In this study, we aim to examine the mechanism of chiral information transfer by using chiral supramolecules and chiral block copolymers for self-assembly so as to achieve the helicity control of helical architectures at different length scales. First, a typical kind of achiral bent-core molecule, 1,3-phenylene bis[4-(4-n-heptyloxybenzoyloxy) benzoates] (BC7), and a linear shaped molecule, 1,4-phenylene bis[4-(4-n- heptyloxybenzoyloxy) benzoates] (LC7), were synthesized for self-assembly. Specific banana phase with chirality has been identified from the BC7 molecules. Systematic studies with respect to the mechanism for the formation of helical superstructures from molecular level were thus carried out. Interestingly, intense CD appeared after the formation of BC7 aggregates with helical superstructures resulting from self-assembly in solution whereas CD is silent and only lamellar crystal can be observed for LC7 aggregates, demonstrating the formation of helical superstructures from molecular chirality due to specific molecular geometry. Nevertheless, the helicity control in those helical morphologies remains challenging. To achieve the helicity control via homochirality transfer from configurational chirality into superstructural chirality, asymmetric chiral bent-core molecules, 3-[(4-{[4-(heptyloxy)benzoyl]oxy} benzoyl)oxy] phenyl 4-[(4-{[(1R)-1-methylheptyl]oxy}benzoyl)oxy] benzoate (BC7R) and 3-[(4-{[4-(heptyloxy)benzoyl]oxy}benzoyl)oxy] phenyl 4-[(4-{[(1S)-1-methylheptyl]oxy}benzoyl)oxy] benzoate (BC7S), by introducing chiral entities to the chain end, have been synthesized for self-assembly. Mirror-imaged CD spectra with split-type Cotton effect can be observed after the formation of self-assembled aggregates of the BC7R and BC7S, suggesting the formation of intermolecular exciton couplet with opposite optical activities for the BC7R and BC7S. Both twisted and helical ribbons with single handedness corresponding to the twisting character of intermolecular exciton couplet can be found in the aggregates. As a result, the mechanism of chiral information transfer for the self-assembly of chiral bent-core molecules to achieve the helicity control of helical architectures at different length scales was suggested.
In contrast to the small molecules or oligomers, macromolecules give rise to another dimension for the self-assembling behavior because of the varieties of chain conformations, in particular helical conformations. Polylactides is a chiral polymer which can be easily obtained by polymerization of L-lactide and D-lactide so as to form enantiomerically pure chiral polymers, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), respectively. To determine the type of chiral entities (i.e., configurational chirality) on the polymer backbone, circular dichroism (CD) experiments were executed by observation of carboxylic and carboxylate electric transitions of lactic acids and polylactides, respectively. Positive Cotton effect can be observed in L-lactic acid whereas negative Cotton effect is found in D-lactic acid, suggesting that the UV absorption with respect to carboxylic electric transition of lactic acid are indeed affected by the chiral center. Similar results can also be found in PLLA and PDLA, and the CD intensity of polylactide is three times larger than that of lactic acid. We hypothesize that the enhancement in intensity is attributed to the presence of the helical conformation in chiral polylactide. To further examine the suggested helical conformation and to identify corresponding helicity (i.e., conformational chirality), vibrational CD (VCD) experiments were conducted by observation of IR absorptions with respect to carbonyl stretching motion. Mirror-imaged VCD spectra with split-type Cotton effect can be observed in PLLA and PDLA because of the intramolecular exciton couplet with opposite chirality whereas no specific VCD signal appears in lactic acids due to the absence of chiral effect on corresponding IR absorptions. The VCD results indicate that PLLA and PDLA adopt left- and right-handed helical conformations in solution and also in solid state. Accordingly, a block copolymer (BCP) with a chiral block (i.e., helical conformation) is deigned and referred as chiral block copolymer (BCP*) for self-assembly to fabricate helical nanostructures. A helical phase (H* phase) can be formed in polystyrene-b-poly(L-lactide) (PS-PLLA) and polystyrene-b- poly(D-lactide) (PS-PDLA) whereas no such phase can be obtained in achiral polystyrene-b-poly(L,D-lactide) (PS-PLA), reflecting the chiral effect on BCP self-assembly. However, the handedness of H* phase (i.e., phase chirality) is not able to be directly determined from TEM because of two-dimensional projection problem. To directly visualize real space morphologies, TEM tomography (i.e., three-dimensional TEM) was conducted; opposite handedness of helical microdomains can be found in PS-PLLA and PS-PDLA. As a result, the evolution of chiral information transfer in different levels can be examined so as to give complementary information for homochiral transfer mechanisms in nature.

[1] Lehn, J. M. Science 1985, 227, 849.
[2] Whitesides, G. M.; Grzybowski, B. Science, 2002, 295, 2418.
[3] Whitesides, G. M.; Boncheva, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4769.
[4] Petsko, G. A.; Ringe, D. Protein Structure and Function. London: New Science Press Ltd, 2004.
[5] Thomas, E. L.; Anderson, D. M.; Henkee, C. S.; Hoffman, D. Nature 1988, 334, 598.
[6] Bates, F. S.; Fredrickson, G. H. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1990, 41, 525.
[7] Bates, F. S.; Fredrickson, G. H. Phys. Today 1999, 52, 32.
[8] Shen, H.; Eisenberg, A. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 9473.
[9] Discher, D. E.; Eisenberg, A. Science 2002, 297, 967.
[10] Fujiki, M. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2001, 22, 539.
[11] Yashima, E.; Maeda, K.; Iida, H.; Furusho, Y.; Nagai, K. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 6102.
[12] Green, M. M.;Nolte, R. J. M.;Meijer, E.W. Materials-Chirality: Volume 24 of Topics in Stereochemisty. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Press 2003.
[13] Farina, M. Top Stereochem. 1987, 17, 1.
[14] Yoder, M. D.; Keen, N. T.; Jurnak, F. Science 1993, 260, 1503.
[15] Cornelissen, J. J. L. M.; Donners, J. J. J. M.; Gelder, R.; Graswinckel W. S. ; Metselaar, G. A.; Rowan, A.E.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Nolte, R. J. M. Science 2001, 293, 676.
[16] Nolte, R. J. M.; Beijnen, A. J. M. V.; Drenth, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5932.
[17] Fujiki, M. Top Curr. Chem. 2008, 284, 119.
[18] Fujiki, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 6017.
[19] Hartgerink, J.D.; Beniash, E.; Stupp, S. I. Science 2001, 294, 1684.
[20] Song, J.; Cheng, Q.; Kopta, S. Stevens, R. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3205.
[21] Schnur, J. M.; Ratna, B. R.; Selinger, J. V.; Singh, A.; Jyothi, G.; Easwaran, K. R. K. Science 1994, 264, 945.
[22] Schnur, J. Science 1993, 262, 1669.
[23] Sakurai, S.; Shinkai, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4520.
[24] Menger, F. M.; Caran, K. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11679.
[25] Engelkamp, H.; Middelbeck, S.; Nolte, R. J. M. Science 1999, 284, 785.
[26] Nakashima, N.; Asakuma, S.; Kunitake, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 509.
[27] John, G.; Masuda, M.; Okada, Y.; Yase, K.; Shimizu, T. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 715.
[28] Fuhrhop, J. H.; Helfrich, W. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 1565.
[29] Jung, J. H.; John, G.; Yoshida, K.; Shimizu, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10674.
[30] Sung, C. H.; Kung, L. R.; Hsu, C. S.; Lin, T. F.; Ho, R. M. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 352.
[31] Lin, T. F.; Ho, R. M.; Sung, C. H.; Hsu, C. S. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 5510.
[32] Lin, T. F.; Ho, R. M.; Sung, C. H.; Hsu, C. S. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 1404.
[33] Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Holder, S. J.; Hiorns, R. C.; Jones, R. G.; Nolte, R. J. M. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 8289.
[34] Panitch, A.; Yamaoka, T.; Fournier, M. J.; Mason, T. L.; Tirrell, D. A. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 1701.
[35] Krejchi, M. T.; Atkins, E. D. T.; Waddon, A. J.; Fournier, J.; Mason, T. L.; Tirrell, D. A. Science 1994, 265, 1427.
[36] Aggeli, A.; Nyrkova, I. A.; Bell, M.; Harding, R.; Carrick, L.; McLeish, T. C. B.; Semenov, A. N.; Boden, N. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 11857.
[37] Aggeli, A.; Bell, M.; Carrick, L.; Fishwick, C. W. G.; Harding, R.; Mawer, P. J.; Radford, S. E.; Strong, A. E.; Boden, N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9619.
[38] Pelzl, G.; Diele, S.; Weissflog, W. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 707.
[39] Reddy,R. A.; Tschierske, C. J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 907.
[40] Takezoe, H.; Tahanishi, Y. Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 45, 597.
[41] Link, D. R.; Natale, G.; Shao, R.; Maclennan, J. E.; Clark, N. A.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D. M. Science 1997, 278, 1924.
[42] Walba, D. M.; Korblova, E.; Shao, R.; Maclennan, J. E.; Link, D. R.; Glaser, M. A.; Clark, N. A. Science 2000, 288, 2181.
[43] Araoka, F.; Ha, N. Y.; Kinoshita, Y.; Park, B.; Wu, J. W.; Takezoe, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 137801.
[44] Walba, D. M.; Eshdat, L.; Korblova, E.; Shoemaker, R. K. Cryst. Growth Des. 2005, 5, 2091.
[45] Choi, S.-W.; Kang, S.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6503.
[46] Pelzl, G.; Diele, S.; Jakli, A.; Lischka, C; Wirth, I.; Weissflog, W. Liq. Cryst. 1999, 26, 135.
[47] Jakli, A.; Lischka, C; Weissflog, W.; Pelzl, G.; Saupe, A. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 27, 1405.
[48] Murthy, H. N. S.; Sadashiva, B. K. Liq. Cryst. 2003, 30, 1051.
[49] Coleman, D. A.; Fernsler, J.; Chattham, N.; Nakata, M.; Takanishi, Y.; Korblova, E.; Link, D. R.; Shao, R. F.; Jang, W. G.; Maclennan, J. E.; Mondainn-Monval, O.; Boyer, C.; Weissflog, W.; Pelzl, G.; Chien, L. C.; Zasadzinski, J.; Watanabe, J.; Walba, D. M.; Takezoe, H.; Clark, N. A. Science 2003, 301, 1204.
[50] Hough, L. E.; Jung, H. T.; Kruerke, D.; Heberling, M. S.; Nakata, M.; Jones, C. D.; Chen, D.; Link, D. R.; Zasadzinski, J.; Heppke, G.; Rabe, J. P.; Stocker, W.; Korblova, E.; Walba, D. M.; Glaser, M. A.; Clark, N. A. Science 2009, 325, 456.
[51] Sekine, T.; Niori, T.; Sone, M.; Watanabe, J.; Choi, S.-W.; Takanishi, Y.; Takezoe, H. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1997, 36, 6455.
[52] Thisayukta, J.; Nakayama, Y.; Kawauchi, S.; Takezoe, H.; Watanabe, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7441.
[53] Gorecka, E.; Nakata, M.; Mieczkowski, J.; Takanishi, Y.; Ishikawa, K.; Watanabe, J.; Takezoe, H.; Eichhorn, S. H.; Swager, T. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 2526.
[54] Sekine, T.; Niori, T.; Watanabe, J.; Furukawa, T.; Choi, S. W.; Takezoe, H. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7, 1307.
[55] Watanabe, J.; Niori, T.; Sekine, T.; Takezoe, H. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 37, L139.
[56] Heppke, G.; Moro, D. Science 1998, 279, 1872.
[57] Klok, H. A.; Lecommandoux, S. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1217.
[58] Klok, H. A.; Langenwalter, J. F.; Lecommandoux, S. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 7819.
[59] Jha, S. K.; Cheon, K. S.; Green, M. M.; Selinger, J. V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1665.
[60] Green, M. M.; Peterson, N. C.; Sato, T.; Teramoto, A.; Cook, R.; Lifson, S. Science 1995, 268, 1860.
[61] Green, M. M.; Reidy, M. P.; Johnson, R. D.; Darling, G.; O’Leary, D. J.; Willson, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 6452.
[62] Pino, P.; Lorenzi, G. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 4745.
[63] Pino, P.; Carlini, C.; Chiellini, E.; Ciardelli, F.; Salvadori, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 5025.
[64] Green, M. M.; Garetz, B. A.; Munoz, B.; Chang, H. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 4181.
[65] Green, M. M.; Park, J. W.; Sato, T.; Teramoto, A.; Lifson, S.; Selinger, R. L. B.; Selinger, J. V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3138.
[66] Yashima, E.; Maeda, K.; Furusho, Y. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1166.
[67] Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Lambermon, M. H. L.; Feiters, M. C.; Nolte, R. J. M.; Wanenburg, B. Z. Chem. Commun. 1997, 1423.
[68] Kunitake, T.; Yamada, N. Chem. Commun. 1986, 655.
[69] Kunitake, T.; Kim, J. M.; Ishikawa, Y. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1991, 2, 885.
[70] Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Lambermon, M. H. L.; Feiters, M. C.; Nolte, R. J. M.; Wanenburg, B. Z. Chem. Commun. 1997, 455.
[71] Yanagawa, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Furuta, H.; Tsuno, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 4567.
[72] Hafkamp, R. J. H.; Feiters, M. C.; Nolte, R. J. M. Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 1054.
[73] van Hest, J. C. M.; Delnoye, D. A. P.; Baars, M. W. P. L.; van Genderen, M. H. P.; Meijer, E. W. Science 1995, 268, 1592.
[74] Zhang, L.; Yu, K.; Eisenberg, A. Science 1996, 272, 1777.
[75] Hamley, I. W.; Ansari, A.; Castelletto, V.; Nuhn, H.; Rosler, A.; Klok, H. A. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 1310.
[76] Rosler, A.; Klok, H. A.; Hamley, I. W.; Castelletto, V.; Mykhaylyk, O. O. Biomacromolecules 2003, 4, 859.
[77] Capito, R. M.; Azevedo, H. S.; Velichko, Y. S.; Mata, A.; Stupp, S. I. Science 2008, 319, 1812.
[78] Maeda, T.; Furusho, Y.; Sakurai, S. I.; Kumaki, J.; Okoshi, K.; Yashima, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7938.
[79] Hu, J.; Liu, G.; Nijkang, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 3236.
[80] Wang, X.; Guerin, G.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Manners, I.; Winnik, M. A. Science 2007, 317, 644.
[81] Zheng, R.; Liu, G.; Yan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15358.
[82] Zhang, L.; Eisenberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3168.
[83] Cai, C.; Lin, J.; Chen, T.; Wang, X. S.; Lina, S. Chem. Commun. 2009, 2709.
[84] Chen, C.-K.; Lin, S.-C.; Ho, R.-M.; Chiang, Y.-W.; Lotz, B. Macromolecules 2010, 43, 7752.
[85] Matsen, M. W.; Schick, M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1994, 72, 2660.
[86] Matsen, M. W.; Bates, F. S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8796.
[87] Ho, R. M.; Chiang, Y. W.; Tsai, C. C.; Lin, C. C.; Ko, B. T.; Huang, B. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2704.
[88] Tseng, W. H.; Chen, C. K.; Chiang, Y. W.; Ho, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1356.
[89] Ho, R. M.; Chiang, Y. W.; Chen, C. K.; Wang, H. W.; Hasegawa, H.; Akasaka, S.; Thomas, E. L.; Burger, C.; Hsiao, B. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 18533.
[90] Ho, R. M.; Chen, C. K.; Chiang, Y. W. Adv Mater 2006, 18, 2355.
[91] Chao, C. C.; Chen, C. K.; Chiang, Y. W.; Ho, R. M. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 3949.
[92] Rodger, A. Circular Dichroism and Linear Dichroism. Oxford University Press, USA, 1997.
[93] Nakanishi, K.; Berova, N.; Woody, R. W. Circular Dichroism Principles and Applications. VCH Press, USA, 1994.
[94] Karada, N.; Nakanishi, K. Acc. Chem. Res. 1972, 5, 257.
[95] Harada, N.; Ohashi, M.; Nakanishi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 7349.
[96] Fischbeck, A.; Bartke, N.; Humpf, H.-U. Monatshefte fur Chemie 2005, 136, 397.
[97] Helfrich, W.; Prost, J. Phys. Rev. A 1988, 38, 3065.
[98] Nandi, N.; Bagchi, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 11208.
[99] Selinger, J. V.; Schnur, J. M. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, 71, 4091.
[100] Ou-Yang, Z. C.; Liu, J. X. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1990, 65, 1679.
[101] Ou-Yang, Z. C.; Liu, J. X. Phys. Rev. A 1991, 43, 6826.
[102] Selinger, J. V.; MacKintosh, F. C.; Schnur, J. M. Phys. Rev. E 1996, 53, 3804.
[103] Nandi, N.; Bagchi, B. J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1343.
[104] Caffrey, M.; Hogan, J; Rudolph, A. S. Biochemistry 1991, 30, 2134.
[105] Caffrey, M.; Cheng, A. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1995, 5, 548.
[106] Ho, R. M.; Chen, C. K.; Chiang, Y. W. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009, 30, 1439.
[107] Li, C. Y.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Ge, J. J.; Bai, F.; Zhang, J. Z.; Mann, I. K.; Chien, L. C.; Harris, F. W.; Lotz, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 72.
[108] Yashima, E.; Maeda, K.; Nishimura, T. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 42.
[109] Lifson, S.; Andreola, C.; Peterson, N. C.; Green, M. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8850.
[110] Yashima, E.; Matsushima, T.; Okamoto, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11596.
[111] Yashima, E.; Maeda, K. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 3.
[112] Green, M. M.; Cheon, K. S.; Yang, S. Y.; Park, J. W.; Swansburg, S.; Liu, W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 672.
[113] Messmore, B. W.; Sukerkar, P. A.; Stupp, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 7992.
[114] Maillard, D.; Prud’homme, R. E. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4272.
[115] Maillard, D.; Prud’homme, R. E. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 1705.
[116] Li, C. Y.; Yan, D.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Bai, F.; He, T.; Chien, L. C.; Harris, F. W.; Lotz, B. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 524.
[117] Li, C. Y.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Ge, J. J.; Bai, F.; Zhang, J. Z.; Mann, I. K.; Harris, F. W. Phys Rev Lett 1999, 83, 4558.
[118] Li, C. Y.; Cheng, S. Z. D.; Weng, X.; Ge, J. J.; Bai, F.; Zhang, J. Z. Calhoun, B. H.; Harris, F. W.; Chien, L. C.; Lotz, B. J Am Chem Soc 2001, 123, 2462.
[119] Singfield, K. L.; Klass, J. M.; Brown, G. R. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8006.
[120] Saracovan, I.; Cox, J. K.; Revol, J. F.; Manley, R. S. J.; Brown, G. R. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 717.
[121] Guha, S.; Drew, M. G. B.; Banerjee, A. Small 2008, 4, 1993.
[122] Green, M. M.; Gross, R. A.; Schilling, F. C.; Zero, K.; Crosby, C. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 1839.
[123] Nolte, R. J. M. Chem Soc Rev 1994, 23, 11.
[124] Clericuzio, M.; Alagona, G.; Ghio, G.; Salvadori, P. J Am Chem Soc 1997, 119, 1059.
[125] Cornelissen, J. J. L. M.; Fischer, M.; Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M.; Nolte, R. J. M. Science 1998, 280, 1427.
[126] Malashkevich, V, N.; Kammerer, R. A.; Efimov, V. P.; Schulthess, T.; Engel, J. Science 1996, 274, 761.
[127] Sayama, K.; Tsukagoshi, S.; Hara, K.; Ohga, Y.; Shinpou, A.; Abe, Y.; Suga, S.; Arakawa, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 1363.
[128] Isago, H. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1864.
[129] Adachi, K.; Chayama, K.; Watarai, H. Langmuir 2006, 22, 1630.
[130] Miyagawa, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Muraki, R.; Onouchi, H.; Yashima, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3676.
[131] Spector, M. S.; Selinger, J. V.; Singh, A.; Rodriguez, J. M.; Price, R. R.; Schnur, J. M. Langmuir 1998, 14, 3493.
[132] Selinger, J. V.; Spector, M. S.; Schnur, J. M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 7157
[133] Tanaka, J. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 1963, 36, 833.
[134] Harada, N.; Nakanishi, K. Acc. Chem. Res. 1972, 5, 257.
[135] Harada, N.; Nakanishi, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 7351.
[136] Cui, H. Muraoka, T.; Cheetham, A. G. S.; Stupp, I. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 945.
[137] Nyrkova, I. A.; Semenov, A. N.; Aggeli, A.; Boden, N. Eur. Phys. J. B, 2000, 17, 481.
[138] Aggeli, A.; Nyrkova, I. A.; Bell, M.; Harding, R.; Carrick, L.; McLeish, T. C. B.; Semenov, A. N.; Boden, N. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, 98, 11857.
[139] Oda, R.; Huc, I.; Schmutz, M.; Candau, S. J.; MacKintosh, F. C. Nature 1999, 399, 566.
[140] Brizard, A.; Aime, C.; Labrot, T.; Huc, I.; Berthier, D.; Artzner, F.; Desbat, B.; Oda, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3754.
[141] Cui, H.; Muraoka, T.; Cheetham, A. G.; Stupp, S. I. Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 945.
[142] Pashuck, E. T.; Stupp, S. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8819.
[143] Ziserman, L.; Lee, H.-Y.; Raghavan, S. R.; Mor, A.; Danino, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2511.
[144] Langeveld-Voss, B. M. W.; Waterval, R. J. M.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Meijer, E. W. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 227.
[145] Gestel, J.; Palmans, A. R. A.; Titulaer, B.; Vekemans, J. A. J. M.; Meijer, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5490.
[146] Jin, W.; Fukushima, T.; Niki, M.; Kosaka, A.; Ishii, N.; Aida, T. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10801.
[147] Toyofuku, K.; Alam, Md. A.; Tsuda, A.; Fujita, N.; Sakamoto, S.; Yamaguchi, K.; Aida, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6476.
[148] Lohr, A.; Wurthner, F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 1232.