Center for Democracy and Technology and the Broadband Access Project, CDT WORKING PAPER http://www.cdt.org/digi_infra/broadband/backgrounder.pdf
    12. Wahlman, Anton & Coyne, Brian, Needham, Equity Research Note: The Dumb Pipe is the Only Money Pipe (2003) http://www.vonage.com/media/pdf/res_12_15_03.pdf
    13. Werbach, Kevin, Digital Tornado: The Internet and Telecommunications Policy, OPP WORKING PAPER NO.29 http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/working_papers/oppwp29.pdf
    14. Whitt, Richard S., A Horizontal Leap Forward: Formulating a New Public Policy Framework Based on the Network Layers Model, MCI PUBLIC POLICY PAPER (2004) http://law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v56/no3/Whitt%20Final%202.pdf

    政府文件
    1. Amendment of Section 64.702 of the Commission's Rules and Regulations, Second Computer Inquiry, 77 F.C.C.2d 384, 394 (1980)
    2. America Online, Inc., and Time Warner Inc., File No. 001 0105, Docket No. C-3989 http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/12/aoldando.pdf
    3. Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities, CC Docket No. 02-33, at 17-29 (2003) http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-02-42A1.pdf
    4. Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities (2005) http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-150A1.pdf
    5. AT&T/BellSouth Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 06-189 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-06-189A1.pdf
    6. Broadband Deployment Notice of Inquiry (FCC 07-21) http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-07-21A1.pdf
    7. FCC Broadband Policy Statement http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-260435A1.pdf
    8. FCC Launches Inquiry into Broadband Market Practices http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-271687A1.pdf
    9. High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of June 30, 2006 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-270128A1.pdf
    10. In The Matter of Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service, 1998 WL 166178 (F.C.C.), 13 FCC Rcd. 11830 (1998)
    11. In the Matter of Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities, GN Docket No. 00-185 (2002) http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-02-77A1.pdf
    12. In the Matter of Inquiry Concerning the Deployment of Advanced Telecommunications Capability to All Americans in a Reasonable And Timely Fashion, and Possible Steps To Accelerate Such Deployment Pursuant to Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, CC Docket No. 98-146 (2000)
    13. In the Matter of Madison River Communications, LLC and affiliated companies, DA-05-543 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A2.pdf
    14. In the Matter of Regulatory and Policy Problems Presented by the Interdependence of Computer and Communication Services and Facilities, 28 F.C.C.2d 267 (1971)
    15. In the Matter of Review of the Section 251 Unbundling Obligations of Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers, CC Docket No. 01-338 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-36A1.doc
    16. SBC/AT&T, Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 06-183 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-183A1.pdf
    17. Third Report and Order in CC Docket No. 98-147, Fourth Report and Order in CC Docket No. 96-98, In the Matters of Deployment of Wireline Services Offering Advanced Telecommunications Capability, CC Docket No. 98-147, F.C.C.R. 20912, 14 FCC Rcd. 20912, 20917, 1999 WL 1124073 (F.C.C.)
    18. Verizon/MCI, Memorandum Opinion and Order, FCC 06-184 http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-184A1.pdf

    參考案例
    1. AT&T Corp. v. City of Portland, 216 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2000)
    2. Hush-A-Phone Corp v. FCC, 238 F.2d, 266 (D.C. Cir. 1956)
    3. In re Use of the Caterfone Device in Message Toll Telephone Services, 13 FCC 2d 420 (1968)
    4. MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T, 708 F.2d 1081, 1132 (7th Cir.) cert. denied, 464 U.S. 891 (1983)
    5. MTS and WATS Market Structure, 97 FCC 2d 682 (1983)
    6. Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 125 S.Ct. 2688 (2005)
    7. United States Telecom Association v. F.C.C., 359 F.3d 554 (2004)
    8. U.S. Telecom Ass'n v. F.C.C., 290 F.3d 415, 428-30 (D.C. Cir. 2002)

    網路資源
    1. 2007 Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy Workshop, http://www.ftc.gov/opp/workshops/broadband/index.shtml
    2. Andrew Orlowski, Father of Internet Warns Against Net Neutrality http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/18/kahn_net_neutrality_warning/
    3. Andrew Orlowski, Google snubs Net Neutrality debate, The Register Site (2007/03/20) http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/20/uk_net_neutrality/
    4. Andrew Parker, Cachelogic, P2P in 2005 http://www.cachelogic.com/home/pages/studies/2005_01.php
    5. Andrew Schmitt, Net Neutrality - Tragedy of the Commons http://seekingalpha.com/article/6987-net-neutrality-tragedy-of-the-commons-t-vz-bls
    6. Anne Broache, Net neutrality proposal revived in Senate (2007/01/09) http://www.news.com/Net-neutrality-proposal-revived-in-Senate/2100-1028_3-6148751.html?tag=st.nl
    7. At SBC, It's All About "Scale and Scope" http://www.businessweek.com/@@n34h*IUQu7KtOwgA/magazine/content/05_45/b3958092.htm
    8. Carol Wilson, Nielsen: Broadband Use Nears 75% in U.S., TELEPHONY ONLINE, June 22, 2006 http://telephonyonline.com/broadband/news/Nielsen_broadband_Internet_062206/index.htm
    9. CISCO SYS., CISCO Sservice Control: A Guide to Sustained Broadband Profitability (2005) http://www.democraticmedia.org/PDFs/CiscoBroadbandProfit.pdf
    10. Cybertelecom :: Net Neutrality http://www.cybertelecom.org/ci/neutral.htm
    11. David Howard, The All-IP Broadband Network: What The US Can Learn From the Rest of the World, INTERNET TELEPHONY (November 2003) http://www.tmcnet.com/it/1103/1103f-utstar.htm
    12. David Isenberg, Rise of the Stupid Network http://www.rageboy.com/stupidnet.html
    13. Declan McCullagh, Democrats lose House vote on Net neutrality (news.com) http://news.com.com/Democrats+lose+House+vote+on+Net+neutrality/2100-1028_3-6065465.html?tag=html.alert
    14. Dynamic Platform Standards Project http://www.dpsproject.com/legislation.html
    15. eBay tries e-mail in Net neutrality fight http://www.news.com/eBay%C3%BEtries%C3%BEe-mail%C3%BEin%C3%BENet%C3%BEneutrality%C3%BEfight/2100-1028_3-6079291.html?tag%C2%BCnl
    16. Eric Schmidt, A Note to Google Users on Net Neutrality http://www.google.com/help/netneutrality.html
    17. FCC C.F.R. Title 47 Part 68--Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_05/47cfr68_05.html
    18. FCC Classifies Broadband Over Power Line-Enabled Internet Access as "Information Service", http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-268331A1.pdf
    19. FCC Classifies Wireless Broadband Internet Access Service as an Information Service, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-271695A1.pdf
    20. FCC Eliminates Mandated Sharing Requirement on Incumbents' Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-260433A1.pdf
    21. FCC Press Release, FCC Releases Data on High-Speed Services for Internet Access (Oct. 31, 2000) http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/Reports/FCC-State_Link/IAD/hspd1000.pdf
    22. Final Vote Results For Roll Call 241 http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2006/roll241.xml
    23. FNC Internet Definition http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/internet/definition.html
    24. FTC Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy Workshop Transcript II http://www.ftc.gov/opp/workshops/broadband/transcript_070214.pdf
    25. H.R.5252.RS http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h5252rs.txt.pdf
    26. HSPA: High Speed Wireless Broadband - From HSDPA to HSUPA and Beyond, UMTS Forum http://www.umts-forum.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,1632/Itemid,12/
    27. HTBC, Broadband Principles for Consumer Connectivity http://www.netcompetition.org/docs/others/htbc_principles.pdf
    28. Internet Freedom and Nondiscrimination Act of 2006, H.R.5417 http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/t2GPO/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h5417rh.txt.pdf
    29. Internet Freedom Preservation Act, S.215, 110th Congress, signed by Olympia Snowe & Byron Dorgan http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:s215is.txt.pdf
    30. Internet Society(ISOC), A Brief History of Internet http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Introduction
    31. ISC Domain Survey : Number of Internet Hosts (2007/01) http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/host-count-history.php
    32. ISP Planet, Top 22 U.S. ISPs by Subscriber: Q1 2006 http://www.isp-planet.com/research/rankings/2006/usa_history_q12006.html
    33. Internet Freedom Preservation Act, S.2917 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:s2917is.txt.pdf
    34. Internet Non-Discrimination Act of 2006, S.2360 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:s2360is.txt.pdf
    35. Internet2 website for introduction http://www.internet2.edu/
    36. ITU REGULATORY Newslog http://www.itu.int/ituweblogs/treg/SearchView.aspx?q=net%20neutrality
    37. ITU-T Recommendation I.113 http://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-I.113-199706-I!!PDF-E&type=items
    38. Legalaffairs, Keeping The Internet Neutral? Christopher S. Yoo and Timothy Wu debate http://www.legalaffairs.org/webexclusive/dc_printerfriendly.msp?id=86
    39. Marguerite Reardon, Sprint to use WiMax for 4G wireless network(2006/08/08) http://www.news.com/Sprint-to-use-WiMax-for-4G-wireless-network/2100-7351_3-6103119.html
    40. Michael Powell, Preserving Internet Freedom: Guiding Principles For the Industry http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-243556A1.pdf
    41. Network Neutrality FAQ by Tim Wu http://www.timwu.org/network_neutrality.html
    42. Net Neutrality Full Committee hearing (2006/02/07) http://commerce.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing_ID=1708
    43. Net Neutrality: Hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, 109th Cong. (2005). Testimony of Gary R. Bachula, Internet2. February 7, 2006 http://commerce.senate.gov/pdf/bachula-020706.pdf
    44. Press Release, comScore, Broadband Usage Poised to Eclipse Narrowband in Largest U.S. Markets (Mar. 10, 2004) http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=439
    45. Re: Ex Parte Communications in CC Docket nos. 02-33, 98-10, & 95-20, CS Docket No. 02-52 & GN Docket No. 00-185 http://www.itaa.org/isec/docs/itaa111802cbui.pdf
    46. Re: Ex Parte Submission in CS Docket No. 02-52 http://www.freepress.net/docs/wu_lessig_fcc.pdf
    47. Reuters, Japan sets up panel to study Net neutrality:Will investigate effect of file-sharing services on the Web (2006/11/15) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15727226/
    48. S.215 : A bill to amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure net neutrality, 110th Congress http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:S.215
    49. Stefanie Olsen, AOL charged with blocking opponents' e-mail (2006/04/13) http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-6061089.html
    50. Strict Net neutrality passes House Committee, but fate is rather uncertain http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060525-6921.html
    51. Susan Crawford’s blog, The definition of net neutrality http://scrawford.blogware.com/blog/_archives/2006/5/16/1963091.html
    52. The NSFNET Backbone Network Service Acceptable Use Policy http://www.nlanr.net/VBNS/vbns_aup.html
    53. The Web's Worst New Idea: Google and Microsoft team up with Moveon.org., Wall Street Journal May 18, 2006 http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008391
    54. Tim Berners-Lee Personal Website http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/
    55. Tim Berners-Lee’s Blog http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/144
    56. Tim Berners-Lee’s Blog http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/132
    57. Tom Abate, Net neutrality meets election-year reality: Bill is stalling in Senate; telecom firms push for video http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/08/BUG9EL1ALG1.DTL
    58. What is Net Neutrality? A Definition form Whatis.com http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci1207194,00.html
    59. Wikipedia, Network neutrality in the United States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality_in_the_United_States
    60. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, ARPANET http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET
    61. Wikipedia, Tier 1 network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_carrier#List_of_Tier_1_IPv4_ISPs
    62. 光иャユдみ：2年間ソ利用料金ザ比較：к①дユФみЮжhttp://www.provider-navi.jp/ftth.html

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