研究生: |
彭韶竹 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
「乖」及其對兒童在不同社會領域事件 順從表現的影響 "Guai" and Its Effects on Children’s Compliance in Different Social-domain Events |
指導教授: | 裘友善 |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
竹師教育學院 - 教育心理與諮商學系 Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 84 |
中文關鍵詞: | 乖 、社會領域理論 、文化影響 、道德發展 、順從 |
外文關鍵詞: | Guai, social domain theory, cultural effect, moral development, compliance |
相關次數: | 點閱:1 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
「乖」在華人教養場域中,是很經常被使用的字,且具有文化獨特性,但迄今尚未有相關研究,是以研究者試圖對「乖」的概念進行初探。而社會領域理論(social-domain theory)則認為兒童會對社會事件分類,並建構出不同的社會領域及社會知識系統。本研究藉由社會領域理論,探討國小六年級兒童性別、社經地位、乖的自我評價高低對不同社會領域事件順從表現的影響。
研究者使用問卷調查法,以自行編製的乖量表及社會領域事件行動選擇與順從表現問卷施測。研究結果發現:(一)乖的概念可分析出四個面向,分別為謹慎守分、精進卓越、溫柔善良及穩重懂事。(二)性別在乖的自我評價高低,及其高低在社會領域事件行動選擇及順從表現上有差異。女生乖的自我評價較男生高,且其行動選擇較為符合社會期待。(三)社經地位背景在乖的精進卓越、穩重懂事面向上有差異。高社經地位者在這些面向的自我評價高於低社經地位者。(四)穩重懂事面向對於兒童符合社會期待的行動選擇較為重要。(五)堅持自己的作法的兒童數量最多,顯示訊息式社會影響比規範式社會影響更能主導六年級多數兒童的的順從行為。此研究結果顯示「乖」在兒童和大學生心中,具有相當正向的意涵。但乖並無法涵蓋道德的所有面向,因此,若把要求孩子乖作為唯一的教養價值,是十分危險的。父母在要求孩子乖的同時,也應同時教導孩子公平/互惠的道德面向,將有利於孩子的道德發展。
In Chinese parenting domain, "Guai" is a very important concept . But it’s neverbeen studied before. This paper attempts to explore the meaning of "Guai" and its effects on Children’s compliance with their parents in different social-domain events when parents disagree with their decisions. By using Questionnaire survey procedure, the researcher find:(1)The concept "Guai"is composed of four factors:”Jin-shen-shou-fen”(abiding-by and careful), “jing-jin-zhuo-yue”(hard-working and outstanding), “wen-rou-shan-liang”(gentle and kind) and ”wen-zhong-dong-shi”(steady and sensible).(2)Girls’ self-evaluated of "Guai" is higher than boys’ and theirs action choices are more conform to social norms.(3)The self-evaluated of“jing-jin-zhuo-yue”(hard-working and outstanding) and ”wen-zhong-dong-shi”(steady and sensible) by children with higher SES are higher than those with lower SES.(4)Children with higher scores on ”wen-zhong-dong-shi”(steady and sensible) factor are more resistant when their parents disagree with their pro-social decisions.(5)More than half of the sample children inclined to resistant when their parents disagree with their pro-social decisions. It indicates that the compliance of 6th grade children is more affected by informative social influences other than normative social influences.. The researcher also discuss the almost-perfect imiges of “Guai” in the mind of children and early adults, and its shortcoming to meet the value of fairnese/reciprocity.
王文科(1983)。認知發展理論與教育-皮亞傑理論的應用。台北:五南。
文崇一(1988)。從價值取向談中國國民性。收於李亦園、楊國樞主編。中國人的性格(頁49-84)。台北:桂冠。
王雪貞、林翠湄、連廷嘉、黃俊豪譯(2005)。David R. Shaffer(1999)原著。發展心理學(下冊)。台北:學富。
王靜、呂宏艳(2006)。關於善良的哲學思考。西安文理學院學報(社會科學版),9(6),86-89。
朱瑞玲、章英華(2001)。華人社會的家庭倫理與家人互動:文化及社會的變遷效果。發表於「華人家庭動態資料庫」學術研討會,中央研究院經濟研究所主辦,臺北南港,7月28日。
余安邦、楊國樞(1987)。社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機:概念分析與實徵研究。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,64,51-98。
李美枝、楊國樞(1988)。中國大學生的價值觀。收於李亦園、楊國樞主編。中國人的性格(頁325-341)。台北:桂冠。
李美枝、鐘秋玉(1996)。性別與性別角色析論。本土心理學研究,6,260-299。
李美枝(1998)。中國人親子關係的內涵與功能:以大學生為例。本土心理研究,9,3-52。
林生傳(1996)。教育社會學。台北:巨流。
林文瑛、王震武(1995)。中國父母的教養觀:嚴教觀或打罵觀?。收於楊國樞主編。親子關係與教化,3,2-92。
林文瑛(2003)。教養觀背後的人性觀-以能力觀為例。本土心理學研究,20,253-293。
林以正 (1999)。華人的社會比較:比較什麼,與誰比較,為何比較。本土心理學研究,11,93-125。
林惠雅(1999)。母親信念、教養目標與教養行為(一):內涵意義之探討。應用心理研究,2,143-180。
林惠雅(1999)。母親信念、教養目標與教養行為(二):問卷編製與相關分析。應用心理研究,3,219-244。
林惠雅(2000)。母親與幼兒互動中之教養行為分析。應用心理研究,6,75-96。
胡肇勳、程景琳(2007)。國小低年級孩童與父母在不同領域衝突的反應方式之研究。教育心理學報,38(4),481-499。
侯文詠(2010)。不乖-比標準答案更重要的事。台北:皇冠。
高申春(2001)。人性輝煌之路-班杜拉的社會學習理論。台北:貓頭鷹。
孫隆基(2005)。中國文化的深層結構。台北:花千樹。
許烺光(1979)。文化人類學新論(張瑞德譯)。臺北:聯經。
張兆球、郭黎玉晶(1998)。香港兒童對父母管教訊息的情緒反應和行為傾向。本土心理學研究,9,281-301 。
張學智(2000)。儒家文化的精神與價值觀。哲學與文化,27(9),852-861。
郭春悅(2006)。家庭社經地位、同儕關係與學業成就之相關研究。國立屏東教育大學社會科教育學系碩士班碩士論文。未出版。屏東。
郭瑩(2006)。中國傳統文化的處世哲學。哲學與文化,33(10),155-162。
陳鳳如、黃漢龍(2010)。臺中市國小學生的道德發展現況及相關影響因素之研究。臺中教育大學學報:教育類,24(1),79-106。
莊文忠譯(2006)。Miller R. L.、Acton C.、Fullerton D. A.、Maltby J.(2002)原著。SPSS在社會科學的應用。台北:五南。
單文經譯(1986)。Kohlberg, L.原著。道德發展的哲學。台北:黎明文化。
黃光國(1988)。人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲。台北:巨流。
黃光國(1998)。兩種道德:台灣社會中道德思維研究的再詮釋。本土心理學研究,9,121-175。
黃堅厚(1974)。應用與義辨別法比較中國及蘇格蘭青年之社會態度。測驗年刊,21(2),39-47。
黃囇莉(1999)。人際和諧與衝突─本土化的理論與研究。台北:桂冠。
葉光輝(1998)。孝道概念的心理學探討:雙層次孝道認知特徵之發展歷程。本土心理學研究,9,53-117。
費孝通(2009)。鄉土中國。北京:北京。
楊國樞、李本華(1971)。五百五十七個中文人格特質形容詞之好惡度、意義度及熟悉度。國立臺灣大學心理學系研究報告,13,36-57。
楊國樞(1982)。緣及其在現代化生活中的作用。中華文化復興月刊,15,51-67。
楊國樞(1988)。傳統價值觀、個人現代性及組織行為:後儒家假說的一項微觀驗證。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,64,1-49
楊國樞(2002)。華人心理的本土化研究。台北:桂冠。
趙居蓮譯(1995)Weber, A. L.(1992)原著。社會心理學。台北:桂冠。
齊力(2003)。個人主義、集體主義與家族主義:三角關係的概念格局。市師學報,2,115-145。
劉世南譯(2007)Nisbett R. E.(2003)原著。思維的疆域。台北:聯經。
劉佩雲、簡馨瑩、宋曜廷(2003)。國小學童閱讀動機與閱讀行為之相關研究。教育研究資訊,11(6),135-158。
劉碧如譯(1986)。Piaget(1932)原著。兒童道德判斷。台北:五洲。
錢基蓮譯(2011)。蔡美兒(2011)原著。虎媽的戰歌。台北:天下文化。
謝育伶、陳若琳(2008)。母親教養行為、幼兒行為調節和幼兒社會能力之相關研究。幼兒教育,290,6-21。
蘇伯宇(2007)。階級、性別與家長管教方式的關係。國立臺灣師範大學教育學系碩士論文。未出版。台北。
Yahoo奇摩字典(無日期)。2007年3月5日,取自http://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本(無日期)。2007年2月27日,取自http://140.111.34.46/newDict/dict/index.html
林語堂《當代漢英詞典》(無日期)。2007年3月5日,取自http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/
Aroson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2009). Social Psychology (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (2004). The role of selective moral disengagement in terrorism and counterterrorism. In F. M. Mogahaddam & A. J. Marsella(Eds). Understanding terrorism:Psychological roots, consequences and interventions(pp. 121-150). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association Press.
Bandura, A. (2005). Impact of Adolescents’ Filial Self-Efficacy in Quality of Family Functioning and Statisfaction. Journal of research on adolescence, 15(1),71-97.
Baumrind, D.(1966). Effect of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907.
Brewer, M. B. and Chen, Y. (2007). Where (Who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114, 133-151.
Brody, G. H., & Shaffer, D. R. (1982). Contributions of par-ents and peers to children’s moral socialization. Develop-mental Review, 2, 31–75.
Chao, R. K.(1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting styles:understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65, 1111-1119.
Chao, R. K.(2001). Extending research on the consequences of parenting style for Chinese Americans and European Americans. Child Development, 72(6), 1832-1843.
Chen, F. M. & Luster, T.(2002). Factors related to parenting practices in Taiwan. Early Child Developmentand Care, 172, 413-430.
Chen, X., Hastings, P., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Childrearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677-686.
Chen, X., Liu, M., Li, B., Cen, G., Chen, H. & Wang, L.(2000). Maternal authoritative and authoritarian attitudes and mother-child interactions and relationships in urban China. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(1), 119-126.
Chiao, J. Y. & Blizinsky, K. D. (in press). Culture-gene coevolution of individualism- collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
Cialdini, R. B, & Goldstein, N. J. (2004) "Social influence: Compliance and conformity.” Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621.
Gosling, S. (2008). Snoop: What your stuff says about you. New York: Basic Books.
Haidt, J. & Joseph, C.(2006).The moral mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, and S. Stich (Eds.) The Innate Mind, Vol. 3. New York: Oxford, pp. 367-391.
Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Moral development. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology (Vol. 2, pp.261–354). New York: Wiley.
Ho I. T.(2004). A comparison of Australian and Chinese teachers’ attributions for student problem behaviors. Educational Psychology,24(3),375-391.
Hofstede, G.(2001). Culture's consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. London : Sage.
Kuczynski, L. (1984). Socialization goals and mother-child interaction: Strategies for long-term and short- term compliance. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1061–1073
Kochanska, G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62, 1379–1392
Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (1995). Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 66, 236–254.
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Koenig, A. L. (1995). A longi-tudinal study of the roots of preschoolers’ conscience: Committed compliance and emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 1752–1769.
Koenig, A. L., Cicchetti, D.,& ,Rogosch, F. A. (2000). Child Compliance/Noncompliance and Maternal Contributors to Internalization in Maltreating and Nonmaltreating Dyads. Child Development, 71, 1018– 1032.
Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H.(1999). The Asian Values Scale:development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 342-352.
Li, J.(2003). U.S. and Chinese cultural beliefs about learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 258-267.
Liu, Y.(2005). The construction of cultural values and beliefs in Chinese language texbooks:A critical iscourse analysis. Discourse:studies in the cultural politics education,26(1), 15-30.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Nucci, L.(1981). Conceptions of personal issues:A domain distinct from moral or societal concepts. Child Development, 52, 114-121.
Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2006). Adolescent perceptions of appropriate parental reactions in moral and conventional social domains. Social Development, 15,480-500.
Peng , K. , & Nisbett , R. E. ( 1999 ). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction . American Psychologist , 54 , 741 – 754 .
Powell, B.(2009,11/12). Five things the U.S. can learn from China. Time, 45.
Rao, N., McHale, J. P. & Pearson, E.(2003). Links between socialization goals and child-rearing practices in Chinese and Indian Mothers. Infant and Child Development, 12, 475-492.
Rebecca, P. A. & Dion, H. G.(2006). Authoritarian parenting style in Asian societies:A cluster-analytic investigation. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28(1), 131-151.
Smetana, J. G.(1981). Preschool children’s conceptions of moral and social rules. Child Development, 52, 1333-1336.
Smetana, J. G.(1995). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299-316.
Smetana J. G. & Daddis C.(2002). Domain-specific antecedents of parental psychological control and monitoring:The role of parenting beliefs and practices. Child Development, 73(2), 563-580.
Sroufe, L. A. (1990). An organizational perspective on the self. In D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly (Eds.), The self in tran-sition (pp. 281–307). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Wang, S., Koutsouvanou, E. & Albright, M.(2002). Childrearing values in Greece, Taiwan, and the United States. Parening : Science ans Practice, 2 ( 3 ), 185-208.
The Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-freedimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143–164.
Turiel. E.(2008). Thought about actions in social domains:morality, social conventions, and social interactions. Cognitive Development, 23, 136-154.
Wu, P., Robinson, C. C., Yng, C., Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Porter, C. L., Jin, S., Wo, J. &Wu, X.(2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Jounal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 481-491.
Xu, Y., Farver, J. A. M., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Q., Yu, L. & Cai, B.(2005). Mainland Chinese parenting styles and parent-child interaction. International Jounal of Behavioral Development, 29(6), 524-531.
Yau, J. & Smetana, J. G.(2003). Conceptions of moral, social-conventional, and personal events among Chinese preschool in Hong-Kong. Child Development,74(3), 647-658。