一九九九年簽署完成締約的蒙特婁公約，全盤性取代一九二九年制定後歷經多次增修的華沙公約體系。華沙公約體系的制法目的係為保護新興的航空產業不致因須承擔航空運送的高風險而發展停滯，蒙特婁公約更重視消費者利益的保護，使消費者能獲得更公平的損害賠償。雖言蒙特婁公約欲取代華沙公約體系，但在實用上仍須適時回顧過去學說與實務所建立的方法論與重要判決見解。美國在全球飛航佔有重要地位，其法院如何解釋與適用華沙公約體系及蒙特婁公約，便成為全球各國重要的參考指標。
本文從美國近十年的司法實務出發，檢視蒙特婁公約預期目的之實踐效能及實務解釋的趨勢，包含蒙特婁公約的設計體制、責任規範要件、責任限額及專屬管轄等面向。由於公約對部分法律要件未有明確指示，美國法院不斷試圖對未明確定義的要件建立較一般性、具體性的判斷準則，以協助法院判定旅客可否依據公約規定向運送人請求賠償。美國法院致力於實踐蒙特婁公約保護消費者權益的目標，值得肯定。未來相關單位仍應定期檢視公約的規範內容是否能夠與時俱進，以對應產業與各國實務的發展需求。

The Montreal Convention was signed in 1999, replacing the Warsaw Convention System that was extensively revised after it was enacted in 1929. The Warsaw Convention System is to protect emerging aviation industry from stagnation due to the high risk of air transportation. The Montreal Convention focus on the protection of consumer interests and enables consumers to obtain equitable compensation. The Montreal Convention replaced the Warsaw Convention System, but the case in judicial practice is still necessary to review the methodology and important judgments established by past doctrines and practices in a timely manner. The United States is in an important position on global flight transportation. How the courts interpret and apply between the Warsaw Convention System and the Montreal Convention has become a crucial reference indicator for countries all over the world.
Based on the judicial practice of the United States in the past decade, this paper examines the trends in practical interpretation and expected purpose effectiveness of the Montreal Convention, including the principles and infrastructure of international carrier’s liability, the monetary limitations and exclusive jurisdiction. Since the Convention does not explicitly indicate some legal requirements, US courts continue to attempt to establish more general and specific criteria for undefined definitions, assisting the court in determining whether passengers can claim compensation from the carrier in accordance with the provisions of the Convention. The US court is committed to fulfill the Montreal Convention's goal of protecting consumer rights. In the future, relevant organizations should review regularly on whether the normative content of the Convention can keep pace with the times, meeting the development needs of industries and countries.

一、中文文獻
1. 專書
王肖卿（2005），國立編譯館（編），《物流單證與國際運輸法規釋義》，臺北：文史哲。
林一山（2005），《民法系列—運送法》，臺北：三民。
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柯澤東（2016），《國際私法》，五版，臺北：元照。
馬漢寶（2014），《國際私法：總論 各論》，三版，臺北：翰蘆。
陳聰富（2018），《民法債編總論（一）：侵權行為法原理》，二版，臺北：元照。
黃居正（2006），《國際航空法的理論與實踐》，臺北：新學林。
黃裕凱（2017），《國際私法》，臺北：五南。
彭明敏（2011），《平時戰時國際公法》，增訂新版，臺北：彭明敏。

2. 期刊論文
王冉（2015），〈論航空運送人賠償責任限額制度之變革〉，《科技視界》，15期，頁23-24。
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許兆慶（2008），〈國際私法上「不便利法庭」原則之最新發展—以美國聯邦最高法院 Sinochem International Co. Ltd. V. Malaysia International Shipping Corporation案為中心〉，《中華國際法與超國界法評論》，4卷2期，頁525-557。
許兆慶（2017），〈國際私法上「不便利法庭原則」與「特別情事原則」之研析-以最高法院一〇四年度台抗字第五八九號裁定為中心〉，《中華國際法與超國界法評論》，13卷1期，頁49-79。
陳榮傳（1994），〈涉外空運契約準據法之研究〉，《法學叢刊》，39卷4期，頁81-107。
陳瑋佑（2015），〈國際民事訴訟管轄權之規範與解釋—以財產所在地審判籍為中心〉，《臺北大學法學論叢》，93期，頁133-181。
黃居正（2011），〈蒙特婁公約的第一個十年：國際航空運送人責任統一規範的新面向〉，《東吳法律學報》，22卷4期，頁145-184。
楊崇森（2013），〈美國侵權行為法之法制研究〉，《軍法專刊》，59卷6期，頁1-51。
劉春堂（2008），〈國際航空運送人對行李之損害賠償責任〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，155期，頁59-73。

3. 碩士論文
何國雄（2001），《國際航空運送人責任之整合體制研究—一九九九年蒙特婁公約》，國立中正大學法律學研究所碩士論文，嘉義。
何念儒（2001），《國際航空運送人責任之統一—一九九九年蒙特利爾公約》，輔仁大學法律學研究所碩士論文，新北。
李彥穎（2017），《航空運送人責任之研究》，開南大學法律學系碩士論文，桃園。
吳宗傑（2017），《飛航事故中航空運送人責任之研究—以民用航空法與蒙特婁公約為中心》，開南大學空運管理學系研究所碩士論文，桃園。
洪希誠（2010），《國際航空運送人責任：我國法之增修建議》，國立高雄大學法律學系研究所碩士論文，高雄。
單嘉鈴（2005），《國際航空器損害賠償事件之國際裁判管轄權》，國立臺北大學法律學系研究所碩士論文，新北。
戴愛芬（2015），《國際航空運送人責任制度與案例之研究》，中華科技大學航空運輸研究所碩士論文，台北。

二、英文文獻
1. 專書
MILLER, G., LIABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT (Deventer: Kluwer Publisher, 1977).
MANKIEWICZ, R. H., THE LIABILITY REGIME OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIR CARRIER (Deventer: Kluwer Publisher, 1981).
TOMPKINS, G. N., LIABILITY RULES APPLICABLE TO INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION AS DEVELOPED BY THE COURTS IN THE UNITED STATES (Deventer: Kluwer Publisher, 2010).

2. 期刊論文
Alexa West, Defining “Accidents” in the Air: Why Tort Law Principles are Essential to Interpret the Montreal Convention’s “Accident” Requirement, 85 FORDHAM L. REV. 1465 (2016).
Allan I. Mendelsohn & Carlos J. Ruiz, The United States VS. France: Article 33 of the Montreal Convention and the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens, 77 J. AIR L. & COM. 467 (2012).
Andrew R. Loeffler, It is Now Safe to Move About the Cabin: Revisiting Air Carrier Liability for Passenger Injuries Due to Turbulence Using a Res Ipsa Loquitur Theory of Negligence, 30 N. ILL. U. L. REV. 445 (2010).
Bryan S. David, Welcome to The Jungle: The Application of Foreign Law in Aircraft Accident Litigation, 83 J. AIR. L. & COM. 715 (2018).
Christopher E. Cotter, Recent Case Law Addressing Three Contentious Issues in the Montreal Convention, 24 No. 4 AIR & SPACE LAW. 9 (2012).
Christopher E. Cotter, Recent Developments in Montreal Convention Litigation, 79 J. AIR. L. & COM. 291 (2014).
David M. Krueger, Mental Distress for Airline Lawyers: The Sixth Circuit’s Decision in Doe v. Etihad, 31 No. 2 AIR & SPACE LAW. 4 (2018).
Donald R. Andersen, Recent Developments in Aviation Law, 78 J. AIR. L. & COM. 219 (2013).
Gregory C. Walker, “Doing Business” in Montreal: The Effects of the Addition of “The Fifth Forum” Jurisdiction Under the Montreal Convention, 23 PENN ST. INT'L L. REV. 125 (2004).
Jae Woon Lee & Joseph Charles Wheeler, Air Carrier Liability for Delay: A Plea to Return to International Uniformity, 77 J. AIR. L. & COM. 43 (2012).
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Jared L. Watkins & Evan Katin-Borland, Recent Developments in Aviation Law, 79 J. AIR. L. & COM. 213 (2014).
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Jonathan M. Hoffman, Recent Developments in Aviation Law 2015-2016, 81 J. AIR. L. & COM. 143 (2016).
Joseph J. Ortego, Esq. & Thomas M. Mealiffe, Esq., the Montreal Convention: Assessing Flight Crew Response to Medical Emergencies, 24 No. 8 Westlaw Journal Professional Liability 1 (2015).
Justin V. Lee, Recent Developments in Aviation Law, 83 J. AIR. L. & COM. 193 (2018).
Kathryen A. Grace & Corey J. Wright, Recent Developments in Aviation Law, 82 J. AIR. L. & COM. 253 (2017).
Kelly Compton Grems, Punitive Damages Under the Warsaw Convention: Revisiting the Drafters’ Intent, 41 AM. U.L. REV. 141 (1991).
Lea P. Valdivia & Tara E. Nicola & Orla M. Brady, Recent Developments in Aviation Litigation, 48 TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. 85 (2012).
Laurie Alberts Salita & Anna Astrakhan & Robert Kelly & Sara K. Kornbluh, Recent Developments in Aviation law, 49 TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. 73 (2013).
Madeline E. McNeeley & Yvonne S. Godfrey & Andrew J. Conn & Stephen G. Lowry, Commercial Transportation, 69 MERCER L. REV. 1087 (2017).
Marissa N. Lefland & Darcy C. Osta, Recent Developments in Aviation and Space Law, 52 TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. 265 (2017).
Melinda R. Lewis, The “Lawfare” of Forum Non Conveniens: Suits by Foreigners in U.S. Courts for Air Accidents Occurring Abroad, 78 J. AIR. L. & COM. 319 (2013).
Noreen Lanza, Keeping the “Live” in Live Animal Cargo Transport, 76 J. AIR. L. & COM. 229 (2011).
Paula Knippa & Diane M. Meyers, Recent Development in Aviation and Space Law, 45 TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. 209 (2010).
Philip Weissman, The Warsaw and Montreal Conventions: Ending the Complete Preemption Debate, 30 No. 3 AIR & SPACE LAW. 12 (2017).
Sarah Keast, Recent Developments in Aviation Law: General, 75 J. AIR. L. & COM. 285 (2010).
Stephen F. Rosenthal & Nathalie B Levy, Disharmony in Montreal Convention Injury Cases: When Does a Departure from Airline Policy or Industry Standards Give Rise to an ‘Accident’?, 32 No. 24 Weslaw Journal Aviation 1 (2015).
Steven L. Boldt & Evan Katin-Borland & Ashley E. Dempsey, Recent Developments in Aviation and Space Law, 51 TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J. 307 (2016).
Tory A. Weigand, Recent Developments Under the Montreal Convention, 77 DEF. COUNS. J. 443 (2010).
Will S. Skinner & Matthew S. McHale, Recent Developments in Aviation Law--2011, 77 J. AIR. L. & COM. 275 (2012).
William V. O’Connor & William C. Dalton, Recent Developments in Aviation Law: General, 76 J. AIR. L. & COM. 153 (2011).
3. 專書論文
Goetz, John D. 2013, Transportation and Aviation Accident Litigation: Key Elements and Strategies. PP. 201-232 in Strategies for Transportation Litigation and Dispute Resolution: Leading Lawyers on Defending Clients Against Claims in the Trucking, Aviation, Shipping, and Railroad Industries. Eagan, MN: Thomson Reuters.

4. 研討會論文
Akbari, A. Ilyas. 2017. Liability of Airlines in Intentional Downing of Aircraft. Paper delivered at AAJ’s 2017 Annual Convention. Available on Westlaw.com at “2017 Annual AAJ-PAPERS 31.”

5. 外國法院判決
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