線上旅遊平台之競爭與治理：以歐盟數位服務法、數位市場法為中心

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	黃書妤 Huang, Shu-Yu
論文名稱：	線上旅遊平台之競爭與治理：以歐盟數位服務法、數位市場法為中心 Competition and Governance of Online Travel Platforms: EU Regulatory Trends under the DSA and DMA
指導教授：	彭心儀 Peng, Shin-Yi
口試委員:	熊誦梅 Hsiung, Sung-Mei 郭戎晉 Kuo, Jung-Chin
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所 Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年：	2025
畢業學年度：	113
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	103
中文關鍵詞：	線上旅遊平台、數位服務法、數位市場法、線上旅行社、平台監管、消費者保護、中介中立性
外文關鍵詞：	Online Travel Platforms (OTPs), Digital Services Act (DSA), Digital Markets Act (DMA), Online Travel Agencies (OTAs), Platform Regulation, Consumer Protection, Intermediary Neutrality
相關次數：	點閱：9 下載：1
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

隨著數位科技快速發展，旅遊業已從傳統旅行社代訂模式轉變為由數據所驅動的線上旅遊平台。Booking.com、Expedia、Trip.com、TripAdvisor等線上旅遊平台的崛起，使消費者能夠輕鬆比價完成機票與住宿預訂；Google亦藉由渠在搜尋引擎之優勢跨入線上旅遊業發展自身旅遊生態系統。然而，這些大型平台的市場影響力，突顯可競爭性與消費者權益保障等法律問題之複雜性，進而對傳統競爭法之適用帶來挑戰。本文探討線上旅遊平台在旅遊市場中的競爭與監管挑戰，並聚焦於歐盟數位服務法（DSA）與數位市場法（DMA）對市場競爭秩序及消費者保護之影響。藉由案例分析，本研究探討DSA在消費者保護（B2C）領域如何藉由提升透明度以確保當事人自主決策，並分析DMA在平台競爭（B2B）領域如何確保市場可競爭性與中介中立性。申言之，本文藉由歐盟最新數位平台監管規範對線上旅遊平台案例進行適用與評估，探討其對於促進線上旅遊市場可競爭性、提升透明度以及消費者權利保障之影響。依據上述分析，本文進一步提出監管政策建議，以促進數位市場之公平競爭，並增進消費者福祉。

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally reshaped the tourism industry, shifting it from a traditional travel agency booking model to a data-driven online platform economy. The emergence of major online travel platforms such as Booking.com, Expedia, Trip.com, and TripAdvisor has significantly enhanced consumer access to price comparisons and booking options for flights and accommodations. Furthermore, leveraging its dominance in the search engine market, Google has expanded into the online travel sector, developing its own integrated travel ecosystem. However, the market power of these large platforms highlights the complexity of legal issues concerning competitiveness and consumer protection, thereby posing challenges to the application of traditional competition law.This paper examines the competitive dynamics and regulatory challenges surrounding online travel platforms, with a particular emphasis on the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) as key legal instruments shaping the governance of the EU’s digital markets. Through case analysis, this study explores the extent to which the DSA enhances transparency in the business-to-consumer (B2C) context to safeguard consumer autonomy and support informed decision-making. Additionally, it examines how the DMA, within the business-to-business (B2B) framework, seeks to preserve market contestability and ensure intermediary neutrality by imposing obligations on gatekeeper platforms.In sum, this paper applies and assesses the EU’s latest regulatory framework for digital platforms through the case of online travel platforms, examining its impact on promoting market competitiveness, enhancing transparency, and safeguarding consumer rights in the online travel sector. Based on this analysis, this paper further advances regulatory policy recommendations aimed at promoting fair competition in digital markets and enhancing consumer welfare.

第一章、緒論    1
第一節、研究動機與目的    1
第二節、研究範圍與限制    5
第三節、研究方法    6
一、案例分析法    6
二、文獻分析法    7
三、立法例比較分析法    7
第二章、線上旅遊平台之發展與競爭態樣分析    8
第一節、線上旅遊平台    8
一、以中介為核心的線上旅遊平台    8
第二節、線上旅遊平台的崛起    10
一、數位科技發展造就旅遊型態的改變    10
二、線上旅行社的出現    10
三、元搜尋如何改變旅遊產業    12
四、其他與旅遊相關之線上平台    14
五、小結    15
第三節、Google與線上旅遊平台的競合關係    16
一、Google跨入線上旅遊市場    16
二、Google對線上旅遊平台所生影響    17
（一）無縫接軌、自然融入用戶使用習慣    17
（二）顯示排序優先於其他線上旅遊平台    18
（三）球員兼裁判爭議    19
三、小結    21
第四節、線上旅遊市場的現況與未來    21
一、線上旅遊平台的競爭現況    21
二、線上旅遊的未來趨勢    23
第三章、以DSA觀點探討線上旅遊平台管制趨勢    25
第一節、數位服務法介紹與評析    25
一、從電子商務指令到DSA    25
二、DSA帶來的問題與挑戰    26
（一）DSA與其他法律的適用關係    26
（二）事前規範能否應對快速變革的數位生態系統    27
（三）線上危害與資訊自由間的平衡    28
三、小結    29
第二節、從DSA看線上旅遊平台責任與義務    30
一、概論    30
二、超大型線上平台    32
（一）Booking.com    32
（二）Google Maps    33
（三）超大型線上平台應負的特殊義務    33
三、超大型線上搜尋引擎    35
三、線上平台    36
第三節、線上旅遊平台B2C相關爭議案件回顧    37
一、Expedia和Booking壓力銷售爭議    38
二、Trivago廣告不實爭議    39
三、Airbnb被控幣值設定誤導消費者    40
四、Booking Holdings被訴隱瞞費用    40
五、Hilton與Hyatt被控誤導消費者    41
第四節、DSA新法對於爭議案件的再思考    42
一、銷售策略不當與廣告不實    42
二、涉及交易核心事項的資訊不實與詐欺    44
三、小結    46
第五節、DSA對線上旅遊平台所生影響與我國之對應與展望    47
一、DSA對線上旅遊平台影響分析    47
（一）用戶基本權保障提升    47
（二）線上旅遊產業結構變動    48
（三）提升旅遊業者之公平競爭    48
二、DSA對台灣線上旅遊產業的啟示    48
（一）台灣線上旅遊消費現況與相關法律規範    48
（二）DSA帶來的啟示    51
第六節、小結    51
第四章、以DMA觀點探討線上旅遊平台管制趨勢    53
第一節、數位市場法介紹與評析    53
一、以守門人與核心平台服務為中心的DMA    53
二、DMA的義務    54
（一）市場的可競爭性    55
（二）中介的中立性    55
三、DMA帶來的問題與挑戰    56
（一）DMA與歐盟競爭法間的關係    56
（二）守門人義務的調整與增補空間    57
第二節、從DMA看線上旅遊平台責任與義務    57
一、線上旅遊平台的守門人    58
二、線上旅遊平台與DMA之適用分析    59
（一）Google Hotels與Google Flights是否適用DMA    59
（二）未被指定為守門人但具相當影響力的線上旅遊平台    62
第三節、線上旅遊平台B2B相關爭議案件回顧    63
一、阻礙競爭    64
（一）Booking.com在西班牙被控不公平競爭    64
（二）Google搜尋偏見爭議    65
（三）澳洲Flight Centre價格壟斷案    65
（四）Travelpass指控Expedia阻礙競爭案    66
（五）OTAs香港競爭案    66
二、收購爭議    67
（一）Booking Holdings收購Momondo    67
（二）歐盟執委會阻止Booking Holdings收購ETraveli    68
（三）新加坡Grab與Uber合併案    68
第四節、DMA新法對於爭議案件的再思考    69
一、Booking Holdings收購案綜合評析與討論    70
二、線上旅遊平台阻礙競爭綜合評析    72
三、Google搜尋偏見爭議評析與討論    75
（一）搜尋偏見    76
（二）關於廣告數據透明度與演算法    76
（三）禁止不當利用獲悉的數據    77
第五節、DMA對線上旅遊平台所生影響與我國之對應與展望    78
一、DMA對於線上旅遊平台影響分析    78
（一）Booking.com取消等價條款後所生影響    78
（二）平衡Google與其他線上旅遊平台間之競爭關係    79
（三）促進多元競爭與新業者進入市場    81
（四）個人化服務重要性提升    81
二、DMA對台灣線上旅遊產業的啟示    82
（一）台灣線上旅遊平台競爭現況與相關法律規範    82
（二）DMA帶來的啟示    83
第六節、小結    84
第五章、結論    86
第一節、線上旅遊平台之競爭與治理    86
第二節、對台灣的啟示    89
參考文獻    91

                                

壹、中文文獻

【專書與期刊】
王立達（2023），競爭政策之傳統與新興推動途徑－從競爭倡議走向市場調查，中研院法學期刊，第32期。
郭戎晉（2023），數位平臺相關市場界定問題研究—兼論Epic Games v. Apple案之啟示，公平交易季刊，第31卷第3期。
彭睿仁（2022），從歐盟《數位市場法》論「守門人」權力之形成與監管，政治科學論叢，第94期。

【其他中文資料】
公平交易委員會（2018），出席「第2屆雅加達國際競爭論壇」（The Second Jakarta International Competition Forum，2JICF）會議報告，https://report.nat.gov.tw/ReportFront/ReportDetail/detail?sysId=C10603756（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
公平交易委員會（2023），數位經濟競爭政策白皮書，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/95fc5364-48a3-4f64-9821-2eeae4bbdaa5.pdf（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
公平交易委員會（2024），使用競爭同業名稱作為關鍵字廣告，兩大國際訂房網站挨罰，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/internet/main/doc/docDetail.aspx?uid=126&docid=17783&mid=126（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
台北市政府法務局（2024），旅遊票券好方便留意標示避陷阱法務局：民眾多留意業者多標示旅遊更順心，https://legalaffairs.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=9DCD6AAC1B9B2ACB&sms=72544237BBE4C5F6&s=D7F764801643CE0D（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
行政院消費者保護會，消費者在跨境訂房平台訂房應注意事項，https://cpc.ey.gov.tw/Page/2E6DC9A6807E8AEB/95df4ffc-f9d2-4c56-91f0-90b5d7018a44（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
星島日報（2020），3網上旅行社或違競爭條例建議刪除有關條款，https://hk.news.yahoo.com/3網上旅行社或違競爭條例-建議刪除有關條款-071000187.html（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
消費者保護處（2019），公平交易委員會認為Trivago 網站尚無廣告不實，https://www.vhcy.gov.tw/UploadFiles/WebFiles/WebPagesFiles/Files/ee59fc90-d736-4f24-b8d9-26c9f42ae1cf/公平交易委員會認為%20Trivago%20網站尚無廣告不實.pdf（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。
競爭事務委員會（2020），根據《競爭條例》附表2第2條就競委會擬接受網上旅行社的承諾進行諮詢，https://www.compcomm.hk/tc/enforcement/consultations/past_consultations/online_travel_agents.html（最後瀏覽日：2025年2月3日）。

貳、外文文獻

【外文專書】
AMY KLOBUCHAR, ANTITRUST: TAKING ON MONOPOLY POWER FROM THE GILDED AGE TO THE DIGITAL AGE (2021).
ANU BRADFORD, THE BRUSSELS EFFECT: HOW THE EUROPEAN UNION RULES THE WORLD (2020).
INGE GRAEF, EU COMPETITION LAW, DATA PROTECTION AND ONLINE PLATFORMS—DATA AS ESSENTIAL FACILITY (2016).
MARTIN HUSOVEC, PRINCIPLES OF THE DIGITAL SERVICES ACT (2024).
SHIN-YI PENG, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW IN THE ERA OF DATAFICATION (2024).

【外文期刊】
Aina Turillazzi, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano Floridi & Federico Casolari, The Digital Services Act: An Analysis of Its Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications, 15 LAW INNOV. & TECH. 1 (2023).
Andrea Mantovani et al., Online Platform Price Parity Clauses: Evidence from the EU Booking.com Case, 131 EUR. ECON. REV. 103625 (2021).
Anna Kourtesopoulou et al., The Impact of Online Travel Agencies Web Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Purchase Intentions, PROC. BUS. ECON. 343 (2019).
Caroline Cauffman & Catalina Goanta, A New Order: The Digital Services Act and Consumer Protection, 12 EUR. J. RISK REGUL. 758 (2021).
Chengsi Wang & Julian Wright, Platform Investment and Price Parity Clauses, 71 J. INDUS. ECON. 538 (2023).
Chris K. Anderson & Saram Han, The Billboard Effect: Still Alive and Well, 17 CORNELL HOSP. REP. 1, 7 (2017).
Christian Bergqvist, The Blocking of Booking/Etraveli – When the First Victim of EU’s Anti-US Tech Stand was a European, 54 COMPUT. L. & SEC. REV. 106025 (2024).
David P. McIntyre & Arati Srinivasan, Networks, Platforms, and Strategy: Emerging Views and Next Steps, 38 STRATEGIC MGMT. J. 141 (2017).
Frans Sudirjo et al., Analysis of the Influence of Price, Digital Advertising, and E-Service Quality on Digital Repurchase Intention of Online Travel Platform Users, 6 J. INF. DAN TEKNOL. 170 (2024).
Friso Bostoen, The Uber-Grab Merger and the Potentially Anti-Competitive Consequences of the Battle for Ride-Hailing Dominance, 4 EUR. COMPETITION REG. L. REV. 74 (2020).
I. Olmeda & P. J. Sheldon, Data Mining Techniques and Applications for Tourism Internet Marketing, 11 J. TRAVEL & TOUR. MARK. 1 (2002).
Jessica Vu, Globetrotting in a Google Run World: Google Takeover of Travel Market Risks Stifling Competition and Consumer Experiences, 34 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 1 (2020).
Ji-Young Um et al., Effect of Empowerment on Perceived Person-Environment Fit and Work Engagement: Focusing on Online Travel Platform Employees, 19 INT'L ACAD. GLOB. BUS. & TRADE 125 (2023).
João Tornada, How (Not) to Deal with the Bubble Effect in Cyberspace: The Case of the EU and Digital Services Act, 49 BROOK. J. INT’L L. 97 (2024).
Konstantina Bania, Fitting the Digital Markets Act in the Existing Legal Framework: The Myth of the “Without Prejudice” Clause, 19 EUR. COMPETITION J. 116 (2023).
Lina M. Khan, Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox, 126 YALE L.J. 710 (2017).
Nicolas Petit, The Proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA): A Legal and Policy Review, 12 J. EUR. COMPETITION L. & PRAC. 529 (2021).
Penelope Bergkamp, The Proposed EU Digital Markets Act: A New Era for the Digital Economy in Europe, 18 EUR. CO. L. 152 (2021)
Peter Church & Ceyhun Necati Pehlivan, The Digital Services Act (DSA): A New Era for Online Harms and Intermediary Liability, 4 GLOB. PRIV. L. REV. 53 (2023).
Rob Law et al., The Impact of the Internet on Travel Agencies, 16 INT'L J. CONTEMP. HOSP. MGMT. 100 (2004).
Rupprecht Podszun, From Competition Law to Platform Regulation – Regulatory Choices for the Digital Markets Act, 17 ECON. 1 (2023).
Tobias Lutzi, The Scope of the Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act: Thoughts on the Conflict of Laws, 2023 DALLOZ I.P./I.T. 278 (2024).
Vikas Kathuria & Mark-Oliver Mackenrodt, The Case Against ‘Narrow’ Price Parity Clauses, 41 COMPUT. L. & SEC. REV. 105574 (2021).

【外文期刊（即將發布）】
Heike Schweitzer, The Art to Make Gatekeeper Positions Contestable and the Challenge to Know What Is Fair: A Discussion of the Digital Markets Act Proposal (forthcoming).

【歐盟/國際組織/政府機關文件】
Austl. Competition & Consumer Comm’n, ACCC Takes Action Against Trivago Over Hotel Price Advertisements (Aug. 2018), https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-takes-action-against-trivago-over-hotel-price-advertisements (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Austl. Competition & Consumer Comm’n, Airbnb to Pay $15m in Penalties and Up to $15M Compensation for Misleading Consumers (Dec. 2023), https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/airbnb-to-pay-15m-in-penalties-and-up-to-15m-compensation-for-misleading-consumers (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Austl. Competition & Consumer Comm’n, Flight Centre Ordered to Pay $12.5 Million in Penalties (Apr. 2018), https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/flight-centre-ordered-to-pay-125-million-in-penalties (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Bundeskartellamt, The Effects of Narrow Price Parity Clauses on Online Sales – Investigation Results from the Bundeskartellamt’s Booking Proceeding (Aug. 2020), https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Schriftenreihe_Digitales_VII.pdf.
Commission Decision C(2023) 2731 final (Apr. 25, 2023).
Commission Decision C(2023) 2737 final (Apr. 25, 2023).
Commission Decision C(2023) 2748 final (Apr. 25, 2023).
Competition & Mkts. Auth., Accommodation Booking Sites: How to Comply with Consumer Law (Feb. 26, 2019), https://competitionandmarkets.blog.gov.uk/2019/02/26/accommodation-booking-sites-how-to-comply-with-consumer-law/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Competition & Mkts. Auth., CMA Launches Consumer Law Investigation into Hotel Booking Sites (last updated Sep. 13, 2019), https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/online-hotel-booking (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Competition & Mkts. Auth., CMA Launches Enforcement Action Against Hotel Booking Sites (June 2018), https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-launches-enforcement-action-against-hotel-booking-sites (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Competition & Mkts. Auth., How the UK’s Digital Markets Competition Regime Works (last updated Jan. 23 2025), https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-the-uks-digital-markets-competition-regime-works (last visited Mar. 23, 2025).
Competition Commission of South Africa, Online Intermediation Platforms Market Inquiry, (2023), https://www.compcom.co.za/online-intermediation-platforms/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
European Commission, EU Observatory on the Online Platform Economy, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-observatory-online-platform-economy (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
European Commission, Shaping Europe’s Digital Future: Online Platforms, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-platforms (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
European Commission, Supervision of the Designated Very Large Online Platforms and Search Engines Under DSA, in Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/list-designated-vlops-and-vloses (last updated Feb. 19, 2024).
European Commission, The Digital Services Act, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_en (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
European Commission, The Digital Services Act Package, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package (last visited Feb. 4, 2025).
European Commission, Welcome to the DSA Transparency Database!, https://transparency.dsa.ec.europa.eu (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Monopolkommission, Competition Policy: The Challenge of Digital Markets (2015).
OECD, An Introduction to Online Platforms and Their Role in the Digital Transformation (May 2019).
Press Release, Competition & Consumer Comm’n of Sing., Grab-Uber Merger: CCCS Imposes Directions on Parties to Restore Market Contestability and Penalties to Deter Anti-Competitive Mergers (Sep. 24, 2018), https://www.cccs.gov.sg/media-and-consultation/newsroom/media-releases/grab-uber-id-24-sept-18 (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Antitrust: Commission Fines Google €2.42 Billion for Abusing Dominance as Search Engine (June 27, 2017), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/es/memo_17_1785 (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Antitrust: Commission Fines Google €2.42 Billion for Abusing Dominance as Search Engine by Giving Illegal Advantage to Own Comparison Shopping Service (June 27, 2017), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_1784 (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Booking Must Now Comply with the Digital Markets Act (Nov. 2024), https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/booking-must-now-comply-digital-markets-act (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Digital Markets Act: Commission Designates Six Gatekeepers (Sep. 2023), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_4328 (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Mergers: Commission Approves Acquisition of Momondo by Priceline (July 17, 2017), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_2067 (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Press Release, European Commission, Mergers: Commission Prohibits Proposed Acquisition of ETraveli by Booking (Sep. 25, 2023), https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_4573 (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Tex. Att’y Gen., Office of the Attorney General Sues Travel Reservation Site for Deceptive Trade Practices Regarding the True Price of Hotel Rooms (Aug. 10, 2023), https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/office-attorney-general-sues-travel-reservation-site-deceptive-trade-practices-regarding-true-price (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Tex. Att’y Gen., Paxton Announces Lawsuit Against Hilton for Violations of Texas Consumer Protection Laws and Lack of Price Transparency (May 24, 2023), https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/paxton-announces-lawsuit-against-hilton-violations-texas-consumer-protection-laws-and-lack-price (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Tex. Att’y Gen., Paxton Sues Hyatt Hotels for Deceptive Trade Practices Regarding the True Price of Hotel Rooms (May 16, 2023), https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news/releases/paxton-sues-hyatt-hotels-deceptive-trade-practices-regarding-true-price-hotel-rooms (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).

【報告/政策文件/碩博士論文】
Ariel Ezrachi, EU Competition Law Goals and the Digital Economy, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17 (2018).
Giorgio Monti, The Digital Markets Act—Institutional Design and Suggestions for Improvement, TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2021-04 (2021).
Heiko Richter et al., To Break Up or Regulate Big Tech? Avenues to Constrain Private Power in the DSA/DMA Package, Max Planck Inst. for Innovation & Competition, Research Paper No. 21–25 (2021).
Jacques Crémer, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye & Heike Schweitzer, Competition Policy for the Digital Era, EUR. COMM’N, PUBL’NS OFF. EUR. UNION, at 4 (2019), https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/21dc175c-7b76-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1/language-en (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Marco Botta & Danielle Borges, User Consent at the Interface of the DMA and the GDPR: A Privacy-Setting Solution to Ensure Compliance with Art. 5(2) DMA, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Research Paper No. 2023_68 (2023).
Rupprecht Podszun, Digital Ecosystems, Decision—Making, Competition and Consumers—On the Value of Autonomy for Competition (draft, 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3420692 (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Rupprecht Podszun, Philipp Bongartz & Sarah Langenstein, Proposals on How to Improve the Digital Markets Act, HEINRICH-HEINE-UNIV. DÜSSELDORF (2021).
Sebastian Kuclar Stiković, The EU’s Digital Services Act and Its Impact on Online Platforms, Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Tech. L. Forum, EU L. Working Paper No. 85 (2024).
Yirui Shen, How to Improve Customer Loyalty to Online Travel Agencies: A Research on Expedia, an Online Travel Booking Platform (Master’s thesis, Uppsala Univ. 2018).

【外文網頁資料/新聞】
A Vision for the Future of Airline Distribution (Skyscanner), https://www.thinktur.org/media/Skyscanner_FutureofAirlineDistribution_DigitalDownload.pdf (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Airbnb, Airbnb Responds to ACCC Court Decision (Dec. 2023), https://news.airbnb.com/en-au/airbnb-responds-to-accc-court-decision/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Andrew Mercado, Price-Parity Clauses: The Good, the Bad, and the…Anticompetitive?, TRUTH ON THE MARKET (Oct. 21, 2022), https://truthonthemarket.com/2022/10/21/price-parity-clauses-the-good-the-bad-and-theanticompetitive/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Ben Edelman, On Uber Selling Southeast Asia Business to Grab (Mar. 25, 2018), https://www.benedelman.org/on-uber-selling-southeast-asia-business-to-grab/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Booking Holdings, Homepage, https://www.bookingholdings.com (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Booking.com Shows the True Scope of the EU’s Big Tech Crackdown, WIRED (Sep. 25, 2023), https://www.wired.co.uk/article/booking-antitrust-eu (last visited Feb. 10, 2025).
Booking.com, Understanding the Digital Market Act (Nov. 20, 2024), https://partner.booking.com/en-us/legal-resources/understanding-digital-market-act (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
CNMC, The CNMC Fines Booking.com €413.24 Million for Abusing Its Dominant Position During the Last 5 Years (2024), https://www.cnmc.es/sites/default/files/editor_contenidos/Notas%20de%20prensa/2024/20240730_NP_%20Sancionador_Booking.com_eng.pdf (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Cynthia Kroet, Online platforms’ Advertising Transparency Checked by EU Commission, EURONEWS (Sep. 2024), https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/09/11/online-platforms-advertising-transparency-checked-by-eu-commission (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Dara Kerr, United States Takes on Google in Biggest Tech Monopoly Trial of 21st Century, NPR (Sep. 12, 2023), https://www.npr.org/2023/09/12/1198558372/doj-google-monopoly-antitrust-trial-search-engine (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
David-Julien dos Santos Goncalves, Price Parity Clauses and Online Platforms: Is There a New Way Forward?, LINKLATERS (Nov. 14, 2019), https://www.linklaters.com/en/insights/blogs/linkingcompetition/2019/november/price-parity-clauses-and-online-platforms-is-there-a-new-way-forward (last visited Feb. 10, 2025).
Dennis Schaal, Booking vs. Google in Travel AI, SKIFT (Dec. 2023), https://skift.com/2023/12/06/booking-versus-google-in-travel-ai/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Dennis Schaal, Expedia Lets Influencers Cash In, Announces AI Product Updates, SKIFT (May 2024), https://skift.com/2024/05/15/expedia-lets-influencers-cash-in-announces-ai-product-updates/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Dennis Schaal, Google Hotels and Google Flights Stir Bipartisan Flack Over Business Practices, SKIFT (July 28, 2023), https://skift.com/2023/07/28/google-hotels-and-google-flights-stir-bipartisan-flack-over-business-practices/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Dennis Schaal, Google’s New Hotel Search Is a Greater Threat to Booking Rivals, SKIFT (Oct. 31, 2018), https://skift.com/2018/10/31/book-on-google-stands-out-more-forcefully-in-hotels-redesign/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Emmanuel Marot & Ben Austin, A New Way to Browse Hotels on Google, The THE KEYWORD (Oct. 31, 2018), https://blog.google/products/travel/new-way-to-browse-hotels-on-google/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Eric Zimmerman, Get Away with Google Flights, THE KEYWORD (Feb. 6, 2015), https://blog.google/products/travel/get-away-with-google-flights/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Expedia is Accused of Coordinating a Hotel Conspiracy, BLOOMBERG, L.A. TIMES (May 9, 2019), https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-expedia-hotel-conspiracy-investigation-20190509-story.html (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Foo Yun Chee, Booking to Appeal After EU Vetoes $1.7 Billion ETraveli Deal, REUTERS (Sep. 26, 2023), https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/bookings-17-bln-etraveli-deal-hit-with-eu-antitrust-veto-2023-09-25/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Francesco Canzoniere, Booking's Countermove to Price Disparities of Hotel Websites, HOSPITALITY (July 17, 2024), https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4122913.html#void (last visited Feb. 10, 2025).
Grant Baker, The EU Digital Services Act: A Win for Transparency, FREEDOM HOUSE (Apr. 2024), https://freedomhouse.org/article/eu-digital-services-act-win-transparency (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
HomeToGo Files Antitrust Complaint Against Google in Germany, COMPETITION POL’Y INT’L (Aug. 2020), https://pymnts.com/cpi_posts/hometogo-files-antitrust-complaint-against-google-in-germany/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Impact of EU Digital Competition Rules on Online Travel Companies (and Thereby Hotels), WHITESKY, https://whiteskyhospitality.co.uk/impact-of-eu-digital-competition-rules-on-online-travel-companies-and-thereby-hotels/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Jamie Biesiada, Google Increases AI Functionality for Travel, PHOCUSWIRE (Sep. 2023), https://www.phocuswire.com/Google-Bard-AI-functionality-travel (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Justin Dawes, Google’s New Travel AI Tools Want to Plan Customer Trips, SKIFT (Mar. 2024), https://skift.com/2024/03/27/google-launches-new-ai-travel-tools-whats-new-in-search-and-maps/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Justin Dawes, IHG Hotels Partners with Google to Build AI Trip Planner, SKIFT (Apr. 2024), https://skift.com/2024/04/09/ihg-hotels-partners-with-google-to-build-ai-trip-planner/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Kristof Van Quathem & Anna Oberschelp de Meneses, Rules on Targeted Advertising: What Do the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act Say?, INSIDE PRIVACY (Feb. 2024), https://www.insideprivacy.com/advertising-marketing/rules-on-targeted-advertising-what-do-the-digital-markets-act-and-digital-services-act-say/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Lindsey Graham & Elizabeth Warren, Lindsey Graham and Elizabeth Warren: When It Comes to Big Tech, Enough Is Enough, N.Y. TIMES (July 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/27/opinion/lindsey-graham-elizabeth-warren-big-tech-regulation.html (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Matthew Murray, Page One: What’s a Google Rank Worth (July 6, 2017), https://www.searchenginepeople.com/blog/page-one-whats-google-rank-worth.html (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Metasearch Engine, WIKIPEDIA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Natali Helberger & Pamela Samuelson, The Digital Services Act as a Global Transparency Regime, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Mar. 7, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/the-digital-services-act-as-a-global-transparency-regime/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Natasha Lomas, Online Travel Giant Booking.com Faces Antitrust Probe in Spain, TECHCRUNCH (Oct. 17, 2022), https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/17/booking-com-spain-antitrust-probe/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Nico Grant, Google’s Antitrust Loss to Epic Could Preview Its Legal Fate in 2024, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 2023), https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/12/technology/google-antitrust-cases.html (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Online Platforms, CONCURRENCES, https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/online-platforms (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Online Travel Market: Statistics & Facts, STATISTA (Apr. 2024), https://www.statista.com/topics/2704/online-travel-market/#topicOverview (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Online Travel Platforms Escape Digital Gatekeeper List, PHOCUSWIRE (July 2023), https://www.phocuswire.com/digital-gatekeepers-digital-markets-act-EU (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
OTA Bookings Projected to Climb 55% in Europe (July 2021), PHOCUSWRIGHT, https://www.phocuswright.com/Travel-Research/Research-Updates/2021/ota-bookings-projected-to-climb-55-percent-in-Europe (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Patrick Whyte, Expedia and Booking Agree to Changes on Search After UK Investigation, SKIFT (Feb. 6, 2019), https://skift.com/2019/02/06/expedia-and-booking-agree-to-changes-on-search-after-uk-investigation/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Press Release, BOOKING HOLDINGS, Booking Holdings Intends to Appeal European Commission Decision to Prohibit the Company’s Acquisition of Etraveli Group (2023), https://www.bookingholdings.com/press-releases/booking-holdings-intends-to-appeal-european-commission-decision-to-prohibit-the-companys-acquisition-of-etraveli-group/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Press Release, Sen. Amy Klobuchar, Klobuchar Urges Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission to Investigate Potential Existence of Deceptive Conduct by Online Travel Agencies (Nov. 7, 2017), https://www.klobuchar.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2017/11/klobuchar-urges-department-of-justice-and-federal-trade-commission-to-investigate-potential-existence-of-deceptive-conduct-by-online-travel-agencies (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Rafat Ali, Interview: Airbnb CEO on How Its Service Will Radically Change with AI By Next Year, SKIFT (May 2023), https://skift.com/2023/05/03/interview-airbnb-ceo-on-how-its-service-will-radically-change-with-ai-by-next-year/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Sandeep Vaheesan, Antitrust Law’s Unwritten Rules of Unfair Competition, PROMARKET (Nov. 2021), https://www.promarket.org/2021/11/17/antitrust-enforcement-unfair-competition-ftc/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Sean O'Neill, Google Flights Gains Popularity Among Millennials as It Adds Booking Sites, SKIFT (Mar. 22, 2017), https://skift.com/2017/03/22/google-flights-gains-popularity-among-millennials-as-it-adds-booking-sites/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Search Engines Market Share, SIMILARWEB, https://www.similarweb.com/engines/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Spanish Competition Watchdog Launches Probe into Booking.com, REUTERS (Oct. 17, 2022), https://www.reuters.com/technology/spanish-competition-watchdog-launches-probe-into-bookingcom-2022-10-17/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Spanish Competition Watchdog Launches Probe into Booking.com, REUTERS (Oct. 17, 2022), https://www.reuters.com/technology/spanish-competition-watchdog-launches-probe-into-bookingcom-2022-10-17/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
State of Independent Lodging Report (Cloudbeds 2024), https://www.cloudbeds.com/hospitality-industry-report/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Statista Research Dep’t, Spending on Google of Leading Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) Worldwide 2019–2024 (Mar. 2024), https://www.statista.com/statistics/1371941/expenditure-google-ads-online-travel-agencies-worldwide/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
The Big Book of OTAs (Cloudbeds 2022).
The Big Book of OTAs (Cloudbeds, updated for 2024), https://www.cloudbeds.com/ebooks/big-book-of-otas/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Tiago Bianchi, Market Share of Leading Desktop Search Engines Worldwide from January 2015 to January 2024, STATISTA (May 22, 2024), https://www.statista.com/statistics/216573/worldwide-market-share-of-search-engines/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Todd Bishop, Expedia Group CEO on Google Antitrust Case: Very Pleased to See the Government Finally Taking Action, GEEKWIRE (Oct. 2020), https://www.geekwire.com/2020/expedia-group-ceo-google-antitrust-case-pleased-see-government-finally-taking-action/ (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
Todd Bishop, Expedia Group CEO Peter Kern: Google’s a Problem for Everyone Who Sells Something Online, GEEKWIRE (May 22, 2020), https://www.geekwire.com/2020/expedia-group-ceo-peter-kern-googles-problem-everyone-sells-something-online/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
Top Online Travel Agencies, CLOUDBEDS, https://www.cloudbeds.com/online-travel-agencies/best/ (last visited Feb. 3, 2025).
Travel Trends 2024 (Skyscanner 2023), https://content.skyscnr.com/m/36633bfb7f5ca820/original/US-Travel-Trends-2024-Report.pdf.
Travel Trends 2024, (Skyscanner, Oct. 2023), https://content.skyscnr.com/m/36633bfb7f5ca820/original/US-Travel-Trends-2024-Report.pdf (last visited Feb. 8, 2025).
U.S. State AGs Looking into Expedia Group, Hotel Practices in Antitrust Probe, REUTERS (May 10, 2019), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-leisure-antitrust/u-s-state-ags-looking-into-expedia-group-hotel-practices-in-antitrust-probe-idUSKCN1SF2NY/ (last visited Feb. 9, 2025).
Unpack ’24: The Trends in Travel (Expedia Group 2023), https://www.expedia.com/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Unpack-24_TrendReport_US_FINAL-1.pdf (last visited Feb. 8, 2025)
What are Online Travel Agencies? The Ultimate Guide to OTAs, CLOUDBEDS, https://www.cloudbeds.com/online-travel-agencies/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
What Are Online Travel Agencies?, CLOUDBEDS, https://www.cloudbeds.com/online-travel-agencies/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).
What is Hotel Metasearch Marketing? The Complete Guide for Lodging Properties, CLOUDBEDS, https://www.cloudbeds.com/articles/hotel-metasearch-marketing/ (last visited Feb. 6, 2025).

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文